IL‑1β promotes osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the BMP/Smad pathway within a certain concentration range
- Authors:
- Published online on: July 28, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9065
- Pages: 3001-3008
-
Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
The fracture healing process involves many complex steps, and ultimately restores the structure and function of the fracture site (1,2). The healing process begins immediately after a fracture occurs, and the local inflammatory reaction is a critical part of early healing (3). Moreover, the inflammatory response plays a vital role in the promotion and coordination of local osseous tissue regeneration (3). With the passive release of locally damaged tissue and the active release of inflammatory cells, the expression levels of inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-11 and IL-18 are significantly elevated (4). Systemic and local release of these inflammatory factors have an important effect on biological processes such as vascular regeneration, cell recruitment and cartilaginous callus production (4).
Among these inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-1 have major functions in the regulation of fracture healing, and their secretion levels vary at different time points (4-6). These two master regulators of inflammation reach first peak levels between 24 h and 7 days after the fracture occurs (4-6). The process of cell recruitment into the hematoma is primarily activated by inflammatory factors at this stage (5,6). Then, the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1 decrease until the regulation of osseous tissue regeneration is required (5,6). The second increase in these two regulators often occurs 4 weeks after fracture, and the specific time point and duration of this increase are related to the individual healing rate and age of the patient (5,6).
Although direct fracture healing has been reported, indirect fracture healing is the main route of fracture healing (2,7). Both endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification play important roles in indirect fracture healing, but intramembranous ossification is faster during bone regeneration (8-10). In order to form new osseous tissue that can resist rotational and shear forces, stem cells in the osteotylus differentiate into osteoblasts and bone cells, which then gradually mineralize (8-10). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can serve as both a source of bone-shaped osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells (8,9), as well as having a paracrine effect on bone tissue regeneration (10). During the process of osseous tissue regeneration, the influence of inflammatory factors on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs) has been investigated (4). In inflammatory microenvironments, IL-1 and TNF-α have a prominent role in inflammatory osteolysis (11). While TNF-α has similar activity to that of IL-1β, the expression of IL-1β is relatively higher in inflamed osseous tissues (12). As a major regulator of fracture healing, IL-1β reportedly promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs (7,13,14). It has been shown that the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during the fracture healing phase leads to prolonged healing, which is consistent with the reported osteogenic effect of inflammatory factors (15-18). However, previous studies have revealed that IL-1β inhibits stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts, and this inhibitory effect is enhanced with increasing IL-1β concentration (19). In addition, the mechanism via which IL-1β affects osteogenic differentiation has been previously investigated, and the involvement of several signaling pathways has been identified (20-23). Bone morphogenetic protein/Smad (BMP/Smad) is a classical signaling pathway that is often activated during osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and plays a key role in early osteogenesis and late mineralization (24). However, whether the BMP/Smad signaling pathway participates in the effect of IL-1β on osteogenic differentiation is not fully understood (19,25).
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect on the osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MBMMSCs) at various concentrations, in order to assess whether IL-1β has a positive effect on fracture healing. Using systematic experiments, the present study examined the maximum concentration of IL-1β that would be required to produce a positive effect, and identified the role of the BMP/Smad pathway after IL-1β stimulation.
Materials and methods
Cell culture
All animal experiments in this study were performed in accordance with the guidelines of Anhui Medical University, and were approved by the Ethics Committee at Anhui Medical University. In this experiment, five male C57BL/6 mice provided by the Anhui Laboratory Animal Center (age, 6 weeks; weight, 18-22 g) were used. Animals were housed at a temperature of 20-25˚C, 50-60% humidity in a 12/12 h light/dark cycle and access to food and water. The main aim was to obtain primary cells (BMMSCs) from the mice. Euthanasia was performed by the inhalation of CO2 (100%) using a closed euthanasia device, which was placed in a ventilated environment. Before mice entered the device, low concentrations of CO2 were prepassed into the device. After mice entered the chamber, 100% CO2 was gradually introduced. After determining the mortality of the mouse, CO2 (100%) was continually passed for 2 min. If mice did not breathe spontaneously for 3 min and there was no blink reflex, mortality was confirmed. Primary MBMMSCs were isolated and expanded as previously described (26). Euthanized mice were sterilized in 70% ethanol for 15 min, and cells were isolated from the femur and tibiae bone marrow, and then cultured in a T75 flask. To form complete medium, 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences) were added to the α modification of Eagle's minimum essential medium (Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences). Primary cells were cultured in complete medium in an incubator containing 5% CO2 at 37˚C until the cells were fully confluent. The medium was changed every 3 days, and MBMMSCs at passage 3 were used in the subsequent experiments. MBMMSCs at passage 2 were identified by fluorescence activated cell sorting staining. Antibodies against CD90, CD105, CD34 and CD45 (2 µg/ml; BD Biosciences) were used for staining (30 min at 25˚C) and a flow cytometer (BD FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences) was used for the detection (Fig. S1).
Cell proliferation
The effect of IL-1β (R&D Systems, Inc.) on the proliferation of MBMMSCs was detected using a Cell-Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. MBMMSCs (5x103 cells/well) were plated into 96-well plates containing IL-1β at various concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 ng/ml) for 1, 3 or 5 days at 37˚C. Cell culture medium was removed and 100 µl 10% CCK-8 solution was added to each well. After 2 h of incubation at 37˚C, absorbance of the wells was measured at 450 nm.
Cell apoptosis
The effect of IL-1β on MBMMSC apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry via double-staining for Annexin V-FITC and PI (BD Biosciences). MBMMSCs were seeded into 24-well plates (8x104 cells/well) and collected 48 h after IL-1β treatment (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 ng/ml) at 37˚C. Cells were washed twice with PBS and resuspended in 200 µl 1X binding buffer (BD Biosciences) at a density of 5x105 cells/ml. Then, 5 µl Annexin V-FITC and 10 µl PI were added to the tube and incubated for 15 min in the dark at 25˚C. A flow cytometer (BD FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences) was used for the detection.
Assessment of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralized matrix formation
To assess the effect of IL-1β on osteogenic differentiation, MBMMSCs were seeded in 24-well plates (8x104 cells/well). After the cells began to adhere to the plates, osteogenic medium (complete medium containing 10 mM β-glycerophosphate, 50 nM ascorbic acid and 100 nM dexamethasone; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) containing IL-1β at different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 ng/ml) was added to induce differentiation.
For ALP staining, MBMMSCs were washed twice with PBS after 7 days of treatment. After fixing with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 sec at 25˚C, the cells were stained according to the manufacturer's instructions of the ALP staining kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). To quantitatively analyze ALP activity, MBMMSCs were washed twice with PBS and lysed with 1% Triton X-100 for 15 min. ALP activity was measured based on the absorbance at 405 nm, and was normalized to total protein concentration using a bicinchoninic acid assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).
In addition, MBMMSCs were stained with Alizarin Red (Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) to assess mineralized matrix deposition for bone nodule formation after 21 days of IL-1β treatment. MBMMSCs were washed three times with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at 25˚C and stained with 1 Alizarin Red dye solution according to the manufacturer's instructions. For further quantitative analysis, a 10% chlorinated 16 alkyl pyridine solution of sodium phosphate (pH 7.0; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) was added to dissolve the dye for 30 min at 25˚C, and the absorbance was measured at 620 nm.
Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
To determine the effect of IL-1β on downstream osteogenic genes during osteogenic induction, RT-qPCR was conducted to evaluate the relative expression of genes at different stages. Total RNA was extracted from MBMMSCs using TRIzol® reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). All sample concentrations were normalized, and cDNA was synthesized using PrimeScript RT Master mix according to the manufacturer's instructions (Takara Bio, Inc.). qPCR was performed using SYBR® Premix EX Taq according to the manufacturer's instructions (Takara Bio, Inc.). The following thermocycling conditions were used for the qPCR: Initial denaturation at 95˚C for 30 sec; followed by 40 cycles of 95˚C for 5 sec and 60˚C for 30 sec. The primers used are shown in Table I. GAPDH was used as the internal reference gene for normalization. The 2-ΔΔCq method was used for quantification (27).
Western blot analysis
MBMMSCs in 6-well plates (4x105 cells/well) were lysed with RIPA buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The concentration of total protein was determined using a bicinchoninic acid assay. Equal amounts of protein (20 µg/lane) in each group were separated using 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore). After incubation in 5% skimmed milk for 1 h at 25˚C to block non-specific binding, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies (1:1,000 dilution) against Smad1, Smad5, Smad4 and phosphorylated (p)-Smad1/5 (cat. no. 12656; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) and GAPDH (cat. no. 5174; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) for 8 h at 4˚C. This was followed by incubation with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody (1:2,000; cat. no. 7074; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) in Tris-buffered saline/0.1% Tween-20 at room temperature for 1 h. The immunoreactive bands were visualized using Immobilon Western HRP (EMD Millipore). The Tanon 5200 chemiluminescent imaging system (Tanon Science and Technology Co., Ltd.) was used for densitometric analysis.
Treatment with signaling pathway inhibitor
To further evaluate the role of BMP/Smad signaling in osteogenic differentiation under IL-1β treatment, the BMP/Smad signaling pathway was blocked using LDN193189 (Selleck Chemicals). MBMMSCs were pre-stimulated with 0.2 µM LDN193189 for 2 h at 37˚C and then stimulated with 0.1 ng/ml IL-1β at 37˚C until the time of detection (Western blot analysis at 7 days, ALP analysis at 7 days, mineralization analysis at 21 days and qPCR analysis at 7 days).
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as the mean ± SD from ≥3 independent experiments. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS 23.0 software (IBM Corp.). Dunnett's multiple comparisons test was used as the post-hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Effect of IL-1β on MBMMSC proliferation and apoptosis
Prior to investigating the effect of IL-1β on osteogenic differentiation, it was important to determine whether it affects the proliferation of MBMMSCs. It was found that MBMMSCs treated with various concentrations of IL-1β maintained similar proliferation rates compared with the control group (Fig. 1A). Moreover, it was demonstrated that IL-1β did not induce cytotoxicity to MBMMSCs at the highest concentration (20 ng/ml). In addition, the present results suggested that IL-1β at different concentrations did not cause significant early apoptosis of MBMMSCs (Fig. 1B).
IL-1β enhances osteogenic differentiation of MBMMSCs within a certain concentration range
To assess the influence of IL-1β on osteogenic differentiation of MBMMSCs, ALP assay, Alizarin Red staining and quantitative tests were performed. It was demonstrated that IL-1β caused osteogenic differentiation at very low concentrations (0.01 ng/ml; Fig. 2A). Furthermore, with increasing IL-1β concentration, the osteogenic effect of IL-1β was increased, and similar results were obtained at 0.1 and 1 ng/ml. When the IL-1β concentration continued to increase, its osteogenic effect on MBMMSCs began to decrease, and showed a relative inhibitory effect at 10 ng/ml. Moreover, quantitative analysis results were similar (Fig. 2B), thus indicating that IL-1β promoted the osteogenic differentiation of MBMMSCs within a certain range, but this effect disappeared after exceeding this range.
IL-1β upregulates the expression of osteogenic genes
The transcriptional level of the osteogenic genes is altered after activation of various signaling pathways (24,28,29). Therefore, the mRNA expression levels of the downstream osteogenic differentiation markers Runx2, ALP, collagen 1A1 (COL1A1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), BMP2, osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN), were determined using RT-qPCR. It was found that Runx2 mRNA expression was increased after 3 days of IL-1β treatment. On day 7, the mRNA expression levels of ALP, COL1A1, BSP and BMP2 in the IL-1β-treated MBMMSCs were significantly increased compared with the control group, and the mRNA expression levels of OCN and OPN began to increase. By day 14, the expression levels of OCN and OPN were found to further increase. Similar to osteogenic differentiation, the expression of osteogenic genes in MBMMSCs did not increase after stimulation with 10 ng/ml IL-1β, and the overall expression levels were lower compared with the control group (Fig. 3). Therefore, the present results suggested that IL-1β may regulate osteogenic differentiation at the mRNA level.
Activation of the BMP/Smad signaling pathway in MBMMSCs
To assess whether the BMP/Smad classical osteogenic pathway is involved in the effect of IL-1β on the osteogenic differentiation of MBMMSCs, the activation of Smad signaling was examined by Western blot analysis during osteogenesis. It was demonstrated that the phosphorylation of Smad1/5, which represents the activation level of the BMP/Smad pathway (30,31), was significantly increased after 7 days of IL-1β stimulation (Fig. 4A and B). However, the protein expression levels of Smad1, Smad4 and Smad5 were unchanged after IL-1β treatment (Fig. 4). Moreover, the phosphorylation level of Smad1/5 showed a downward trend at 10 ng/ml IL-1β. Thus, the present results indicated that IL-1β regulated osteogenic differentiation of MBMMSCs via the BMP/Smad signaling pathway.
Inhibition of the BMP/Smad signaling pathway suppresses IL-1β-induced osteogenic differentiation
LDN193189 is a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad inhibitor that is often used to inhibit BMP2-induced p-Smad1/5/9 (32-34). Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate Smad phosphorylation levels after 7 days. It was identified that LDN193189 significantly reduced the protein expression level of p-Smad1/5 stimulated by 0.1 ng/ml IL-1β, returning to levels similar to the control group (Fig. 5). It was also found that blocking the BMP/Smad signaling pathway decreased ALP and mineralization staining, and similar results were obtained from the quantitative assays (Fig. 5C and D). Moreover, these results were further supported by the results of the RT-qPCR (Fig. 5E). Collectively, the present results suggested that the BMP/Smad signaling pathway may have an important role in IL-1β-induced osteogenic differentiation.
Discussion
The present study investigated the role of IL-1β in osteogenic differentiation during fracture healing and assessed the conditions under which IL-1β exerted a positive effect on MBMMSCs. Several controversial issues, which had been highlighted in previous studies, were addressed by the present results (14,19,35). Firstly, it was found that IL-1β did not promote the proliferation of MBMMSCs, or induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis within a certain concentration range. Furthermore, IL-1β positively regulated the osteogenic differentiation of MBMMSCs within a certain concentration range, and when the concentration was too high, osteogenic differentiation did not occur and was inhibited. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the BMP/Smad signaling pathway was activated in IL-1β-mediated osteogenic regulation.
Prior to investigating the effect of IL-1β on osteogenic differentiation, the present study first assessed its effect on MBMMSC proliferation and apoptosis. It was demonstrated that IL-1β concentrations within a certain range did not significantly promote or inhibit the proliferation of MBMMSCs, which eliminated interference in the subsequent osteogenic differentiation experiments. Moreover, previously reported concentrations of IL-1β, which are shown to contribute to osteogenic differentiation of various cells, are within this selected range (7,14,19,25). In addition, as early cell apoptosis cannot pass endpoint monitoring methods such as CCK-8(26), the present study examined whether IL-1β induced cell membrane damage in MBMMSCs by evaluating Annexin V on the cell membrane surface. The present results suggested that IL-1β stimulation did not induce significant early apoptosis in MBMMSCs, thus establishing the basis for subsequent experiments.
During the process of fracture healing, the sterile inflammatory response plays an important role at all stages (4-6). A variety of inflammatory factors act as executors of inflammatory response, exerting a variety of regulatory functions in fracture healing (4-6). Among them, the regulation of IL-1β on new bone formation has been extensively studies; however, there are discrepancies between these results (6,7,14). The main reasons for these inconsistencies may include unclear concentration ranges and differentiation of experimentally selected cells. The present study selected BMMSCs, which is an important source of new osseous tissue, to assess the regulatory role of IL-1β in osteogenic differentiation within a sufficiently large concentration range. The present results suggested that the addition of IL-1β at 0.01-1 ng/ml under osteogenic induction significantly enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of MBMMSCs, and this was demonstrated by the mRNA expression levels of downstream osteogenic genes. Unlike IL-1β, other inflammatory factors such as TNF-α do not cause similar osteogenic promoting effects (36-39). Previous findings have shown that TNF-α significantly inhibits osteogenic differentiation potential of MSCs at different concentrations (36-39). In the present study, when IL-1β concentration was increased to 10 ng/ml, osteogenic promotion disappeared and osteogenic genes were downregulated. Thus, the present results indicated that IL-1β promoted new bone formation during fracture healing only within a specific concentration range. Furthermore, excess IL-1β may not be beneficial to fracture healing and may produce adverse results. From the overall perspective of the fracture healing process, the aseptic inflammatory response is essential, but excessive inflammation hinders fracture healing (4-6). Therefore, further animal experiments are required to investigate the effect of IL-1β on fracture healing in vivo. In an animal model, IL-1β could be loaded onto the surface of implants by internal fixation and surface modification to reach a stable local IL-1β concentration at the fracture site (40).
Multiple signaling pathways are involved in regulating the osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs, such as the Wnt/β-catenin (20), mitogen-activated protein kinase (21), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (22) and estrogen receptor pathways (23). BMP/Smad, one of the classical osteogenic signaling pathways, has been reported to participate in IL-1β-induced differentiation of periodontal cells (19). However, it has also been reported that the BMP/Smad signaling pathway is not involved in the regulation of the differentiation potential of BMMSCs by IL-1β (25). If IL-1β acts via the BMP/Smad pathway, signaling will be initiated with ligand-induced oligomerization of serine/threonine receptor kinases and phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic signaling molecules Smad1/5/9 (19,30,31). Furthermore, carboxy-terminal phosphorylation of Smads by activated receptors results in their binding with the common signaling transducer Smad4, and causes their translocation to the nucleus (30,31). In the present study p-Smad1/5, which shares the same binding site as p-Smad1/5/9 (30,31), was used as an indication of BMP/Smad activation. To further demonstrate that IL-1β regulated osteogenic differentiation of MBMMSCs via the BMP/Smad signaling pathway, a TGF-β/Smad inhibitor was used to block the activity of this pathway. The impaired osteogenic effect identified in suggested that the BMP/Smad pathway may play a vital role in the regulation of MBMMSC osteogenic differentiation by IL-1β.
However, there are several limitations to the present study that require discussion. Firstly, MBMMSCs were selected as the research subject, however to obtain results that are clinically application the use of human cells may be more beneficial. Therefore, future experiments will use human BMMSCs. Furthermore, the intensity of BMP/Smad activation stimulated by IL-1β at different concentrations may not completely correspond to the observed osteogenic effects. When the IL-1β concentration >1 ng/ml, its osteogenic effect was reduced, but the expression level of p-Smad1/5 was still relatively high. Thus, the present results suggested that other signaling pathways may be activated and participate in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation by IL-1β, and this requires further investigation.
In conclusion, the present results indicated that IL-1β enhanced the osteogenic differentiation potential of MBMMSCs within a certain concentration range. It was also demonstrated that IL-1β activated the classical BMP/Smad osteogenic signaling pathway and its osteogenic induction effect was lost when the concentration was too high. Therefore, the present results suggested that regulation of the BMP/Smad signaling pathway by IL-1β may be a novel therapeutic for the treatment of fracture healing.
Supplementary Material
Fluorescence activated cell sorting staining of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (A) Positive markers. (B) Negative markers.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
HW, ZN, JY, ML, LL, XP, LX and XW carried out the experiments. HW wrote the manuscript. SF and XW designed the experiments. SF revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All animal experiments in the present study were performed in accordance with the Laboratory Animal Management Regulations, and were approved by the Ethics Committee at Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
|
Behonick DJ, Xing Z, Lieu S, Buckley JM, Lotz JC, Marcucio RS, Werb Z, Miclau T and Colnot C: Role of matrix metalloproteinase 13 in both endochondral and intramembranous ossification during skeletal regeneration. PLoS One. 2(e1150)2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Marsell R and Einhorn TA: The biology of fracture healing. Injury. 42:551–555. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Loi F, Córdova LA, Pajarinen J, Lin TH, Yao Z and Goodman SB: Inflammation, fracture and bone repair. Bone. 86:119–130. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Gerstenfeld LC, Cullinane DM, Barnes GL, Graves DT and Einhorn TA: Fracture healing as a post-natal developmental process: Molecular, spatial, and temporal aspects of its regulation. J Cell Biochem. 88:873–884. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Cho TJ, Gerstenfeld LC and Einhorn TA: Differential temporal expression of members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily during murine fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res. 17:513–520. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lange J, Sapozhnikova A, Lu C, Hu D, Li X, Miclau T III and Marcucio RS: Action of IL-1beta during fracture healing. J Orthop Res. 28:778–784. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Mumme M, Scotti C, Papadimitropoulos A, Todorov A, Hoffmann W, Bocelli-Tyndall C, Jakob M, Wendt D, Martin I and Barbero A: Interleukin-1β modulates endochondral ossification by human adult bone marrow stromal cells. Eur Cell Mater. 24:224–236. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bielby RC, Boccaccini AR, Polak JM and Buttery LD: In vitro differentiation and in vivo mineralization of osteogenic cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Tissue Eng. 10:1518–1525. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Sottile V, Thomson A and McWhir J: In vitro osteogenic differentiation of human ES cells. Cloning Stem Cells. 5:149–155. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Furuta T, Miyaki S, Ishitobi H, Ogura T, Kato Y, Kamei N, Miyado K, Higashi Y and Ochi M: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote fracture healing in a mouse model. Stem Cells Transl Med. 5:1620–1630. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Graves DT and Cochran D: The contribution of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor to periodontal tissue destruction. J Periodontol. 74:391–401. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Stashenko P, Jandinski JJ, Fujiyoshi P, Rynar J and Socransky SS: Tissue levels of bone resorptive cytokines in periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 62:504–509. 1991.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Loebel C, Czekanska EM, Staudacher J, Salzmann G, Richards RG, Alini M and Stoddart MJ: The calcification potential of human MSCs can be enhanced by interleukin-1β in osteogenic medium. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 11:564–571. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Sonomoto K, Yamaoka K, Oshita K, Fukuyo S, Zhang X, Nakano K, Okada Y and Tanaka Y: Interleukin-1β induces differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts via the Wnt-5a/receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 pathway. Arthritis Rheum. 64:3355–3363. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bhattacharyya T, Levin R, Vrahas MS and Solomon DH: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and nonunion of humeral shaft fractures. Arthritis Rheum. 53:364–367. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
O'Connor JP, Capo JT, Tan V, Cottrell JA, Manigrasso MB, Bontempo N and Parsons JR: A comparison of the effects of ibuprofen and rofecoxib on rabbit fibula osteotomy healing. Acta Orthop. 80:597–605. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Burd TA, Hughes MS and Anglen JO: Heterotopic ossification prophylaxis with indomethacin increases the risk of long-bone nonunion. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 85:700–705. 2003.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Krischak GD, Augat P, Sorg T, Blakytny R, Kinzl L, Claes L and Beck A: Effects of diclofenac on periosteal callus maturation in osteotomy healing in an animal model. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 127:3–9. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Mao CY, Wang YG, Zhang X, Zheng XY, Tang TT and Lu EY: Double-edged-sword effect of IL-1β on the osteogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells via crosstalk between the NF-κB, MAPK and BMP/Smad signaling pathways. Cell Death Dis. 7(e2296)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Saidak Z, Le Henaff C, Azzi S, Marty C, Da Nascimento S, Sonnet P and Marie PJ: Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates osteoblast differentiation triggered by peptide-induced α5β1 integrin priming in mesenchymal skeletal cells. J Biol Chem. 290:6903–6912. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Thouverey C and Caverzasio J: Focus on the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in bone development and maintenance. Bonekey Rep. 4(711)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Guntur AR and Rosen CJ: The skeleton: a multi-functional complex organ: New insights into osteoblasts and their role in bone formation: The central role of PI3Kinase. J Endocrinol. 211:123–130. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Vico L and Vanacker JM: Sex hormones and their receptors in bone homeostasis: Insights from genetically modified mouse models. Osteoporos Int. 21:365–372. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lee KW, Yook JY, Son MY, Kim MJ, Koo DB, Han YM and Cho YS: Rapamycin promotes the osteoblastic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells by blocking the mTOR pathway and stimulating the BMP/Smad pathway. Stem Cells Dev. 19:557–568. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Ye W, Fei XM, Tang Y, Xu XX and Zhu Y: IL-1β-treated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhances osteogenetic potential via NF-κB pathway. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 25:890–895. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In Chinese). | |
|
Liu X, Qu X, Wu C, Zhai Z, Tian B, Li H, Ouyang Z, Xu X, Wang W, Fan Q, et al: The effect of enoxacin on osteoclastogenesis and reduction of titanium particle-induced osteolysis via suppression of JNK signaling pathway. Biomaterials. 35:5721–5730. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wu M, Chen G and Li YP: TGF-β and BMP signaling in osteoblast, skeletal development, and bone formation, homeostasis and disease. Bone Res. 4(16009)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wang YJ, Zhang HQ, Han HL, Zou YY, Gao QL and Yang GT: Taxifolin enhances osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells partially via NF-κB pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 490:36–43. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Schmierer B and Hill CS: TGFbeta-SMAD signal transduction: Molecular specificity and functional flexibility. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8:970–982. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Xiao YT, Xiang LX and Shao JZ: Bone morphogenetic protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 362:550–553. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Ying X, Sun L, Chen X, Xu H, Guo X, Chen H, Hong J, Cheng S and Peng L: Silibinin promotes osteoblast differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells via bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Eur J Pharmacol. 721:225–230. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Peart TM, Correa RJ, Valdes YR, Dimattia GE and Shepherd TG: BMP signalling controls the malignant potential of ascites-derived human epithelial ovarian cancer spheroids via AKT kinase activation. Clin Exp Metastasis. 29:293–313. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Vogt J, Traynor R and Sapkota GP: The specificities of small molecule inhibitors of the TGFβ and BMP pathways. Cell Signal. 23:1831–1842. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Huang RL, Yuan Y, Tu J, Zou GM and Li Q: Opposing TNF-α/IL-1β- and BMP-2-activated MAPK signaling pathways converge on Runx2 to regulate BMP-2-induced osteoblastic differentiation. Cell Death Dis. 5(e1187)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Qiu X, Wang X, Qiu J, Zhu Y, Liang T, Gao B, Wu Z, Lian C, Peng Y, Liang A, et al: Melatonin rescued reactive oxygen species-impaired osteogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Stem Cells Int. 2019(6403967)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wang X, Sun H, Liao H, Wang C, Jiang C, Zhang Y and Cao Z: MicroRNA-155-3p mediates TNF-α-inhibited cementoblast differentiation. J Dent Res. 96:1430–1437. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Chang J, Liu F, Lee M, Wu B, Ting K, Zara JN, Soo C, Al Hezaimi K, Zou W, Chen X, et al: NF-κB inhibits osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by promoting β-catenin degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110:9469–9474. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Yang N, Wang G, Hu C, Shi Y, Liao L, Shi S, Cai Y, Cheng S, Wang X, Liu Y, et al: Tumor necrosis factor α suppresses the mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis promoter miR-21 in estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 28:559–573. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Zhang BG, Myers DE, Wallace GG, Brandt M and Choong PF: Bioactive coatings for orthopaedic implants-recent trends in development of implant coatings. Int J Mol Sci. 15:11878–11921. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar |
