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Introduction

Psoriasis is a chronic relapsing autoimmune disease, in which genetic and epigenetic changes result in an altered immune function, keratinocyte activation and hyperproliferation. It mainly affects the skin and joints (1). Some environmental factors, such as stress, are considered to lead to an immune dysregulation, but only in patients with genetic predisposition, resulting in an abnormal proliferation and maturation of keratinocytes, proliferation of dermal blood vessels, mast cell activation and skin infiltration by inflammatory cells (2-4). The inflammatory nature of psoriasis was illustrated by a systemic and dermal secretion of cytokines such as interleukins (IL): IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-18, IL-22, IL-23, IL-24, interferon-γ (INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (5). TNF-α is a cytokine secreted by lymphocyte T, keratinocytes and dermal macrophages, CD11+ dendritic cells and mastocytes (6). TNF-α increases the production of IL-6 and ICAM-1 expression. IL-6 secretion induced by TNF-α leads to hepatic stimulation of production of acute phase reactants such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen (7). CRP is an acute phase protein that indirectly illustrates pro-inflammatory activity of cytokines. For this reason, CRP is considered to be an inflammatory marker (8). The study of Rocha-Pereira et al (9) presented the association between inflammation and psoriasis through increased levels of CRP, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, C3, C4 and the fact that the blood levels increase with the severity of the disease. They also proposed that blood values of elastase, CRP, elastase/α-macroglobulin and elastase/neutrophil ratios to be used for prognosis regarding the worsening of psoriasis. Gisondi et al (10) studied the correlation between high blood levels of CRP, resistin, chemerin and psoriasis before treatment and a reduction of these inflammatory marker levels after biological therapy. It is very important to monitor and control inflammation in order to chase-up the evolution of the disease and its comorbidities. It has been proved that IL-6 induces type two diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases and that INF-α could be involved in causing atherosclerosis (11). Devaraj et al (12) showed that CRP is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, as well as a predictor factor for vascular events. They proposed treatment with statins for patients with CRP >2 mg/l and metabolic syndrome.

The aim of the present study was to emphasize the role of the inflammatory syndrome in psoriasis [via CRP, fibrinogen, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)], its evolution after treatment and its role in psoriasis comorbidities.

Patients and methods

This study included 194 patients with psoriasis aged between 7 and 83 years. It has been observed that psoriasis is frequent in middle-aged adults and elderly, in comparison to children and young adults, where there is a lower prevalence.

The 194 patients were treated differently, according to the severity of the disease: 51 patients with moderate psoriasis were treated with methotrexate (group I) and 143 patients with severe psoriasis were treated with biological therapy (group II).

In this study, the patients with moderate and severe psoriasis were selected defined by the extent of body surface area (BSA) involvement. This method was chosen because it is currently the preferred severity assessment instrument used in clinical practice. Using BSA, the patients were divided into three categories: Mild psoriasis (<3% BSA), moderate psoriasis (3-10% BSA) and severe psoriasis (>10% BSA). The evolution of the inflammatory syndrome was followed via gradation of the blood levels for ESR, CRP and fibrinogen before and after treatment. Two groups of patients were established. Group I included 51 patients with moderate psoriasis treated with methotrexate 7.5 mg/week. Group II included 143 patients with severe psoriasis treated with biological therapy according to the specific features of each patient: Etanerceptum (Enbrel) 50 mg x2/week was administered subcutaneously x12 weeks, then 50 mg/week x12 weeks (n=51), infliximab (Remicade) 5 mg/kg intravenously 0, 2, 6 week, then every 8 weeks (n=48), adalimumab (Humira) initial 80 mg, followed by 40 mg subcutaneously every 2 weeks, starting one week after the initial dose (n=42), ustekinumab (Stelara) 45 mg subcutaneously 0.4 week, then every 12 weeks (n=2).

This study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of ‘Sf. Spiridon’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital (Iasi, Romania) and the Ethics Committee of ‘Gr. T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy (Iasi, Romania). Written informed consents were obtained by the patients and/or guardians.

Results

In group I, 46 out of 51 patients (90.2%) had elevated levels of acute phase reactants before treatment. After treatment with methotrexate 7.5 mg/week, 12 out of 51 patients (23.5%) had elevated blood levels of ESR and 18 out of 51 patients had elevated CRP and fibrinogen (35.3%) (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 Progression of the inflammatory markers after treatment with methotrexate.

Eighteen patients out of 51 (35.3%) presented a favorable evolution, 22 patients had a slow favorable evolution, four patients had a fluctuant evolution (43.1%) and seven patients had an unfavorable evolution (13.7%) (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 Distribution of patients according to the evolution of disease after treatment with methotrexate.

A reduction of blood levels was observed in inflammatory markers after treatment with methotrexate and an improvement of the well-being of patients-index measured by quality of life questionnaire (QOL). The clinical evolution was assessed using the Psoriasis Area Severity Index questionnaire and clinical symptoms (pruritus and pain, which are known to negatively impact the patients' lives).

Group II contained 143 patients with severe psoriasis treated with biological therapy. Before treatment, 138 patients out of 143 presented abnormal high range for acute phase reactants (96.5%). After treatment, a dramatic decrease of acute phase reactants blood levels was observed. After treatment, 18 patients out of 138 had elevated blood levels of ESR (12.6%) and 37 patients out of 138 elevated CRP and fibrinogen (25.9%) (Fig. 3).

Figure 3 Progression of the inflammatory markers after treatment with biological therapy.

A favorable evolution was noticed in 98 patients out of 143 (70%), a slow favorable evolution in 35 patients (25%), a fluctuant evolution in only 3 patients (2.9%) and an unfavorable evolution in 7 patients (2.1%) (Fig. 4).

Figure 4 Distribution of the patients according to the evolution of disease after treatment with biological therapy.

Biological therapy showed the best results and our results correlated with the scientific data that support the beneficial effect of biological therapy in decreasing inflammation in psoriasis (Table I and Figs. 5 and 6).

Figure 5 Male patient with psoriasis before and after treatment with biological therapy.

Figure 6 Female patient with psoriasis before and after treatment with biological therapy.

Table I Statistical analysis between the two groups of therapy.

Table I

Statistical analysis between the two groups of therapy.

	Group I (n=51)				Group II (n=143)
Parameters	Before treatment	After treatment	P-value for paired samples t-test	Favorable evolution	Before treatment	After treatment	P-value for paired samples t-test	Favorable evolution
ESR	0.92±0.13	0.33±0.25	0.001	26.1%a	1.17±1.19	0.59±0.16	0.001	13.0%
CRP	476±20.4	365±54.4	0.174	39.1%	485±38.6	363±76.5	0.001	26.8%
Fibrinogen	20.7±2.89	8.67±8.14	0.045	39.1%	18.8±3.04	6.10±5.05	0.001	26.8%

[i] ^aP=0.039 for χ² test Lot I vs. Lot II. ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Discussion

This study sought to assess blood levels for CRP, ESR and fibrinogen before and after treatment with methotrexate and biological therapy, the respective blood level fluctuation according to the treatment, the association between CRP, ESR, fibrinogen and inflammatory activity of psoriasis and the evolution of the disease after treatment. There are different reports illustrating that blood levels of CRP, ESR and fibrinogen are indirectly related to the inflammatory activity of TNF-α and other cytokines, such as IL-6 that lead to hepatic stimulation of production for acute phase reactants such as CRP and fibrinogen (11). Biljan et al (13) and Isha et al (14) also observed that high levels of CRP are correlated with inflammatory activity of psoriasis.

After treatment with methotrexate and biological therapy, an important decrease in blood levels of CRP, ESR, and fibrinogen was observed leading to reduction of the inflammatory activity of the psoriasis.

After treatment with methotrexate, the inflammatory markers were reduced in 34 patients: From the initial number of 46 patients with ESR high levels to 12, and in 28 patients from the initial number of 46 patients with CRP and fibrinogen with elevated blood levels to 18 patients. Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, leading to a blockade of purines and pyrimidines synthesis, hence the DNA. Methotrexate inhibits AICAR transformylase as well, leading to an accumulation of adenosine with a strong pro inflammatory effect (15). When used long-term, methotrexate can cause side effects, such as pancytopenia, megaloblastic anaemia, nausea, vomiting, hepatic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, allergies and foetal malformation (16).

Biological therapy showed the best results. Eighteen patients out of 138 for ESR and 37 patients out of 138 for CRP and fibrinogen presented elevated blood levels after treatment.

Zamanian et al (17) reported a decline of ESR and CRP levels after treatment with infliximab. Strober et al (18) illustrated that patients with psoriasis have a significant systemic inflammation trough high CRP levels. They observed that after Etanercept treatment, the CRP levels plummeted. This therapy is superior compared to others, but not all patients could be treated with it because of the selection criteria that had to be strictly followed. Kanelleas et al (19) studied 41 psoriasis patients treated with etanercept. They concluded that CRP, fibrinogen and ESR in association with PASI score show inflammatory status in psoriasis. They purposed these three markers to be used in order to follow up the response of treatment in psoriasis patients.

Systemic therapies, such as biological or conventional systemic therapy, allow a decrease in the inflammatory activity of psoriasis. These results correlate with the scientific data, which support the beneficial effect of biological therapy in decreasing inflammation in psoriasis (20,21). Coimbra and Santos-Silva (22) recommend CRP as the most sensitive biomarker for severity evaluation and monitoring of treatment response in psoriasis patients. Gokalp (23) also suggested that CRP is a marker not only for psoriasis activity but also for systemic inflammation.

By evaluating the blood levels of CRP, ESR and fibrinogen, according to the treatment the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment was demonstrated using acute phase reactants, such as ESR, CRP and fibrinogen.

Imaging techniques are also used to assess non-invasive skin changes in psoriasis or high performance liquid chromatography or cell membrane fluidity; however, this study aimed to evaluate only the inflammatory activity (24-27).

Because psoriasis is a chronic condition, it is also necessary to evaluate patients at the time of maximum symptoms and consider evaluating its comorbidities.

In conclusion, this study illustrates a strong correlation between plasmatic levels of acute phase reactants, such as CRP, ESR, fibrinogen and the inflammatory activity of psoriasis. By using these inflammatory markers, it was concluded that the best results in reducing inflammatory activity were achieved by biological therapy, which induces a decrease in blood levels of CRP, ESR and fibrinogen. In addition, it indirectly points to a reduction of complications associated with the inflammatory syndrome that represents the basis of this disease. The authors propose CRP, ESR and fibrinogen as prognostic indicators of the unfavorable evolution of psoriasis. It is also less expensive to evaluate these three markers in comparison with others and their determination is easier.

Acknowledgements

Professional editing, linguistic and technical assistance performed by Irina Radu, Individual Service Provider, certified translator in Medicine and Pharmacy (certificate credentials: series E no. 0048).

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

All data and materials supporting the results of the present study are available in the published article.

Authors' contributions

DV, AIP and AIG contributed to the acquisition of data. All authors contributed to the critical revision of manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors contributed to the acquisition of the data. CG, LGS, EPA were responsible for the research design. CG, LGS and EPA were involved in writing the manuscript. CG carried out the statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of ‘Sf. Spiridon’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital (Iasi, Romania) and the Ethics Committee of ‘Gr. T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy (Iasi, Romania). Written informed consents were obtained by the patients and/or guardians.

Patient consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to publication.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References