Malignant bowel obstruction: A retrospective clinical analysis

  • Authors:
    • Jia‑Hong Chen
    • Tzu-Chuan Huang
    • Ping‑Ying Chang
    • Ming‑Shen Dai
    • Ching‑Liang Ho
    • Yeu‑Chin Chen
    • Tsu‑Yi Chao
    • Woei‑Yau Kao
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: November 19, 2013     https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2013.216
  • Pages: 13-18
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a disease with a poor prognosis, particularly in patients with advanced bowel or gynecological cancers. Multimodality teatments may be used to relieve the symptoms in patients with MBO; however, there is currently no consensus regarding the optimal treatment and no strong evidence supporting the efficacy of any treatment in improving the quality of life (QOL) and prolonging survival. We conducted a search through our medical center database of cancer registries for MBO cases between January, 1995 and December, 2008 and analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics and association between treatments and prognosis or QOL. The primary type of cancer causing MBO was found to be adenocarcinoma of colon. The overall survival time was found to be significantly higher among patients presenting with MBO as the initial symptom and improved QOL was achieved in patients who received surgical treatment. The mean survival time and the functional status of colorectal cancer patients receiving targeted therapy and chemotherapy were more satisfactory compared with those receiving surgery alone or conservative treatment. Furthermore, for end-stage cancer patients with MBO, hospice care was effective in reducing pain scores and relieving the symptoms of the disease.

Introduction

Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a disease with a poor prognosis, particularly in patients with advanced bowel or gynecological cancers. Although it may occur at any stage, it is most commonly associated with end-stage cancer (1). Retrospective reviews demonstrated that 10–50% of patients with advanced cancer stage will develop MBO during the course of their disease and suffer from intractable abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, which result in a poor quality of life (QOL), mental and emotional problems (2). Multimodality treatments, including surgery, palliative radiotherapy, chemotherapy and total parenteral nutrition formulas, may be used to relieve the symptoms in patients with MBO; however, there is currently no consensus regarding the optimal treatment strategy and no strong evidence supporting the efficacy of any treatment in improving QOL and prolonging survival.

Materials and methods

Patient records

In order to evaluate the clinical presentation, treatment options and survival of MBO patients, we searched the TSGH database of cancer registries for MBO cases between January, 1995 and December, 2008 and analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics and the association between treatments and prognosis or QOL. The clinical information and diagnostic results were extracted from the medical records, including demographic data, clinical manifestations, physical examination, radiological findings, laboratory results and pathology reports. Non-malignant causes of obstruction, such as adhesions from previous surgery, hernia, volvulus, inflammatory bowel disease, fecal impaction and bowel ischemia were excluded from this study.

Functional status

The change in patients’ functional status following treatment was evaluated according to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, with a decrease in the ECOG score reflecting the improvement of the symptoms following treatment. Clinicopathological data from 27 MBO patients (16 males and 11 females) treated in our hospital, with a median age of 69.3 years (range, 36–92 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Survival was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method and the groups were compared using the log-rank test (3,4).

Results

Cases

Among the 27 MBO patients, the primary malignant tumors included 15 colorectal cancers, 5 gastric, 2 duodenal, 2 bladder, 1 ovarian, 1 pancreatic and 1 pseudomyxoma peritonei. The MBO patients were classified as the initial symptom (IS) and post-treatment of primary cancer (PT) groups, according to the time of onset of the MBO symptoms. The clinical characteristics of the IS (n=10) and PT groups (n=17) are summarized in Table I. According to the statistical analysis, the overall survival time was significantly higher in the IS group compared with that in the PT group (P=0.003, Fig. 1).

Table I.

Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO): Initial symptom vs. post-treatment of primary cancer groups.

Table I.

Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO): Initial symptom vs. post-treatment of primary cancer groups.

CharacteristicsMBO patient groups
Initial symptom (n=10)Post-treatment (n=17)
Age (years)
  Range45–9236–85
  Median74.166.5
Gender
  Male511
  Female56
Stage
  III36
  IV58
ECOG score
  0–252
  3–4515
Primary cancer
  Colorectal87
  Other210
Treatment
  Surgery73
  Chemotherapy310
Outcome
  Overall RR (%)5017.6
  Survival time (months)15.924.15

[i] ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; RR, response rate.

SI group

The clinical characteristics of the IS group are summarized in Table II. Of the 10 patients in this group, 7 underwent surgery, whereas 3 did not receive surgical treatment. The overall survival time of the patients who received surgical treatment was significantly higher compared with that in the no surgical treatment group (P=0.022, Fig. 2). Of the 7 patients who received surgical treatment, 6 exhibited an improvement in the ECOG performance status, although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.206). There may be a trend indicating that the survival time of colorectal cancer patients receiving surgery and concurrent treatment is higher compared with those receiving surgery alone (P=0.538); however, the results require further analysis, taking into consideration the severity of the disease, age and number of cases.

Table II.

Malignant bowel obstruction as the initial symptom.

Table II.

Malignant bowel obstruction as the initial symptom.

Case no.GenderAge (years)Primary cancerStageTreatmentSurvival time a (months)ECOG score (peri-treatment)Hospice (days)
4M73ColonIVExp. lap. with Hartmann’s, end S-colostomy and wedge of seg 230.32 to 1-
5M76S-colonIVColostomy + CPT-11, Erbitux, UFUR, Oxalip, 5-FU23.43 to 2-
9F92R-S colonIIExp. lap. with T-loop colostomy1.74 to 4-
11F81R-colonIIIcExp. lap. with Hartmann’s282 to 1-
12M81S-colonIIIbAR and protective T-loop colostomy7.32 to 18
15M45StomachIVOxalip + HDFL (8)b4.264 to 4-
17F83D-colonIIbT-loop colostomy and left hemicolecotmy + UFUR, Xeloda24.762 to 1-
19M81S-colonIIIBExp. lap. with AR + 5-FU (4)b, Oxalip + 5-FU (2)b342 to 1-
20F74DuodenumIV5-FU (10)b34 to 4-
22F55ColonIVHDFL (2)b, Oxalip + HDFL (2)b, Erbitux, Xeloda and CPT-112.53 to 4-

a Time from initial diagnosis of primary cancer with malignant bowel disease to death.

b Courses of chemotherapy. ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; M, male; F, female; S, sigmoid; R, rectum; D, descending; exp. lap., exploratory laparotomy; UFUR, tegafur-uracil; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; HDFL, high-dose 5-FU and leucovorin; AR, anterior resection.

PT group

The clinical characteristics of the PT group are summarized in Table III. The mean survival time of the patients in this group was shorter compared with the IS group. The mean survival time of colorectal cancer patients receiving targeted therapy and chemotherapy was longer compared with that of the patients who received surgery alone or conservative treatment (2.72 vs. 0.69 months, respectively; P=0.018, Fig. 3) and the patients’ functional status exhibited a more significant improvement in the former group (ECOG score from 4 to 3). The mean survival time of gastric cancer patients receiving targeted therapy + chemotherapy was longer compared with those receiving chemotherapy alone, although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.182), which may be due to the smaller number of cases. We also observed that cancers which responded well to chemotherapy, such as ovarian and colorectal cancers, were associated with longer survival.

Table III.

Post-treatment malignant bowel obstruction (MBO).

Table III.

Post-treatment malignant bowel obstruction (MBO).

Case no.GenderAge (years)Primary cancerStageTreatmentMBO treatmentSurvival time (months)ECOG score (Tx)Hospice (days)
1F81R-colonIIIAPR + colostomy + CCRTExp. lap. with loop jejunostomy1.444 to 4-
2M85ColonIVNilNil0.564 to 417
3F69TCCIIINephroureterectomy + removal of bladder cuff, R’t+CCRT (Toxol weekly)Gemzar +vinblastin; MTX + vinblastin1.24 to 4-
6F64OvaryIIIcDebulking+Phyxol+ carboplatin+Doxil, Caelyx+HycamptinCarboplatin (11)a+ Hycamptin (2)a12.562 to 160
7F46StomachIVCisplatin+5-FU5-FU (3)a34 to 39
8M36D-S colonIIIExp. lap. with bisegmentectomy, left hemicolectomy5-FU (5)a; Oxalip+ 5-FU (2)a; Erbitux (8)a3.34 to 3-
10M72DuodenumIIWhipple resection+5-FU (11)aconservative0.14 to 4-
13M66StomachIVHDFU (4)aTaxotere (1)a1.44 to 418
14M67R-S colonIIaNeoadjuvant CCRT, s/p oral UFUR+exp. lap. with LARNil0.164 to 4-
16M77Pseudomyxoma peritoneiExp. lap. with removal of tumorNil0.64 to 4-
18M84ColonIIBOp+LDFL and liver metastasis s/p weekly HDFL, Campto with HDFL, Oxalip with HDFL, Erbitux with HDFLXeloda, Erbitux2.734 to 316
21M70T-colonIIIcRight hemicolectomy+5-FU +Eloxatin (6 months)FOLFORI (4)a2.134 to 3-
23M71S-colonIVHartmann’s procedure and lobectomy of liverNil1.364 to 423
24F46StomachIVExp. lap.+TAH+BSO,5-FU2.164 to 3-
25M57PancreasIVMajor surgery5-FU9.52 to 1-
26M63TCCIVNephroureterectomy and removal of bladder cuff, R’tExp. lap. with lysis of adhesions+jejunojejunostomy+end ileostomy+decompression of small intestine1.364 to 4-
27F78StomachIVSubtotal gastrectomy + FOLFOXAR+colostomy, HDFL; Phyxol+Avastin; Irino+HDFL+Avastin, with daily oral UFUR274 to 2-

a Courses of chemotherapy. ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; Tx, the ECOG status of the patient; M, male; F, female; S, sigmoid; R, rectum; D, descending; T, transverse; APR, abdominoperineal resection; CCRT, concurrent chemoradiation; exp. lap., exploratory laparotomy; Nil, conservative treatment; TCC, transitional cell carcinoma; MTX, methotrexate; R’t, radiotherapy; s/p, status post; UFUR, tegafur-uracil; Op, operation; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; HDFU, high-dose 5-FU; LDFL, low-dose 5-FU and leucovorin; HDFL, high-dose 5-FU and leucovorin; TAH, total abdominal hysterectomy; BSO, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy; AR, anterior resection; LAR, low anterior resection; FOLFOX, leucovorin, 5-FU and oxaliplatin; FOLFORI, irinotecan, infusional 5-FU and high-dose leucovorin.

Hospice patients

The clinical characteristics of MBO patients under hospice care are summarized in Table IV. A total of 7 patients received hospice care. The MBO symptoms in the terminal stage of cancer were intractable abdominal pain, abdominal fullness, nausea, vomiting and constipation. Under hospice care, the pain scores of all 7 patients decreased and the symptoms causing discomfort were improved.

Table IV.

Palliative care of malignant bowel obstruction.

Table IV.

Palliative care of malignant bowel obstruction.

Case no.GenderAgePrimary cancerStageSymptomsECOG (hospice)PainTPNNGHospice (days)
12M81S-colonIIIbAbdominal fullness, nausea and vomiting49 to 4NY8
2M85ColonIVAbdominal fullness46 to 2NN17
6F64OvaryIIIcAbdominal fullness, nausea and vomiting35 to 3NN60
7F46StomachIVConstipation and shortness of breath46 to 2NY9
13M66StomachIVAbdominal fullness and constipation47 to 4NY18
18M84ColonIIBAbdominal fullness45 to 3NY16
23M71S-colonIVAbdominal pain and fullness33 to 2NY23

[i] ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; S, sigmoid; TPN, total parenteral nutrition; NG, nasogastric tube; M, male; F, female; N, no; Y, yes.

Discussion

MBO is a common palliative care problem, encountered in 5–51% of patients with ovarian cancer, 10–28% of patients with colorectal cancer and 3–15% of patients with other types of cancer (1,2,58). In our study, the type of cancer most commonly responsible for MBO was found to be colorectal adenocarcinoma (55%). The differences in incidence may be attributed to the differences in clinical environment, admission criteria, diagnostic standards and clinical assessment.

Although MBO is a common problem in clinical practice, achieving a consensus on its management is difficult, as the treatment selection maybe be affected by the location and degree of obstruction, cancer stage, patient’s functional status, survival time and co-morbidity (2,58). Furthermore, it may also be affected by the lack of a definitive diagnosis, therapeutic goals and large clinical studies assessing the effects of different treatment plans on symptom relief and QOL improvement.

MBO patients may be classified into IS and PT groups according to the time of onset of the MBO symptoms and the patients of the IS group were considered more suitable for surgery, exhibited better ECOG scores and longer mean survival time compared with those in the PT group.

Woolfson et al demonstrated in a non-randomized study in 1997 that surgery did not significantly affect survival time and QOL (9). However, in our study, the overall survival time of the patients in the IS group who received surgical treatment was significantly longer compared with that of the no surgical treatment group. Thus, our results suggested that surgical treatment is suitable for IS group patients.

In the PT group, the mean survival time of colorectal cancer patients who received targeted therapy and chemotherapy was longer compared with that of patients who received surgery alone or conservative treatment and the patients’ functional status exhibited a more significant improvement in the former group. Thus, palliative chemotherapy may be of value for this group of patients and may be considered a viable option when discussing the therapeutic plan with the patient and the family members.

The most common symptoms of MBO in the terminal stages of cancer are intractable abdominal pain, abdominal fullness, nausea, vomiting and constipation. Previous studies have predominantly focused on approaches to the management and resolution of intestinal obstruction, with little consideration for QOL (10). Under palliative care, the pain scores exhibit a marked decrease and the symptoms are improved. Thus, medical care personnel are always questioned regarding hospice care interventions in terminal cancer patients.

Multimodality treatment strategies, which currently include surgical treatment, palliative radiotherapy, chemo-therapy and total parenteral nutrition formulas, may be used to relieve the symptoms in patients with MBO; however, there is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment strategy and no strong evidence supporting the efficacy of any treatment in improving QOL and prolonging survival. Thus, it is crucial for physicians in palliative care to accurately assess the patient’s clinical condition, anticipated survival time, risk of mortality and morbidity. The physicians should also communicate with the patient and the family members prior to making therapeutic plan decisions. Furthermore, educational interventions for patients and their family members should focus on the primary goals of MBO management in the palliative care setting. Patients with MBO from metastastic intra-abdominal disease may bear a significant physical and psychological burden, with a highly compromised QOL at the time of diagnosis; however, with adequate treatment, an improvement may be quickly achieved.

Targeted therapy for prolonging survival requires further investigations. Our previous studies have had certain limitations, such as limited number of cases, lack of QOL evaluation, heterogeneity, different types of cancer and different forms of treatment (11).

There were also important limitations to the present study. Although this was not a randomized trial, the patient characteristics in the two groups were significantly different. Furthermore, the number of patients and duration of follow-up were limited. A longer follow-up period may help stabilize the trends and enable more reliable conclusions.

In conclusion, the primary cause of MBO in our study was adenocarcinoma of the colon. The overall survival time was significantly higher in the IS group and improved QOL was achieved in patients receiving surgical treatment. The mean survival time of colorectal cancer patients receiving targeted therapy and chemotherapy was longer compared with those receiving surgery alone or conservative treatment and their functional status exhibited a more significant improvement. In addition, for end-stage cancer patients with MBO, hospice care was effective in reducing pain scores and relieving the symptoms of the disease.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant from Tri-Service General Hospital (no. TSGH-C100-177), Taiwan, R.O.C.

References

1. 

Ripamonti C and Mercadante S: Pathophysiology and management of malignant bowel obstruction. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Doyle D, Hanks G, Cherny NI and Calman K: 3rd edition. New York Oxford University Press; NY: pp. 496–507. 2004

2. 

Ripamonti CI, Easson AM and Gerdes H: Management of malignant bowel obstruction. Eur J Cancer. 44:1105–1115. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

3. 

Kaplan EL and Meier P: Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 53:457–481. 1958. View Article : Google Scholar

4. 

Peto R and Pike MC: Conservatism of the approximation sigma (O-E)2-E in the logrank test for survival data or tumor incidence data. Biometrics. 29:579–584. 1973. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5. 

Weber C and Zulian GB: Malignant irreversible intestinal obstruction: the powerful association of octreotide to corticosteroids, antiemetics, and analgesics. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 26:84–88. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6. 

Wong TH and Tan YM: Surgery for the palliation of intestinal obstruction in advanced abdominal malignancy. Singapore Med J. 50:1139–1144. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

7. 

Davis MP and Nouneh C: Modern management of cancer-related intestinal obstruction. Curr Oncol Rep. 2:343–350. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8. 

Selby D, Wright F, Stilos K, et al: Room for improvement? A quality-of-life assessment in patients with malignant bowel obstruction. Palliat Med. 24:38–45. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9. 

Sun A, Bae K, Gore EM, et al: Phase III trial of prophylactic cranial irradiation compared with observation in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: neurocognitive and quality-of-life analysis. J Clin Oncol. 29:279–286. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

10. 

Thaker DA, Stafford BC and Gaffney LS: Palliative management of malignant bowel obstruction in terminally ill patient. Indian J Palliat Care. 16:97–100. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11. 

Chouliara Z, Kearney N, Stott D, Molassiotis A and Miller M: Perceptions of older people with cancer of information, decision making and treatment: a systemic review of selected literature. Ann Oncol. 15:1596–1602. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

January-February 2014
Volume 2 Issue 1

Print ISSN: 2049-9450
Online ISSN:2049-9469

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen JH, Huang T, Chang PY, Dai MS, Ho CL, Chen YC, Chao TY and Kao WY: Malignant bowel obstruction: A retrospective clinical analysis. Mol Clin Oncol 2: 13-18, 2014
APA
Chen, J., Huang, T., Chang, P., Dai, M., Ho, C., Chen, Y. ... Kao, W. (2014). Malignant bowel obstruction: A retrospective clinical analysis. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 2, 13-18. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2013.216
MLA
Chen, J., Huang, T., Chang, P., Dai, M., Ho, C., Chen, Y., Chao, T., Kao, W."Malignant bowel obstruction: A retrospective clinical analysis". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 2.1 (2014): 13-18.
Chicago
Chen, J., Huang, T., Chang, P., Dai, M., Ho, C., Chen, Y., Chao, T., Kao, W."Malignant bowel obstruction: A retrospective clinical analysis". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 2, no. 1 (2014): 13-18. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2013.216