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Introduction

Lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality of all malignant tumors worldwide, and it severely threatens people's health (1–3). China's cancer registration report in 2013 demonstrated that the incidence and mortality of lung cancer ranked the first in cities and rural areas (4). Therefore, the prevention and treatment of lung cancer has become a focus in medicine. Primary lung cancer includes small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-SCLC (NSCLC), and NSCLC cases account for ~85% of all lung cancer cases (2). Surgical treatment is the most effective method for the treatment of NSCLC. Although surgical treatment has been greatly developed in recent years, the prognosis for patients with NSCLC remains poor, with a 5-year survival rate of only ~16% (5). Tumor recurrence and metastasis are the predominant causes of treatment failure in patients with NSCLC (6); however, the molecular mechanisms of NSCLC are not yet clear. It has been reported that various genes are involved in the regulation of proliferation, drug resistance, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of NSCLC (7); therefore, molecular targeted therapy for NSCLC has demonstrated great clinical significance (8). However, the therapeutic targets for NSCLC remain to be further studied due to the complex molecular mechanisms of the disease.

MicroRNA (miR), with a length of 18–25 nt, are important regulatory factors in the occurrence and development of tumors, and are also targets for tumor diagnosis and treatment (9). miR bind with the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA and regulate gene expression by inhibiting mRNA translation (10). miR molecules may serve the roles of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, and expression imbalance is a crucial factor in the development of cancer (11). Studies have revealed that miR molecules are involved in the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of NSCLC. Pei et al (12) demonstrated that miR-185-5p regulates the chemotherapy resistance of NSCLC by targeting the ABCC1 gene (multidrug resistance-associated protein 1). Sun et al (13) reported that miR-9600 inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 gene expression. Wang et al (14) indicated that miR-509-5p inhibits the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC by targeting YWHAG gene (14). These studies indicate that miR molecules are involved in the occurrence and development of NSCLC.

miR-215 is a newly discovered tumor-associated miR molecule that has varied functions in multiple tumor types. For example, miR-215 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of glioma cells by targeting retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene 1 (15). Additionally, miR-215, as an oncogene, promotes the development of gastric cancer cells by downregulating the expression of the Runt-related transcription factor 1 gene (16). Li et al (17) discovered that miR-215 directly regulates the zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene and inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of pancreatic cancer cells, acting as a tumor suppressor gene (17). In addition, miR-215 has the function of a tumor suppressor gene in NSCLC and is regulated by its upstream transcription factor, p53. It inhibits the proliferation and invasion and promotes the apoptosis of NSCLC cells (18). However, the downstream regulatory mechanism of miR-215 remains to be further studied. In the present study, the expression of miR-215 and its mechanism of action in NSCLC was investigated.

Materials and methods

Patients

A total of 56 patients with NSCLC (27 males and 29 females) who were subjected to resection of tumor tissues (NSCLC group) and tumor-adjacent tissues (normal group) at Ningbo No. 2 Hospital (Ningbo, China) between January 2014 and November 2015 were included in the present study. The resected tissues were stored at −80°C prior to use. The age range of the patients was 29–73 years, and the mean age was 46.7±1.8 years. None of the patients received adjuvant therapy prior to surgery. Among these patients, 32 had lymphatic metastasis (N1 group) and 24 had no lymphatic metastasis (N0 group). According to the TNM staging standards of the American Joint Committee on Cancer published in 2003 (19), 17 patients were at stage I, 22 patients were at stage II, 8 patients were at stage III and 9 patients were at stage IV. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Ningbo No. 2 Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their families.

Cells

Lung cancer A549 cell line was purchased from Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). A549 cells were defrosted at 37°C and cultured in 10 ml fresh Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 24 h. After 24 h of incubation, the old medium was discarded, and 5 ml fresh high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was added for subsequent culture. The medium was replaced every 2 days, and the cells were passaged when a confluency of 90% was reached.

A549 cells (1×105/well) were seeded into 24-well plates and divided into an miR-negative control (NC) group and an miR-215 mimics group. When 70–90% confluency was reached, 1.25 µl miR-215 mimic (5′-ATGACCTATGAATTGACAGAC-3′) or miR-NC (5′-TGACATAGACTAGCTCATACGA-3′) (20 pmol/µl; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) and 1 µl Lipofectamine 2000® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) were added into two individual vials containing 50 µl Opti-Mem medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), respectively. After 5 min, the liquids in the two vials were mixed together before being left to stand for an additional 15 min. Subsequently, the mixture was added onto the cells for an incubation of 6 h before changing to DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. The cells were cultured for 48 h under normal conditions prior to use.

For the rescue assay, the aforementioned transfection procedure was performed with 0.5 µg NC or pcDNA-3.1-MMP-16 plasmid DNA (Hanbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China).

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

Lung tissues (100 mg) were ground into powder using liquid nitrogen prior to the addition of 1 ml TRIzol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for lysis. Following lysis, total RNA was extracted using the phenol chloroform method (20). The purity of RNA was determined by A260/A280 using ultraviolet spectrophotometry (Nanodrop ND2000; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Subsequently, cDNA was obtained by RT using a TIANScript RT kit (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) from 1 µg RNA and stored at −20°C. The RT reaction mixture was as follows: RNA template (5 µl), Oligo dT (2 µl), super pure dNTP (2 µl) and H2O (5.5 µl). The reaction conditions involved heating to 70°C and sudden cooling on ice for 2 min before transient centrifugation at room temperature and 500 × g for 30 sec. Subsequently, 4 µl 5X first-strand buffer, 0.5 µl RNasin and 1 µl TIANScript M-MLV were added prior to gentle mixing with a pipette. After being kept at 25°C for 10 min, the sample was incubated at 42°C for 50 min, and then at 95°C for 5 min to terminate reactions.

For reverse transcription of miR-215, Universal cDNA Synthesis kit II (Takara, Dalian, China) was used. To determine the expression levels of miR-215 in tissues ExiLENT SYBR®-Green master mix (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) was utilized, using GAPDH (forward, 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′ and reverse, 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′) as an internal reference. The RT-qPCR reaction system (30 µl) contained 5 µl cDNA, 10 µl mix, 1 µl upstream primer (miR-215, 5′-ATGACCTATGAATTGACAGAC-3′), 1 µl downstream universal primer (provided by the kit) and 13 µl ddH2O. The PCR protocol was as follows: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min; followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 30 sec and annealing at 60°C for 30 sec (iQ5; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). The 2−ΔΔCq method was used to calculate the relative expression of miR-215 against GAPDH (21). Each sample was tested in triplicate.

Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assay

A549 cells in the NC and miR-215 mimic groups were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 5,000 cells/well in triplicate. Every 24 h, the cells were incubated at 37°C with 20 µl CCK-8 reagent (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) for 30 min. Absorbance at 490 nm was read on a microplate reader (168–1000; Model 680; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) at 24, 48 and 72 h, and proliferation curves were plotted using absorbance values at each time point.

Transwell assays

Transwell chambers (8-µm pore diameter and 24 wells; Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) were used to evaluate the migratory ability of A549 cells. Transfected cells were collected by trypsin digestion, and resuspended at a density of 2×105 cells/ml using DMEM. The cell suspension (200 µl) was added into the upper chamber. In the lower chamber, 500 µl DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS was added. Following incubation for 24 h, the cells in the upper chamber were wiped using a cotton swab. Subsequently, the cells in the lower chamber were fixed using 4% formaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature, and then subjected to Giemsa staining at room temperature for 1 min. Following three washes with PBS, cells that migrated to the lower side of the chamber were counted under a light microscope (five fields; magnification, ×200) to evaluate migratory ability.

Matrigel invasion chambers (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) were used to determine the invasive ability of cells. Matrigel was first diluted with serum-free DMEM at a ratio of 1:2. In the upper chamber (105 cells), 50 µl diluted Matrigel was added and kept at 37°C for 1 h. In the lower chamber, 500 µl DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS was added. Following incubation for 72 h, the cells in upper chamber were wiped with a cotton swab. Then, the chamber was fixed using 4% formaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature, and then subjected to Giemsa staining at room temperature for 1 min. Subsequent to three washes with PBS, cells that moved to the lower side of the chamber were counted under a light microscope (five fields; magnification, ×200) to evaluate invasive ability.

Western blotting

At 48 h after transfection, cells were trypsinized and collected by centrifugation at 12,000 × g at 4°C for 10 min. Following this, precooled radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer (600 µl; 50 mM Tris-base, 1 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 1% TritonX-100, and 1% sodium deoxycholate; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride were added to the samples. Subsequent to lysis for 5 min on ice, the mixture was centrifuged at 12,000 × g/min at 4°C for 10 min. The supernatant was used to determine protein concentration using a bicinchoninic acid protein concentration determination kit [cat. no. RTP7102; Real-Times (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China]. Protein samples (50 µg) were then mixed with an equal volume of 2X SDS loading buffer prior to denaturation in a boiling water bath for 10 min. Afterwards, the samples (5 µl) were subject to 10% SDS-PAGE at 100 V. The resolved proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes on ice (300 mA, 2 h) and blocked with 5% skimmed milk at room temperature for 1 h. Subsequently, the membranes were incubated with rabbit anti-human MMP-16 polyclonal primary antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. ab73877; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and mouse anti-human GAPDH primary antibody (1:5,000; cat. no. ab8245; Abcam) at 4°C overnight. Following extensive washing with PBS with Tween-20 (five times, 5 min each), the membranes were incubated, respectively, with goat anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody for GAPDH (1:5,000; cat. no. ab6789; Abcam) and goat anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated secondary antibody for MMP-16 (1:2,000; cat. no. ab205718; Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. Following this, the membranes were washed with PBS with Tween-20, five times for 5 min each. The membrane was subsequently developed with an enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) for imaging. Image Lab v3.0 software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) was used to acquire and analyze imaging signals. The relative content of MMP-16 protein was expressed as the MMP-16/GAPDH ratio.

Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics prediction is a powerful tool for the study of the functions of miR. To understand the regulatory mechanism of MMP-16, TargetScan (release 7.1; targetscan.org) was utilized to predict miR molecules that may regulate MMP-16.

Dual-luciferase reporter assay

The potential target genes of miR-215 were predicted using bioinformatics. miR-215 was identified to be capable of binding with the 3′-UTR of MMP-16 mRNA. According to bioinformatics results, wild-type (WT) and mutant seed regions of miR-215 in the 3′-UTR of MMP-16 gene were chemically synthesized in vitro, with the addition of the SpeI and HindIII restriction sites, and then cloned into pMIR-REPORT luciferase reporter plasmids (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Plasmids (0.5 µg) with WT or mutant 3′-UTR DNA sequences were co-transfected with miR-215 mimics into A549 cells using Lipofectamine® 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Following cultivation for 24 h, the cells were lysed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer's manual, and fluorescence intensity was measured using a GloMax 20/20 luminometer (Promega Corporation). Using Renilla fluorescence activity as an internal reference, the fluorescence value of each group of cells was measured.

Statistical analysis

The results were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All measurement data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Intergroup comparison was performed using paired Student's t-tests. The results among multiple groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Reduced expression of miR-215 in NSCLC is negatively associated with lymphatic metastasis and TNM staging

To measure the expression of miR-215 in NSCLC tissues, RT-qPCR was employed. The data demonstrated that the level of miR-215 in tumor tissues was significantly lower than that in tumor-adjacent tissues (P<0.05; Fig. 1A). In addition, the expression of miR-215 in patients with lymphatic metastasis (N1) was significantly lower than that in patients with no lymphatic metastasis (N0) (P<0.05; Fig. 1B). Similarly, the expression level of miR-215 in patients at TNM stages III and IV was significantly lower than that in patients at stages I or II and all groups were significantly different from each other (P<0.05; Fig. 1C). The results suggest that the reduced expression of miR-215 in NSCLC is negatively associated with lymphatic metastasis and TNM staging.

Figure 1. Expression of miR-215 in NSCLC and its clinical significance. (A) Relative expression of miR-215 in NSCLC tissues and tumor-adjacent normal tissues. (B) Relative expression of miR-215 in patients in groups N1 and N0. (C) Relative expression of miR-215 in patients at TNM stages I, II and III/IV. The data in multiple groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance followed by a post hoc test. *P<0.05 vs. normal tissues; #P<0.05 vs. N0; $P<0.05 as indicated. miR, microRNA; NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma; N1, lymphatic metastasis; N0, without lymphatic metastasis.

Overexpression of miR-215 inhibits the proliferation of A549 cells in vitro

To determine the effect of miR-215 on the proliferation of A549 cells, RT-qPCR and a CCK-8 assay were used. The data revealed that miR-215 expression in A549 cells transfected with miR-215 mimics was significantly higher than that in cells transfected with miR-NC (P<0.05; Fig. 2A). In addition, A549 cells transfected with miR-215 mimics had significantly lower absorbance at 490 nm compared with those transfected with miR-NC at 24 and 48 h (P<0.05; Fig. 2B). The results indicate that overexpression of miR-215 inhibits the proliferation of A549 cells in vitro.

Figure 2. Effect of miR-215 on the proliferation of A549 cells in vitro. (A) Expression level of miR-215 in A549 cells determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (B) Proliferation of A549 cells. A549 cells were transfected with miR-215 mimics or miR-NC, and a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to measure the absorbance (490 nm) of the cells at 0, 24 and 48 h. A cell proliferation curve was plotted. *P<0.05 vs. miR-NC group. miR, microRNA; NC, negative control.

Upregulated expression of miR-215 inhibits the migration and invasion of A549 cells in vitro

To examine the migration and invasion of A549 cells, Transwell assays were performed. Migration assay demonstrated that the number of cells in the miR-215 mimics group that migrated through the chamber membrane was significantly lower than that in the miR-NC group (P<0.05; Fig. 3). Similarly, the invasion assay demonstrated that the number of invaded cells in the miR-215 mimics group was significantly smaller than that in the miR-NC group (P<0.05; Fig. 3). These results suggest that upregulated expression of miR-215 inhibits the migration and invasion of A549 cells in vitro.

Figure 3. Effect of miR-215 on the migration and invasion of A549 cells in vitro. A549 cells were transfected with miR-215 mimics or miR-NC, and migratory and invasive abilities of the cells were determined using Transwell assays. Magnification, ×100. *P<0.05 vs. with corresponding miR-NC group. miR, microRNA; NC, negative control.

MMP-16 is a potential target of miR-215

In the present study, TargetScan was used to identify target sequences of miR-215. The analysis revealed 212 transcripts with conserved sites, and it was demonstrated that MMP-16 was a potential target of miR-215, containing two conserved sites in the 3′-UTR. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous reports claiming that miR-215 could directly regulate MMP-16 mRNA. However, it is well established that MMP-16 serves a crucial role in multiple cancer types and may be regulated by miR (15). The result suggests that MMP16 is a potential target of miR-215 (data not shown).

miR-215 may exert its biological functions by regulating the expression of MMP-16

To determine the effect of miR-215 on the expression of MMP-16 protein in A549 cells, western blotting was performed. Western blotting results demonstrated that expression of MMP-16 protein in A549 cells with overexpression of miR-215 was significantly lower than that in cells of the miR-NC group (P<0.05; Fig. 4). This result suggests that miR-215 may exert its biological functions by regulating the expression of MMP-16.

Figure 4. Effect of miR-215 on the expression of MMP-16 protein in A549 cells. Western blotting was used to determine protein expression. *P<0.05 vs. miR-NC. miR, microRNA; MMP-16, matrix metalloproteinase-16; NC, negative control.

Elevated expression of MMP-16 promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells

To determine the biological function of MMP-16 in A549 cells, the cells were transfected with NC and pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 plasmids. Western blotting revealed that MMP-16 protein expression in A549 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 was significantly higher than that in the NC group (P<0.05; Fig. 5A). CCK-8 assay demonstrated that A549 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-MMP16 had significantly higher absorbance at 490 nm than those transfected with NC at 24 and 48 h (P<0.05; Fig. 5B). Transwell assays indicated that the numbers of migrated or invaded cells in the pcDNA3.1-MMP16 group were significantly higher than those in the NC group (P<0.05; Fig. 5C). These results indicate that elevated expression of MMP-16 promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells.

Figure 5. Effect of MMP-16 on the biological functions of A549 cells. (A) Expression of MMP-16 protein in A549 cells transfected with NC or pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 plasmids. Western blotting was used to determine protein expression. (B) Proliferation of A549 cells transfected with NC or pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 plasmids. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to measure the absorbance (490 nm) of the cells at 0, 24 and 48 h. A cell proliferation curve was plotted. (C) Migration and invasion of A549 cells transfected with NC or pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 plasmids. Migratory and invasive abilities of the cells were determined using Transwell assays. Magnification, ×100. *P<0.05 vs. the NC group. MMP-16, matrix metalloproteinase-16; NC, negative control.

miR-215 regulates the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells via MMP-16

To determine whether miR-215 regulates the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells via the MMP-16 protein, A549 cells were co-transfected with pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 and miR-215 mimics. Western blotting demonstrated that MMP-16 protein expression in A549 cells transfected with miR-215 mimics was lower than that in the NC group, while co-transfection with miR-215 mimics and pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 increased the expression level of MMP-16 (Fig. 6A). CCK-8 assay revealed that A549 cells transfected with miR-215 mimics had significantly lower absorbance at 490 nm than those transfected with NC at 24 and 48 h (P<0.05); while co-transfection with miR-215 mimics and pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 significantly increased the absorbance at 490 nm compared with that in the miR-215 mimics group at 24 and 48 h (P<0.05; Fig. 6B). Transwell assays indicated that the numbers of migrated or invaded cells in the miR-215 mimics group were significantly lower than those in the NC group (P<0.05); however, co-transfection with miR-215 mimics and pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 significantly increased these numbers compared with that in the miR-215 mimics group (P<0.05; Fig. 6C). These results suggest that miR-215 regulates the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells via MMP-16.

Figure 6. Effect of miR-215 and MMP-16 on the biological functions of A549 cells. (A) Expression of MMP-16 protein in A549 cells transfected with NC, miR-215 or miR-215 and pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 plasmids. Western blotting was used to measure protein expression. (B) Proliferation of A549 cells transfected with NC, miR-215 or miR-215 and pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 plasmids. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to measure the absorbance (490 nm) of the cells at 0, 24 and 48 h. A cell proliferation curve was plotted. (C) Migration and invasion of A549 cells transfected with NC, miR-215 or miR-215 and pcDNA3.1-MMP-16 plasmids. Migratory and invasive abilities of the cells were determined using Transwell assays. Magnification, ×100. The data in multiple groups for migration or invasion assays were compared using one way analysis of variance followed by a post hoc test. *P<0.05 vs. the NC group; #P<0.05 vs. the miR-215 mimics group. miR, microRNA; MMP-16, matrix metalloproteinase-16; NC, negative control.

miR-215 binds with the 3′-UTR seed region of MMP-16 mRNA

To identify the interaction between miR-215 and the 3′-UTR of MMP-16 mRNA, a dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed. The fluorescence value of cells co-transfected with miR-215 mimics and pMIR-REPORT-WT luciferase reporter plasmids was significantly lower than that in the NC group (P<0.05). By contrast, the fluorescence value of cells co-transfected with miR-215 mimics and pMIR-REPORT-mutant luciferase reporter plasmids was not significantly different from that in the NC group (P>0.05; Fig. 7). This result indicates that miR-215 binds with the 3′-UTR seed region of MMP-16 mRNA.

Figure 7. Identification of interaction between miR-215 and MMP-16. Results of the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Plasmids (0.5 µg) with WT or mutant 3′-untranslated region DNA sequences were co-transfected with miR-215 mimics into A549 cells. Following cultivation for 24 h, the cells were lysed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay kit and fluorescence intensity was measured using GloMax 20/20 luminometer. Using Renilla fluorescence activity as an internal reference, the fluorescence values of each group of cells were measured. *P<0.05 as indicated. miR, microRNA; MMP-16, matrix metalloproteinase-16; WT, wild-type; NC, negative control.

Discussion

miR-215 is a newly discovered miR molecule that is associated with tumors. The expression of miR-215 is induced by p53 and it inhibits tumor growth by regulating cell cycle checkpoint protein expression (22). Studies have revealed that the expression of miR-215 is reduced in multiple tumors, and that it is negatively associated with the metastasis and prognosis of tumors. For example, Wang et al (23) reported that reduced expression of miR-215 in peripheral blood of patients with acute myeloid leukemia is associated with a poor prognosis. Zhou et al (24) demonstrated that expression of miR-215 is closely related to the prognosis of patients with breast cancer, and the lower the expression, the lower the 5-year survival rate. The present study indicated that expression of miR-215 in NSCLC is significantly decreased. In the comparison between lymphatic metastasis and TNM staging, it was revealed that the expression of miR-215 in the group with lymphatic metastasis was lower than that in the non-metastatic group, and the expression of miR-215 in patients at stages III/IV was significantly lower than that of patients at stages I/II. These results suggest that miR-215 may have the biological functions of a tumor suppressor gene in NSCLC. However, another report revealed that the expression of miR-215 is upregulated in some tumors types, and promotes the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of tumor cells. It was demonstrated that miR-215 expression in gastric cancer cells is upregulated and promotes the drug resistance, proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells (16). This suggests that the expression and biological function of miR-215 may be dependent on the tumor type.

Studies have indicated that miR-215 inhibits the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of tumor cells by targeting multiple genes in vitro. For example, Chen et al (25) reported that miR-215 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of colon cancer cells by targeting Yin-Yang 1 gene. Li et al (17) revealed that miR-215 suppresses the proliferation, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells by targeting the ZEB2 gene. Additionally, Hou et al (26) discovered that miR-215 inhibits the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC by targeting the ZEB2 gene. Similarly, the present study demonstrated that expression of miR-215 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of lung cancer A549 cells, and downregulated expression of miR-215 may promote the occurrence and development of lung cancer. Notably, the present data indicate that miR-215 serves the role of a tumor suppressor gene by targeting MMP-16 gene expression, suggesting that miR-215 has more than one target gene in lung cancer.

MMP-16 is a membrane-type metalloproteinase, and it takes effect by activating proMMP-2 (gelatinase A) that is produced by cells (27). Studies have demonstrated that MMP-16 promotes the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of tumors. For example, Cao et al (28) reported that MMP-16 promotes the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer, and its expression is directly related to the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. In addition, miR-146b-5p inhibits pancreatic cancer progression by downregulating MMP-16 expression (29). The present data indicate that overexpression of miR-215 downregulates the expression of MMP-16 in A549 cells, and overexpression of MMP-16 inhibits the effects of miR-215 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells. In addition, overexpression of MMP-16 itself promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays in the present study revealed that miR-215 is able to directly bind to the 3′-UTR of MMP-16 to exert its biological functions.

Taken together, the present study demonstrates that decreased expression of MMP-16 induced by miR-215 suppresses the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of NSCLC cells. In addition, miR-215 may be a target for the therapy of NSCLC. In the future, the expression of MMP-16 in NSCLC tissues compared with normal controls will be examined, and its association with miR-215 expression and patient prognosis will be investigation. In addition, the association between miR-215 expression and NSCLC subtype will also be explored in future studies.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr Jie Li of the Department of Chest Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital (Ningbo, China) for his valuable help.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References