Carotenoids in red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) have a potential role as an anti‑pigmentation agent (Review)
- Authors:
- Sri Trisnawaty
- Julia Windi Gunadi
- Hana Ratnawati
- Ronny Lesmana
-
Affiliations: Master Program of Skin Ageing and Aesthetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Maranatha, Bandung, West Java 40164, Indonesia, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Maranatha, Bandung, West Java 40164, Indonesia, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Maranatha, Bandung, West Java 40164, Indonesia, Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java 45363, Indonesia - Published online on: February 1, 2024 https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2024.1742
- Article Number: 54
-
Copyright: © Trisnawaty et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
Piętowska Z, Nowicka D and Szepietowski JC: Understanding melasma-how can pharmacology and cosmetology procedures and prevention help to achieve optimal treatment results? A narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 19(12084)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Handel AC, Miot LDB and Miot HA: Melasma: A clinical and epidemiological review. An Bras Dermatol. 89:771–782. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Zhu Y, Zeng X, Ying J, Cai Y, Qiu Y and Xiang W: Evaluating the quality of life among melasma patients using the MELASQoL scale: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 17(e0262833)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Majid I and Aleem S: Melasma: Update on epidemiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and scoring. J Skin Stem Cell. 8(e120283)2022. | |
Jusuf NK, Putra IB and Mahdalena M: Is there a correlation between severity of melasma and quality of life? Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 7(2615)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Yalamanchili R, Shastry V and Betkerur J: Clinico-epidemiological study and quality of life assessment in melasma. Indian J Dermatol. 60(519)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Tsai J and Chien AL: Photoprotection for skin of color. Am J Clin Dermatol. 23:195–205. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Espósito ACC, Brianezi G, de Souza NP, Miot LDB, Marques MEA and Miot HA: Exploring pathways for sustained melanogenesis in facial melasma: An immunofluorescence study. Int J Cosmet Sci. 40:420–424. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Cichorek M, Wachulska M, Stasiewicz A and Tymińska A: Skin melanocytes: Biology and development. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 30:30–41. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Espósito ACC, Cassiano DP, da Silva CN, Lima PB, Dias JAF, Hassun K, Bagatin E, Miot LDB and Miot HA: Update on melasma-part I: Pathogenesis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 12:1967–1988. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Maddaleno AS, Camargo J, Mitjans M and Vinardell MP: Melanogenesis and melasma treatment. Cosmetics. 8(82)2021. | |
Slominski RM, Sarna T, Płonka PM, Raman C, Brożyna AA and Slominski AT: Melanoma, melanin, and melanogenesis: The Yin and Yang relationship. Front Oncol. 12(842496)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ansary TM, Hossain MR, Kamiya K, Komine M and Ohtsuki M: Inflammatory molecules associated with ultraviolet radiation-mediated skin aging. Int J Mol Sci. 22(3974)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Calniquer G, Khanin M, Ovadia H, Linnewiel-Hermoni K, Stepensky D, Trachtenberg A, Sedlov T, Braverman O, Levy J and Sharoni Y: Combined effects of carotenoids and polyphenols in balancing the response of skin cells to UV irradiation. Molecules. 26(1931)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Plonka PM, Szaflarski JP and Paus R: How UV light touches the brain and endocrine system through skin, and why. Endocrinology. 159(1992)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S and Wortsman J: Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev. 84:1155–1228. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Skobowiat C, Sayre RM, Dowdy JC and Slominski AT: Ultraviolet radiation regulates cortisol activity in a waveband-dependent manner in human skin ex vivo. Br J Dermatol. 168:595–601. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Skobowiat C, Dowdy JC, Sayre RM, Tuckey RC and Slominski A: Cutaneous hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis homolog: Regulation by ultraviolet radiation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 301:E484–E493. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Schiller M, Brzoska T, Böhm M, Metze D, Scholzen TE, Rougier A and Luger TA: Solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation-induced upregulation of the melanocortin-1 receptor, proopiomelanocortin, and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human epidermis in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 122:468–476. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Artzi O, Horovitz T, Bar-Ilan E, Shehadeh W, Koren A, Zusmanovitch L, Mehrabi JN, Salameh F, Isman Nelkenbaum G, Zur E, et al: The pathogenesis of melasma and implications for treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol. 20:3432–3445. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Nautiyal A and Wairkar S: Management of hyperpigmentation: Current treatments and emerging therapies. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 34:1000–1014. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Kim HJ, Kim JS, Woo JT, Lee IS and Cha BY: Hyperpigmentation mechanism of methyl 3,5-di-caffeoylquinate through activation of p38 and MITF induction of tyrosinase. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 47:548–556. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Tuerxuntayi A, Liu YQ, Tulake A, Kabas M, Eblimit A and Aisa HA: Kaliziri extract upregulates tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and MITF expression in murine B16 melanoma cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 14(166)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Stinco CM and Mapelli-Brahm P: Skin carotenoids in public health and nutricosmetics: The emerging roles and applications of the UV radiation-absorbing colourless carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene. Nutrients. 11(1093)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Cassiano DP, Espósito ACC, da Silva CN, Lima PB, Dias JAF, Hassun K, Miot LDB, Miot HA and Bagatin E: Update on melasma-part II: Treatment. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 12:1989–2012. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Solano F: Photoprotection and skin pigmentation: Melanin-related molecules and some other new agents obtained from natural sources. Molecules. 25(1537)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Cao C, Xiao Z, Wu Y and Ge C: Diet and skin aging-from the perspective of food nutrition. Nutrients. 12(870)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Saini RK, Prasad P, Lokesh V, Shang X, Shin J, Keum YS and Lee JH: Carotenoids: Dietary sources, extraction, encapsulation, bioavailability, and health benefits-A review of recent advancements. Antioxidants (Basel). 11(795)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Rivera-Madrid R, Carballo-Uicab VM, Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Aguilar-Espinosa M and Siva R: Overview of carotenoids and beneficial effects on human health. In: Carotenoids: Properties, Processing and Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp1-40, 2020. | |
Balić A and Mokos M: Do we utilize our knowledge of the skin protective effects of carotenoids enough? Antioxidants (Basel). 8(259)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Fiedor J and Burda K: Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease. Nutrients. 6:466–488. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Hoang HT, Moon JY and Lee YC: Natural antioxidants from plant extracts in skincare cosmetics: Recent applications, challenges and perspectives. Cosmetics. 8(106)2021. | |
Nahhas AF, Abdel-Malek ZA, Kohli I, Braunberger TL, Lim HW and Hamzavi IH: The potential role of antioxidants in mitigating skin hyperpigmentation resulting from ultraviolet and visible light-induced oxidative stress. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 35:420–428. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Wertz K, Hunziker PB, Seifert N, Riss G, Neeb M, Steiner G, Hunziker W and Goralczyk R: beta-Carotene interferes with ultraviolet light A-induced gene expression by multiple pathways. J Invest Dermatol. 124:428–434. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Hadden WL, Watkins RH, Levy LW, Regalado E, Rivadeneira DM, Van Breemen RB and Schwartz SJ: Carotenoid composition of marigold (Tagetes erecta) flower extract used as nutritional supplement. J Agric Food Chem. 47:4189–4194. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Xia N, Schirra C, Hasselwander S, Förstermann U and Li H: Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) oil stimulates nitric oxide production and reduces oxidative stress in endothelial cells. J Funct Foods. 51:65–74. 2018. | |
Sugiritama LW, Dewi Ratnayanti IGA, Sri Wiryawan IGN, Ika Wahyuniari IA, Linawati NM and Arijana IGKN: Effect of Red Fruit Oil (Pandanus conoideus Lam) on animal model of preeclampsia. Int J Sci Res. 5:1770–1773. 2016. | |
Sumarsono P, Widjiati W and Susilowati S: Red fruit oil increases trophoblast cells and decreases caspase-9 expression in placenta of lead exposed mice. Univ Med. 35(110)2016. | |
Schirra C, Xia N, Schüffler A, Heck A, Hasselwander S, Förstermann U and Li H: Phosphorylation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) oil and its fractions. J Ethnopharmacol. 251(112534)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ratnawati H, Chandra Y and Kho E: Anticancer effect of red fruit fractions toward breast cancer in T47D cell and oral squamous cancer in KB cell. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Life Sciences and Biotechnology (ICOLIB 2021). Atlantis Press International BV, Dordrecht, pp330-340, 2023. | |
Astuti Y and Dewi LLR: Pengaruh ekstrak buah merah (Pandanus conoideus L.) terhadap kadar glukosa darah. The effect of red fruit extract (Pandanus conoideus L.) to the blood glucose level. Mutiara Medika Edisi Khusus. 7:1–6. 2007. | |
Heriyanto Gunawan IA, Fujii R, Maoka T, Shioi Y, Kameubun KMB, Limantara L and Brotosudarmo TP: Carotenoid composition in buah merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.), an indigenous red fruit of the Papua Islands. J Food Compos Anal. 96(103722)2021. | |
Suprijono MM, Sujuti H, Kurnia D and Widjanarko SB: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity evaluation of Papua red fruit flavonoids through a computational study. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. vol. 475. Institute of Physics Publishing, pp012078, 2020. | |
Sugianto M, Achadiyani A and Nugraha GI: Antioxidant effects of red fruit oil on MMP-1 gene expression and malondialdehyde levels on skin exposed to UVB rays. Mol Cell Bio Scie. 3(100)2019. | |
Slominski A and Wortsman J: Neuroendocrinology of the skin1. Endocr Rev. 21:457–487. 2000. | |
Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Zbytek B, Tobin DJ, Theoharides TC and Rivier J: Key role of CRF in the skin stress response system. Endocr Rev. 34:827–884. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Bocheva G, Slominski RM and Slominski AT: Neuroendocrine aspects of skin aging. Int J Mol Sci. 20(2798)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Pang S, Wu H, Wang Q, Cai M, Shi W and Shang J: Chronic stress suppresses the expression of cutaneous hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis elements and melanogenesis. PLoS One. 9(e98283)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Slominski A, Wortsman J, Luger T, Paus R and Solomon S: Corticotropin releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin involvement in the cutaneous response to stress. Physiol Rev. 80:979–1020. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Rousseau K, Kauser S, Pritchard LE, Warhurst A, Oliver RL, Slominski A, Wei ET, Thody AJ, Tobin DJ and White A: Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the ACTH/melanocortin precursor, is secreted by human epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes and stimulates melanogenesis. FASEB J. 21:1844–1856. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Slominski A, Zbytek B, Szczesniewski A, Semak I, Kaminski J, Sweatman T and Wortsman J: CRH stimulation of corticosteroids production in melanocytes is mediated by ACTH. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 288:E701–E706. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Raymond JH, Aktary Z, Larue L and Delmas V: Targeting GPCRs and their signaling as a therapeutic option in melanoma. Cancers (Basel). 14(706)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Skobowiat C, Zbytek B, Slominski RM and Steketee JD: Sensing the environment: Regulation of local and global homeostasis by the skin's neuroendocrine system. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 212:1–115. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Slominski AT, Slominski RM, Raman C, Chen JY, Athar M and Elmets C: Neuroendocrine signaling in the skin with a special focus on the epidermal neuropeptides. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 323:C1757–C1776. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Böhm M and Grässel S: Role of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides and their receptors in the osteoarticular system: From basic to translational research. Endocr Rev. 33:623–651. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
D'Mello SAN, Finlay GJ, Baguley BC and Askarian-Amiri ME: Signaling pathways in melanogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 17(1144)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Stelmach J, Zajdel K, Kucharska E and Zajdel R: Plants as modulators of melanogenesis: Role of extracts, pure compounds and patented compositions in therapy of pigmentation disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 23(14787)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Bento-Lopes L, Cabaço LC, Charneca J, Neto MV, Seabra MC and Barral DC: Melanin's journey from melanocytes to keratinocytes: Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of melanin transfer and processing. Int J Mol Sci. 24(11289)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Le L, Sirés-Campos J, Raposo G, Delevoye C and Marks MS: Melanosome biogenesis in the pigmentation of mammalian skin. Integr Comp Biol. 61:1517–1545. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Fu C, Chen J, Lu J, Yi L, Tong X, Kang L, Pei S, Ouyang Y, Jiang L, Ding Y, et al: Roles of inflammation factors in melanogenesis (Review). Mol Med Rep. 21:1421–1430. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ng L, Kaur P, Bunnag N, Suresh J, Sung ICH, Tan QH, Gruber J and Tolwinski NS: WNT signaling in disease. Cells. 8(826)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Zhang J, Li Y, Wu Y, Yang T, Yang K, Wang R, Yang J and Guo H: Wnt5a inhibits the proliferation and melanogenesis of melanocytes. Int J Med Sci. 10:699–706. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lin X, Meng X and Lin J: The possible role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in vitiligo treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 37:2208–2221. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Liu W, Chen Q and Xia Y: New mechanistic insights of melasma. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 16:429–442. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Hsiao JJ and Fisher DE: The roles of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and pigmentation in melanoma. Arch Biochem Biophys. 563:28–34. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Kim H, Kim I, Dong Y, Lee IS, Kim JS, Kim JS, Woo JT and Cha BY: Melanogenesis-inducing effect of cirsimaritin through increases in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase expression. Int J Mol Sci. 16:8772–8788. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
da Cunha MG and da Silva Urzedo AP: Melasma: A review about pathophysiology and treatment. In: Pigmentation Disorders-Etiology and Recent Advances in Treatments. IntechOpen, 2023. | |
Slominski A, Zmijewski MA and Pawelek J: L-tyrosine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine as hormone-like regulators of melanocyte functions. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 25:14–27. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Niu C and Aisa HA: Upregulation of melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity: Potential agents for vitiligo. Molecules. 22(1303)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Phacharapiyangkul N, Thirapanmethee K, Sa-ngiamsuntorn K, Panich U, Lee CH and Chomnawang MT: The ethanol extract of Musa sapientum Linn. Peel inhibits melanogenesis through AKT signaling pathway. Cosmetics. 8(70)2021. | |
D'Orazio J, Jarrett S, Amaro-Ortiz A and Scott T: UV radiation and the skin. Int J Mol Sci. 14:12222–12248. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Kamiński K, Kazimierczak U and Kolenda T: Oxidative stress in melanogenesis and melanoma development. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 26:1–7. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Hseu YC, Vudhya Gowrisankar Y, Wang LW, Zhang YZ, Chen XZ, Huang PJ, Yen HR and Yang HL: The in vitro and in vivo depigmenting activity of pterostilbene through induction of autophagy in melanocytes and inhibition of UVA-irradiated α-MSH in keratinocytes via Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathways. Redox Biol. 44(102007)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Herraiz C, Martínez-Vicente I and Maresca V: The α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/melanocortin-1 receptor interaction: A driver of pleiotropic effects beyond pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 34:748–761. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Yardman-Frank JM and Fisher DE: Skin pigmentation and its control: From ultraviolet radiation to stem cells. Exp Dermatol. 30:560–571. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Panzella L and Napolitano A: Natural and bioinspired phenolic compounds as tyrosinase inhibitors for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation: Recent advances. Cosmetics. 6(57)2019. | |
Grimes PE, Ijaz S, Nashawati R and Kwak D: New oral and topical approaches for the treatment of melasma. Int J Womens Dermatol. 5:30–36. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lee A, Kim JY, Heo J, Cho DH, Kim HS, An IS, An S and Bae S: The inhibition of melanogenesis via the PKA and ERK signaling pathways by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii extract in B16F10 melanoma cells and artificial human skin equivalents. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 28:2121–2132. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Hashemi-Shahri SH, Golshan A, Mohajeri SA, Baharara J, Amini E, Salek F, Sahebkar A and Tayarani-Najaran Z: ROS-scavenging and anti-tyrosinase properties of crocetin on B16F10 murine melanoma cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 18:1064–1069. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Roberts RL, Green J and Lewis B: Lutein and zeaxanthin in eye and skin health. Clin Dermatol. 27:195–201. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Juturu V, Bowman J and Deshpande J: Overall skin tone and skin-lightening-improving effects with oral supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin isomers: A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 9:325–332. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Arct J and Mieloch M: β-carotene in skin care. Pol J Cosmetol. 19:206–213. 2016. | |
Madaan T, Choudhary AN, Gyenwalee S, Thomas S, Mishra H, ariq M, Vohora D and Talegaonkar S: Lutein, a versatile phyto-nutraceutical: An insight on pharmacology, therapeutic indications, challenges and recent advances in drug delivery. PharmaNutrition. 5:64–75. 2017. | |
Babbush K, Babbush R and Khachemoune A: The therapeutic use of antioxidants for melasma. J Drugs Dermatol. 19:788–792. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Mzabri I, Addi M and Berrichi A: Traditional and modern uses of saffron (Crocus sativus). Cosmetics. 6(63)2019. | |
Kumar A, P N, Kumar M, Jose A, Tomer V, Oz E, Proestos C, Zeng M, Elobeid T, K S and Oz F: Major phytochemicals: Recent advances in health benefits and extraction method. Molecules. 28(887)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Zhao C, Kam HT, Chen Y, Gong G, Hoi MP, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Dias ACP and Lee SM: Crocetin and its glycoside crocin, two bioactive constituents from Crocus sativus L. (saffron), differentially inhibit angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cytoskeleton organization and cell migration through VEGFR2/SRC/FAK and VEGFR2/MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol. 12(675359)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ćetković GS, Djilas SM, Čanadanović-Brunet JM and Tumbas VT: Antioxidant properties of marigold extracts. Food Res Int. 37:643–650. 2004. | |
Vu HT, Scarlett CJ and Vuong QV: Phenolic compounds within banana peel and their potential uses: A review. J Funct Foods. 40:238–248. 2018. | |
Youryon P and Supapvanich S: Physicochemical quality and antioxidant changes in ‘Leb Mue Nang’ banana fruit during ripening. Agric Nat Resour. 51:47–52. 2017. | |
Wulansari D, Wawo AH and Agusta A: Carotenoid content of five accessions red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) oil. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 591(012033)2020. | |
Roreng M, Palupi N and Prangdimurti E: Carotenoids from red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) extract are bioavailable: A study in rats. IOSR J Pharm. 4:11–16. 2014. | |
Dumaria CH, Wiraguna A and Pangkahila W: Krim ekstrak buah merah (Pandanus conoideus) 10% sama efektifnya dengan krim hidrokuinon 4% dalam mencegah peningkatan jumlah melanin kulit marmut (Cavia porcellus) yang dipapar sinar ultraviolet B. J Biomed. 10:85–91. 2018. | |
Freitas JV, Junqueira HC, Martins WK, Baptista MS and Gaspar LR: Antioxidant role on the protection of melanocytes against visible light-induced photodamage. Free Radic Biol Med. 131:399–407. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar |