This article is mentioned in:

Introduction

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a commonly used diagnostic modality in the pediatric population owing to its high resolution and absence of radiation exposure (1,2). High-quality imaging facilitates accurate diagnosis, optimal treatment and the monitoring of therapeutic responses in pediatric patients. However, undergoing MRI procedures may be stressful, particularly for pediatric subjects (3), who tend to experience anxiety and distress prior to and during scanning. The long duration of examination, the noise generated during the process and the narrow confines of MRI devices occasionally lead to failed scans in pediatric patients (4). To obtain high-quality images in pediatric patients, sedation is administered to prevent patient movement and mitigate emotional discomfort.

Dexmedetomidine is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist that is widely used for procedures requiring sedation of pediatric patients due to its sedative and analgesic characteristics (5,6). Propofol is also an effective and highly popular sedative agent in pediatric patients (7,8). Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have compared the two drugs in pediatric patients undergoing MRI. Koroglu et al (9) reported a shorter recovery time in pediatric patients who received propofol, with a comparable time to onset of sedation and duration of sedation between the two drugs. A study by Wu et al (10) indicated a shorter recovery and onset of sedation for propofol, which is consistent with the results of a previous meta-analysis by our group (11), which included RCTs and non-RCTs. However, in this previous meta-analysis, one RCT (12) was missed in the pooling of data, and a novel RCT (13) was recently published, thus prompting an updated meta-analysis on this topic. Accordingly, a new meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis (TSA) performed with.

Materials and methods

Search strategy

The PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Knowledge databases were searched for entries up to August 2018 for potential trials comparing dexmedetomidine and propofol in pediatric patients undergoing MRI without restriction by study type or publication language, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (14). The following terms were used in the literature search with various combinations: ‘Dexmedetomidine’ AND ‘propofol’ AND (‘magnetic resonance imaging’ OR ‘MRI’) AND (‘pediatric’ OR ‘children’ OR ‘child’ OR ‘adolescence’).

Inclusion criteria

Two authors (YT and JM) independently assessed the trial eligibility. Any disagreement between the two authors was resolved by the senior author (XZ). Eligible trials were required to fulfill the following criteria: i) RCT; ii) comparison of dexmedetomidine and propofol; iii) subjects aged <18 years; and iv) subjects undergoing MRI.

Data extraction

Baseline variables were extracted from the eligible studies, including the following: Publication year, first author, study period, region, number of patinets, patient age, body weight, sex, MRI machines and details on the intervention. Sedation parameters were collected, including recovery time, onset time of sedation, duration of sedation, discharge time and failed sedation. Timeline parameters are depicted in Fig. 1. The incidence of adverse events with sufficient data for analysis was also recorded. Desaturation was defined as oxygen saturation (<93%. The Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale (PAED) (15) was used to monitor the behavior of the pediatric patients. Patients with a PAED score of >10 points had a high risk of emergent delirium. The number of patients with a PAED score of >10 points at 5 and 10 min after drug discontinuation was recorded as 5-min and 10-min PAED.

Figure 1. Depiction of timeline variables in the study.

Risk of bias assessment

The major domains of bias in each study were assessed according to the recommendations from the Cochrane risk of bias tool (16). In general, the studies were categorized as having low, high and unknown risk of bias regarding the following items: Random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and staff, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting and other bias.

Trial sequential analysis

Meta-analysis may lead to type I errors due to an increased risk of random errors when insufficient data are included and due to multiple testing with new trials. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) is a program that calculates the required information size for a meta-analysis with an adjusted threshold for statistical significance in the cumulative meta-analysis, which may control the risk of type I and II errors. When the cumulative z curve crosses the TSA monitoring boundary, a sufficient level of evidence is achieved for the anticipated intervention effect. If the z curve dose not cross any boundary and the required information size has not been reached, evidence for a definite conclusion is not sufficient. TSA software version 0.9 beta (Copenhagen Trial Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark) was applied in the study to estimate the optimal sample size.

Statistical analysis

All the meta-analyses were performed using Revman 5.3 software (Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane Collaboration), with relative risks (RR) or standard mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated for dichotomous and continuous variables, respectively. Heterogeneity among the studies was explored by a standard Cochrane's Q test and I2. A fixed- or random-effects model was used to estimate the differences between groups in the case of absence or presence of heterogeneity among the studies included. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using I2 statistics with I2>50% being considered to indicate significant heterogeneity. The fixed-effects model was selected when I2≤50% and the random-effects model was used when I2>50%. P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results

Study search and characteristics

A flow diagram depicting the selection process of studies is provided in Fig. 2. The initial search yielded 141 records from the PubMed, Web of Knowledge and Cochrane Library databases, from which 97 duplicates were excluded. After review of titles and abstracts, 80 articles were excluded. A further 11 trials were removed, and the details are provided in Fig. 2 Finally, 6 studies (9,10,12,13,17,18), from 5 countries, including Turkey, the USA, Singapore, India and China, involving 415 pediatric patients (207 receiving dexmedetomidine and 208 propofol) were included in the final analysis. The study characteristics are displayed in Table I. Only 2 of the studies indicated the study period. A total of 3 studies (10,12,17) reported details of sedation induction. Sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen were used for inhalation induction. The administration methods of dexmedetomidine and propofol are also provided in Table I. The type of MRI device was described in two studies (12,13). Details of sedation effects and adverse events are presented in Table II. This included data for recovery time, onset of sedation time, duration of sedation, discharge time, failed sedation, desatuation, 5 min PAED and 10 min PAED.

Figure 2. Flow diagram of the meta-analysis. PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses.

Table I. Baseline characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis. Data were shown in the form of mean ± standard deviation or median (range).

Table I.

Baseline characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis. Data were shown in the form of mean ± standard deviation or median (range).

Item	Koroglu (9), 2005	Wu (10), 2014	Bong (17), 2015	Watt (12), 2016	Kamal (18), 2017	Xiao (13), 2017
Region	Turkey	USA	Singapore	USA	India	China
Period	NA	2009.01–2011.01	NA	NA	NA	2016.02–2016.08
Sedation induction	NA	Inhalation induction with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen	Inhalational induction with sevoflurane in an oxygen/nitrous oxide mixture	Inhalational induction with 8% sevoflurane in 4 l/min of nitrous oxide and 2 l/min oxygen	NA	NA
Intervention
Dex	IV 1 µg/kg initial dose for 10 min, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg/h	IV 2 µg/kg initial dose for 10 min, followed by continuous infusion of 2 µg/kg/h	IV 0.3 µg/kg	IV 1 µg/kg initial dose over 10 min, with 0.1 mg/kg midazolam, followed by continuous infusion of 1 µg/kg/h	IV 2 µg/kg initial dose for 10 min, followed by continuous infusion of 1 µg/kg/h	IV 1 µg/kg initial dose for 10 min, followed by continuous infusion of 0.3–0.8 µg/kg/h
Pro	IV 3 mg/kg initial dose for 10 min, followed by continuous infusion of 100 µg/kg/min	IV 2 mg/kg initial dose, followed by continuous infusion of 200 µg/kg/min	IV 1 mg/kg	IV 300 µg/kg/min initial dose for 10 mins, then reduction to 250 µg/kg/min	IV 1 mg/kg initial dose, followed by continuous infusion of 100 µg/kg/min	IV 2.5 mg/kg initial dose for 10 min, followed by 80–100 µg/kg/min continuous infusion
MRI	NA	NA	NA	1.5-T GE Exciter 12.0	NA	3.0-T GE Propeller HDMR
Number of subjects	30/30	46/49	40/39	16/15	30/30	45/45
(Dex/Pro)
Sex (M, Dex/Pro)	17/10	NA	24/24	13/10	12/14	23/25
Age (years/months)	1.00–7.00	1.00–7.00	2.00–7.00	3.00–7.00	2.00–10.00	1.00–6.00
Dex	4.00±1.88	51.30±22.10	3.00 (3.00–4.00)	4.60±0.80	5.20±2.69	3.54±1.93
Pro	3.00±2.03	47.30±22.40	4.00 (3.00–5.00)	5.10±1.10	4.15±2.32	3.23±2.12
Weight (kg)
Dex	14.00±4.14	17.90±6.99	14.00 (12.70–17.70)	16.80±5.00	16.41±6.21	12.42±4.54
Pro	14.00±4.57	15.40±4.69	15.20 (14.00–20.00)	18.20±4.10	14.86±5.49	13.61±4.12
MRI duration (min)
Dex	22.00±7.14	91.50±25.60	NA	52.00±11.00	23.33±4.64	22.20±6.70
Pro	25.00±10.14	81.70±21.70	NA	58.00±12.00	25.18±5.01	29.50±11.20

[i] NA, not applicable; Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; IV, intravenous; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; M, male.

Table II. Details on sedative effects and adverse events in the studies included in the meta-analysis. Data were shown in the form of mean ± standard deviation.

Table II.

Details on sedative effects and adverse events in the studies included in the meta-analysis. Data were shown in the form of mean ± standard deviation.

Item	Koroglu (9), 2005	Wu (10), 2014	Bong (17), 2015	Watt (12), 2016	Kamal (18), 2017	Xiao (13), 2017
Recovery time (min)
Dex	27.00±19.05	62.50±30.0	26.00±18.00	39.00±17.00	9.02±2.99	15.34±5.26
Pro	18.00±4.72	35.70±10.8	22.00±14.00	27.00±9.00	3.52±1.07	8.43±4.51
Onset of sedation time (min)
Dex	11.00±4.00	24.20±4.84	NA	8.00±1.00	7.00±1.74	16.87±4.72
Pro	4.00±1.94	16.30±5.54	NA	8.00±2.00	3.43±1.34	11.51±3.92
Duration of sedation (min)
Dex	47.00±14.93	NA	71.00±25.00	NA	30.20±5.26	NA
Pro	46.00±17.59	NA	70.00±28.00	NA	28.60±4.61	NA
Discharge time (min)
Dex	39.00±24.35	NA	NA	97.00±36.00	NA	NA
Pro	27.00±6.50	NA	NA	91.00±27.00	NA	NA
Failed sedation
Dex	NA	15	NA	NA	9	NA
Pro	NA	1	NA	NA	5	NA
Desaturation
Dex	0	0	NA	NA	0	0
Pro	4	2	NA	NA	0	7
5-min PAED
Dex	NA	18	9	NA	NA	NA
Pro	NA	9	6	NA	NA	NA
10-min PAED
Dex	NA	16	5	NA	NA	NA
Pro	NA	4	1	NA	NA	NA

[i] NA, not applicable; Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; min, minute; PAED, Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium.

Risk of bias assessment

The risk of bias assessment of the included studies is provided in Table III. All of the studies, except 3 studies, maintained a good control of each domain. Wu et al (10), Watt et al (12) and Xiao et al (13) did not include any details of the random sequence generation. Furthermore, the study by Xiao et al (13) had an unclear risk of bias regarding allocation concealment.

Table III. Risk of bias assessment for all of the studies included.

Table III.

Risk of bias assessment for all of the studies included.

First author (year)	Random sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding (participants and personnel)	Blinding (outcome assessment)	Incomplete outcome data	Selective reporting	Other sources of bias	(Refs.)
Koroglu (2005)	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	(9)
Wu (2014)	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	(10)
Bong (2015)	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	(17)
Watt (2016)	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	(12)
Kamal (2017)	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	(18)
Xiao (2017)	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	(13)

Sedation outcomes

The results of the meta-analysis on sedation efficacy are provided in Table IV, which includes recovery time, onset of sedation time, duration of sedation, discharge time and incidence of failed sedation. The data from 6 trials indicated a shorter recovery time [SMD (95%CI): 1.11 (0.55, 1.66), P<0.01, I2=85%; Fig. 3] and onset of sedation time for propofol compared with dexmedetomidine [SMD (95%CI): 1.44 (0.77, 2.12), P<0.01, I2=86%; Fig. 4]. Pediatric patients who received propofol were discharged from hospital sooner than those with dexmedetomidine [SMD (95%CI): 0.49 (0.08, 0.91), P=0.02, I2=14%; Fig. 5]. The pooling of data from three studies revealed no significant differences in the duration of sedation between the two interventions [SMD (95%CI): 0.13 (−0.15, 0.41), P=0.37, I2=0%; Fig. 6]. Furthermore, the incidence of failed sedation in the two groups did not differ significantly [RR (95%CI): 0.74 (0.09, 6.38), P=0.78, I2=75%; Fig. 7].

Figure 3. Forest plot of recovery time compared between Dex and Pro. Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; IV, inverse variance; Std., standard; SD, std. deviation; df, degrees of freedom.

Figure 4. Forest plot of onset of sedation time compared between Dex and Pro. Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; IV, inverse variance; Std., standard; SD, std. deviation; df, degrees of freedom.

Figure 5. Forest plot of discharge time compared between Dex and Pro. Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; IV, inverse variance; Std., standard; SD, std. deviation; df, degrees of freedom.

Figure 6. Forest plot of the duration of sedation compared between Dex and Pro. Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; IV, inverse variance; Std., standard; SD, std. deviation; df, degrees of freedom.

Figure 7. Forest plot of the incidence of failed sedation compared between Dex and Pro. Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; M-H, Mantel-Haentzel; df, degrees of freedom.

Table IV. Meta-analysis results of sedative effects among the studies (Dex vs. Pro).

Table IV.

Meta-analysis results of sedative effects among the studies (Dex vs. Pro).

				Heterogeneity
Outcome	df	P-value	RR/SMD [95% CI]	Chi2	I2 (%)	P-Q test
Recovery time	5	<0.01	1.11 [0.55, 1.66]	33.62	85	<0.01
Onset of sedation time	4	<0.01	1.44 [0.77, 2.12]	28.33	86	<0.01
Duration of sedation	2	0.37	0.13 [-0.15, 0.41]	0.77	0	0.68
Discharge time	1	0.02	0.49 [0.08, 0.91]	1.16	14	0.28
Failed sedation	1	0.78	0.74 [0.09, 6.38]	3.96	75	0.05

[i] Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; RR, risk ratio; SMD, standard mean difference; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom.

Adverse events and MRI outcomes

Further outcomes, including adverse events and MRI duration, are summarized in Table V. No desaturation was reported in subjects receiving dexmedetomidine (RR [95%CI]: 0.11 [0.02, 0.55], P<0.01 vs. propofol, I2=0%; Fig. 8), while propofol induced a lower incidence of 5-min (RR [95%CI]: 1.86 [1.07, 3.23], P=0.03, I2=0%; Fig. 9) and 10-min (RR [95%CI]: 3.49 [1.50, 8.16], P<0.01, I2=0%; Fig. 10) PAED after sedation was discontinued. The duration of scanning in the two groups was relatively similar [SMD (95%CI): −0.35 (−0.82, 0.13), P=0.15, I2=78%; Fig. 11], and further information is provided below in regards to sensitivity analysis. As there were <10 studies in total, no funnel plot analysis was performed for the detection of publication bias.

Figure 8. Forest plot of the incidence of desaturation compared between Dex and Pro. Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; M-H, Mantel-Haentzel; df, degrees of freedom.

Figure 9. Forest plot of the incidence of 5-min Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium compared between Dex and Pro. Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; M-H, Mantel-Haentzel; df, degrees of freedom.

Figure 10. Forest plot of the incidence of 10-min Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium compared between Dex and Pro. Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; M-H, Mantel-Haentzel; df, degrees of freedom.

Figure 11. Forest plot of magnetic resonance imaging duration compared between Dex and Pro. Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; IV, inverse variance; Std., standard; SD, std, deviation; df, degrees of freedom.

Table V. Meta-analysis results of adverse events and MRI parameters among the studies (Dex vs. Pro).

Table V.

Meta-analysis results of adverse events and MRI parameters among the studies (Dex vs. Pro).

				Heterogeneity
Outcome	df	P-value	RR/SMD [95% CI]	Chi2	I2 (%)	P-Q test
Desaturation	4	<0.01	0.11 [0.02, 0.55]	0.31	0	0.86
5-min PAED	1	0.03	1.86 [1.07, 3.23]	0.40	0	0.53
10-min PAED	1	<0.01	3.49 [1.50, 8.16]	0.01	0	0.91
MRI duration	4	0.15	−0.35 [-0.82, 0.13]	18.10	78	<0.01

[i] Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; PAED, pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; min, minute; RR, risk ratio; SMD, standard mean difference; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom.

Heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis

High heterogeneity in recovery time (I2=85%, df=5), onset of sedation time (I2=86%, df=4), failed sedation (I2=77%, df=1) and MRI duration (I2=78%, df=4) was identified among the studies. Sensitivity analysis for each comparison revealed no robust changes in significance, and heterogeneity was induced when a single study was removed in the analysis of recovery time (Table VI) and onset of sedation time (Table VII). For MRI duration, exclusion of any of the trials did not change the results and heterogeneity, except for the study by Wu et al (10) (P<0.01, I2=0%; Table VIII). Considering the high risk of bias in the study by Xiao et al (13), all outcomes were analyzed with the exclusion of this study, which revealed a trend in the incidence of desaturation toward significance, from 0.008 to 0.07 (Table IX). The trends in any of the other outcomes were not affected.

Table VI. Sensitivity analysis of recovery time (Dex vs. Pro).

Table VI.

Sensitivity analysis of recovery time (Dex vs. Pro).

			Heterogeneity
Study excluded, first author (year)	P-value	SMD [95% CI]	Chi2	I2 (%)	P-Q test	(Refs.)
Koroglu (2005)	<0.01	1.20 [0.55, 1.86]	31.13	87	<0.01	(9)
Wu (2014)	<0.01	1.09 [0.39, 1.79]	32.86	88	<0.01	(10)
Bong (2015)	<0.01	1.29 [0.76, 1.81]	18.34	78	<0.01	(17)
Watt (2016)	<0.01	1.15 [0.51, 1.79]	33.40	88	<0.01	(12)
Kamal (2017)	<0.01	0.87 [0.42, 1.31]	15.50	74	<0.01	(18)
Xiao (2017)	<0.01	1.05 [0.38, 1.72]	30.44	87	<0.01	(13)

[i] Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; SMD, standard mean difference; CI, confidence interval.

Table VII. Sensitivity analysis of onset of sedation time (Dex vs. Pro).

Table VII.

Sensitivity analysis of onset of sedation time (Dex vs. Pro).

			Heterogeneity
Study excluded, first author (year)	P-value	SMD [95% CI]	Chi2	I2 (%)	P-Q test	(Refs.)
Koroglu (2005)	<0.01	1.26 [0.51, 2.01]	22.27	87	<0.01	(9)
Wu (2014)	<0.01	1.43 [0.50, 2.36]	28.24	89	<0.01	(10)
Watt (2016)	<0.01	1.75 [1.26, 2.24]	9.93	70	0.02	(12)
Kamal (2017)	<0.01	1.25 [0.51, 1.98]	21.29	86	<0.01	(18)
Xiao (2017)	<0.01	1.50 [0.59, 2.41]	27.05	89	<0.01	(13)

[i] Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; SMD, standard mean difference; CI, confidence interval.

Table VIII. Sensitivity analysis of magnetic resonance imaging time (Dex vs. Pro).

Table VIII.

Sensitivity analysis of magnetic resonance imaging time (Dex vs. Pro).

			Heterogeneity
Study excluded, first author (year)	P-value	SMD [95% CI]	Chi2	I2 (%)	P-Q test	(Refs.)
Koroglu (2005)	0.26	−0.35 [0.97, 0.26]	18.07	83	<0.01	(9)
Wu (2014)	<0.01	−0.58 [-0.84, −0.32]	1.77	0	0.62	(10)
Watt (2016)	0.27	−0.32 [-0.88, 0.25]	17.73	83	<0.01	(12)
Kamal (2017)	0.33	−0.29 [-0.88, 0.30]	16.68	82	<0.01	(18)
Xiao (2017)	0.39	−0.22 [-0.73, 0.29]	11.43	74	0.01	(13)

[i] Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; SMD, standard mean differences; CI, confidence interval.

Table IX. Sensitivity analysis of incidence of desaturation (Dex vs. Pro).

Table IX.

Sensitivity analysis of incidence of desaturation (Dex vs. Pro).

			Heterogeneity
Study excluded, first author (year)	P-value	RR [95% CI]	Chi2	I2 (%)	P-Q test	(Refs.)
Koroglu (2006)	0.03	0.10 [0.01, 0.78]	0.32	0	0.57	(9)
Wu (2014)	0.02	0.08 [0.01, 0.63]	0.06	0	0.08	(10)
Kamal (2017)	<0.01	0.11 [0.02, 0.55]	0.31	0	0.86	(18)
Xiao (2017)	0.07	0.15 [0.02, 1.16]	0.09	0	0.76	(13)

[i] Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol; RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval.

TSA

TSA was performed for the outcomes that included >5 trials. It was performed to analyze the results of recovery time (Fig. 12). The TSA monitoring boundary was crossed by the cumulative z curve, indicating the firm evidence provided by the current results of recovery time. No boundaries were crossed in the analysis of onset of sedation time.

Figure 12. TSA analysis of recovery time. TSA, trial sequential analysis; Dex, dexmedetomidine; Pro, propofol.

Discussion

The present meta-analysis summarizes the data from current RCTs comparing dexmedetomidine and propofol in pediatric patients undergoing MRI. It was indicated that propofol was associated with a shorter recovery time and onset of sedation time than dexmedetomidine. Dexmedetomidine and propofol were comparable in terms of sedation duration, the incidence of failed sedation and MRI duration. Propofol induced a lower incidence of 5-min and 10-min PAED, as well as a higher incidence of desaturation.

To date, two previous meta-analysis have been published on this topic; however, the meta-analysis by Fang et al (19) was deemed to be not as accurate. A new meta-analysis was published by our group in 2017 (11), which revealed that propofol had a shorter onset of sedation time and recovery time than dexmedetomidine. The new meta-analysis of the present study revealed similar results for these parameters, indicating better sedative effects achieved with propofol. Compared with the previous meta-analysis, the present study includes a recently published RCT (13). Furthermore, the study by Watt et al (12) was missed in the previous analysis, thus encouraging more careful attention in the selection process.

More variables were analyzed in the present analysis compared with previous meta-analysis (11). This result may be attributed to the quicker recovery from propofol than dexmedetomidine. Safety is as important as the efficacy of the interventions in clinical trials; consequently, the occurrence of desaturation, a severe condition requiring immediate treatment, was analyzed. It is thought that dexmedetomidine causes less airway collapse than propofol (12). This may explain why a higher incidence of desaturation was observed in pediatric patients who received propofol. For pediatric patients with respiratory disorders, caution should be exercised when considering the use of dexmedetomidine. To assess emergence delirium, a PAED scale was used to evaluate patients in terms of restlessness, eye contact, inconsolability, purposeful actions and consciousness of the environment (20,21). Scores of >10 points indicated a high risk for the occurrence of emergence delirium (10). Two studies indicated a lower incidence of a PAED score of >10 points for propofol at 5 and 10 min after sedation, compared with dexmedetomidine. TSA is increasingly used to detect the risk for type I errors and to test the level of evidence of a meta-analysis (22). In the present study, the Z curve of recovery time crossed the monitoring boundary, indicating firm evidence for propofol as a preference over dexmedetomidine in terms of sedative effects.

In addition, a quality assessment of the studies included in the present meta-analysis was performed. Most of the trials were of high quality, indicating a reliable evidence level of the results. Heterogeneity was identified in the outcomes of recovery time (I2=85%), onset time of sedation (I2=86%), failed sedation (I2=77%) and MRI duration (I2=78%). Only the recovery time, onset time of sedation and MRI duration were deduced from >2 trials. No significant change of heterogeneity emerged when sensitivity analysis was performed on recovery time and onset time of sedation. It was assumed that the high heterogeneity originated from the inconsistency in sedation details and different sample sources. Removing the study by Wu et al (10) changed the results and heterogeneity of MRI duration (P<0.00001, I2=0%). MRI duration varied depending on body parts and sequences for scanning; however, no details of these indexes were available. It may be speculated that the high heterogeneity was caused by the diversity of body parts and scanning sequences.

The present meta-analysis had several limitations, the first of which was the relatively small number of studies for comparison, although two new studies were included compared with the previous meta-analysis by our group. Data regarding certain items in the trials were not available to us, despite numerous efforts in contacting the authors of those trials. Consequently, a thorough analysis of each variable was not possible. Furthermore, the sample size in each of the studies was relatively small. In addition, the high heterogeneity among the studies limited the credibility of the study.

In conclusion, the present meta-analysis indicated that dexmedetomidine and propofol had comparable sedation effects. TSA provided supportive evidence favoring propofol over dexmedetomidine in terms of shorter recovery time and onset of sedation time, as well as a faster discharge from hospital, and a lower incidence of PAED score >10. Propofol is recommended for sedation of pediatric patients during MRI; however, considering the possibility of desaturation, it should be used with caution.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used in the meta-analysis are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

YT and XZ designed the study. JM and QZ performed the literature search and data extraction. JL and QZ analyzed the data. YT and JM drafted the manuscript. XZ revised the draft.

Ethical approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

References