Propofol protects H9C2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through miR‑449a and NR4A2
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- Published online on: August 16, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10615
- Article Number: 1181
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Copyright: © Qian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Myocardial ischemia, a consequence of the blockage of arteries, is believed to be a common and major cause of high mortality in patients with heart disease worldwide (1). Reperfusion of the ischemic area is an effective way to save patients, but it can potentially lead to additional heart damage termed myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (2). Myocardial I/R injury usually contributes to the exacerbation of heart disease by causing cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and even sudden death (3). To date, the application of ischemic postconditioning is believed to be a promising cardioprotective intervention that can reduce myocardial I/R injury (4,5). One commonly used in vitro model for the investigation of the mechanisms of I/R injury is the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury model (6-8).
Propofol is a widely adopted intravenous anesthetic. It functions as a novel ischemic postconditioning agent by exhibiting a protective capability against myocardial I/R injury (9-12). It is reported that propofol possesses antioxidant capacity (13) and free radical scavenging activity (14) and thus ameliorates myocardial I/R injury (15). Therefore, the characterization of the molecular mechanism of propofol in exerting cardioprotection is of great significance and could provide novel applications for the treatment of myocardial I/R injury. In the present study, H9C2 cells (embryonic rat heart-derived) were cultured and exposed to H/R injury to mimic the I/R challenge and gain insights into the mechanism of propofol.
The relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and myocardial I/R injury is reported in emerging available data. Previous studies revealed that the concentrations of miR-145(16), miR-327(17), and miR-29(18) were enriched in myocardial I/R injury, and suppression of these miRNAs improved the effect on the cardiomyocytes with I/R injury. Apart from these miRNAs, miR-449a has also been well established as a factor that aggravates hypoxia-induced damage of cardiomyocytes (19). In line with this, the detrimental effect of miR-449a on H9C2 cells subjected to H/R injury was also demonstrated in another study (20). Based on these previous reports, the present study attempted to gain a deeper insight into the role of miR-449a in myocardial I/R injury through its relationship with propofol; to the best of our knowledge, its involvement remains unclear.
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (NR4A2) is often studied in Parkinson's disease due to its roles in neuroprotection and its symptomatic improvement (21). The NR4A family consists of three members: NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3. They are expressed in cardiomyocytes (22) and quickly react in response to ischemic stroke (23). A previous study reported that NR4A2 was enhanced in cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia and exerted a suppressive effect on ischemia-induced apoptosis, which was regulated by miR-212-3p (24). The present study focused on the role of NR4A2 in H9C2 cells exposed to H/R challenge in the presence of propofol and following miR-449a expression manipulation. The current results may provide novel insights into the cardioprotective mechanism of propofol against I/R injury.
Materials and methods
Bioinformatics analysis
The GSE4386 dataset (25) (from the GEO DataSets; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gds) is a previously published mRNA microarray analysis involving atrial samples with or without propofol. The upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in atrial samples with propofol were determined by limma 3.26.8 (Bioconductor) using P<0.05 and log [fold change (FC)]≥2. The STRING (https://string-db.org/) database was then used to construct the interaction network for the top 20 upregulated DEGs to identify the key genes. Finally, the Tarbase (http://carolina.imis.athena-innovation.gr/diana_tools/web/index.php?r=tarbasev8/index) and miRDB (http://mirdb.org/) databases were used to predict the potential upstream miRNAs of the key gene.
Cell culture and H/R challenge
The H9C2 (embryonic rat heart-derived cell) cell line was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and cultured in DMEM medium (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) in an incubator with 5% CO2 at 37˚C. To simulate I/R injury, H/R injury was induced by placing H9C2 cells in hypoxic conditions (1% O2, 95% N2, and 5% CO2) for 12 h. Then, reoxygenation was achieved by transferring the cells to normal culture conditions for 6 h. Cells in the control group were cultured normally. Propofol with concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 100 µmol/l was added into the fresh medium before H/R challenge, and cell viability was detected by the CCK-8 assay. The dose of 50 µmol/l propofol was selected for subsequent experimental treatments.
Cell transfection
miR-449a inhibitor (cat. no. miR20001541-1-5), miR-449a mimic (cat. no. miR10001541-1-5), corresponding negative controls (mimic NC, cat. no. miR1N0000003-1-5 and inhibitor-NC, cat. no. miR2N0000003-1-5), NR4A2-targeting small interfering (si-) RNA (cat. no. siB14428110628-1-5), and non-targeting control siRNA (si-NC; cat. no. siN0000001-1-5) (all from Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.) were transfected into the H9C2 cells using the Lipofectamine™ 2000 reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37˚C according to the manufacturer's protocol. Transfections were conducted when cells were at ~70% confluency. The transfection concentrations were 3 pmol for a 96-well plate, 30 pmol for a 12-well plate and 75 pmol for a 6-well plate. Subsequent experiments were performed at 48 h following transfection.
Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
Total RNA was extracted using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). To analyze miR-449a expression levels, reverse transcription was conducted using the All-in-One miRNA First-Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (GeneCopoeia, Inc.) and qPCR was performed with the All-in-One miRNA qRT-PCR Detection kit 2.0 (GeneCopoeia, Inc.). The thermocycling conditions were: 95˚C initial denaturation for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95˚C denaturation for 10 sec, 60˚C annealing for 20 sec, and 72˚C extension for 10 sec. U6 served as the internal control for miR-449a. To analyze NR4A2 mRNA expression levels, FastStart Universal SYBR Green Master (ROX) kit (Roche Diagnostics) was used. A total of 1 µl of the enzyme mix was used for 25 µl of each RT-PCR reaction. The reverse transcription step was performed at 16˚C for 30 min without the RT-PCR enzyme mix, then at 42˚C for 40 min with the enzyme mix, followed by 30 cycles of amplification at 95˚C for 20 sec and 60˚C for 1 min. GAPDH served as the internal control for mRNA detection. qPCR was performed in an ABI 7300 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and the 2−ΔΔCq method (26) was used for quantification of the results. The primer sequences are listed in Table I.
Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
Cell viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay (MedChemExpres). H9C2 cells were plated in 96-well plates at 2x103 cells/well. The detection time points were set at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-transfection. For detection, cells were treated with 100 µl of the CCK-8 solution for 4 h, and optical density was measured using a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc.) at the wavelength of 450 nm.
BrdU assay
The proliferation of H9C2 cells was detected by the Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.). Briefly, 10 µM of BrdU solution was added into each well (containing 2x103 H9C2 cells/well) in a 96-well plate and incubated for 2 h. Next, the absorbance at 450 nm was determined using a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc.).
EdU assay
H9C2 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 5x103 cells/well for 48 h and cell proliferation was evaluated using the Cell-Light EdU Apollo567 kit (Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.). Briefly, 50 µmol/l of EdU was added into the cell culture medium and incubated for 2 h. The cells were then treated with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min and 0.5% Triton X-100 for 20 min. After washing with PBS, the cells were stained at room temperature for 30 min with the anti-EdU working solution and incubated with 100 µl of the Hoechst 33342 stain (5 µg/ml). Finally, a fluorescence microscope (Olympus Corporation) was used to capture images of the cells, and the percentage of EdU-positive cells was calculated from 5 optical fields/well.
Caspase-3 activity assay
Cell apoptosis was evaluated using the Caspase-3 Activity Assay kit (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.). H9C2 cells (2x103 cells/well) were cultured in 96-well plates. Briefly, the collected cells were lysed with the lysis buffer. Then, 0.2 mM of the caspase-3 substrate Ac-DEVD-pNA was added into the cell supernatant obtained from high-speed centrifugation and incubated for 2 h at 37˚C. Finally, caspase-3 activity was determined at 405 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc.).
Dual-luciferase reporter assay
The NR4A2 wild-type (wt) sequence containing the predicted miR-449a binding sites, and a NR4A2 mutant (mut) sequence containing the altered miR-449a binding sites, were amplified by PCR and subcloned into the pGL3 luciferase reporter vectors (Promega Corporation). The mutant miR-449a binding sites were produced by replacing GUGACGG with CCCUUAA. Next, the constructed NR4A2 wt or NR4A2 mut reporters were co-transfected into the H9C2 cells together with the miR-449a mimic or the negative control using the Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). After 48 h of the co-transfection, the relative luciferase activity was determined using the dual-luciferase reporter assay (Promega Corporation). Firefly luciferase activity was normalized to Renilla luciferase activity.
Western blotting
Cells were lyzed by using an ice-cold RIPA buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) containing the protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The concentrations of total proteins were analyzed using a bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). An equal amount of protein (20 µg/lane) was analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE for 1-h separation at 100 V. After separation, the proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and then blocked in 5% skimmed milk for 2 h at room temperature. After blocking, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4˚C with primary antibodies against NR4A2 (cat. no. bs-0178R; 1:2,000; Bioss), Bax (cat. no. bs-20377R; 1:1,000; Bioss), Bcl-2 (cat. no. bs-20351R; 1:2,000; Bioss), cleaved caspase-3 (cat. no. ab32042; 1:500; Abcam), total caspase-3 (cat. no. ab32351; 1:5,000; Abcam), and GAPDH (cat. no. ab9485; 1:2,000; Bioss). After washing, the membranes were treated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (cat. no. ab6721; 1:1,0000; Bioss) for 1 h at 37˚C. The protein bands were detected in an Odyssey CLx Infrared Imaging System (LI-COR Biosciences). The images were analyzed using ImageJ 1.8.0 (National Institutes of Health).
Statistical analysis
Data from three independent experiments were represented as the mean ± SD. All statistical tests were performed using GraphPad Prism version 8.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.). One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons was used to analyze the differences among multiple experimental groups. Unpaired student's t-test was used to analyze the differences between two experimental groups. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Identification of the genes of interest in the present study
First, the top 20 upregulated DEGs from the GSE4386 dataset were acquired with the criteria of adjusted P-value <0.05 and log[FC]≥2 (Table II). These 20 genes were then used as input for STRING analysis to discover their interaction network (Fig. 1A). Notably, among the top 14 genes, RT-qPCR result showed that NR4A2 mRNA expression levels were found to be the lowest in H9C2 cells treated with H/R compared with control cells (Table SI). NR4A2 has been studied previously in myocardial infarction injury (24). Propofol is considered to be a cardioprotective reagent (9,10). However, the involvement of NR4A2 in cardioprotection in the presence of propofol has not been studied yet. To explore the potential roles of miRNAs in the effects of NR4A2, the potential miRNAs upstream of NR4A2 were predicted using the Tarbase and miRDB databases; seven common miRNAs were identified (Fig. 1B). Among them, miR-449a was reported to enhance the damage of cardiomyocytes (19,20). However, the involvement of miR-449a in damaging the cardiomyocytes in the presence of propofol is not clear. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the potential interaction between miR-449a and NR4A2 on cardiomyocyte injury in the presence of propofol.
Propofol treatment exhibits a protective effect on the survival of the H9C2 cells
The CCK-8 assay was performed in the presence of different concentrations of propofol (0, 25, 50 and 100 µmol/l) to detect changes in the cell viability of H/R-induced H9C2 cells. The dose of 50 µmol/l propofol resulted in the highest cell viability and protection of H/R-induced H9C2 cells (Fig. S1). Therefore, 50 µmol/l of propofol was used for subsequent experiments. The viability of the H9C2 cells subjected to H/R treatment was dramatically reduced compared to the cells cultured normally (Fig. 2A), confirming the successful generation of the in vitro I/R injury model. When propofol was introduced, the cell viability of the H/R-induced cells was significantly improved (Fig. 2A). Furthermore, the proliferation rates of the H9C2 cells were also evaluated using an EdU assay. Compared with the control group, the rate of EdU-positive cells in the H/R alone group was decreased by 50%, while the rate of EdU-positive cells in the propofol-treated groups was reduced by 20% (Fig. 2B). The proliferation of the H9C2 cells detected by a BrdU assay exhibited a similar trend; the proliferation of the cells subjected to H/R alone was suppressed by 50% compared with the control group, while propofol compromised this reduction by 30% compared with the H/R group (Fig. 2C). Cell apoptosis of the H9C2 cells was measured by the caspase-3 activity assay. Caspase-3 activity of the cells in the H/R group was almost thrice as much as that of the control group; this increase was attenuated by ~50% compared with that of the H/R group when propofol was introduced (Fig. 2D). Finally, the levels of the apoptosis-associated proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 were detected by western blot analysis. Compared with the control group, the protein expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were increased in the H/R group, while Bcl-2 protein expression was decreased (Fig. 2E). Propofol treatment resulted in lower increases in the Bax and cleaved caspase-3 concentrations and a lower reduction in Bcl-2 (Fig. 2E). Together, these results demonstrated that propofol exerted a protective effect on the survival and proliferation of H9C2 cells.
Propofol attenuates H/R injury through the inhibition of miR-449a
As shown in Fig. 3A, the expression levels of miR-449a in the H/R group were ~2.7 times higher compared with the control group. The expression was relatively lower in the H/R+P group compared with that of the H/R group (1.7-fold compared with the control group; Fig. 3A). To explore the function of miR-449a, a specific inhibitor was used to downregulate its expression. First, successful transfection efficiency of the miR-449a inhibitor was confirmed in H9C2 cells under normoxic conditions (Fig. S2A). Next, the miR-449a inhibitor was used in the in vitro I/R model. Compared with H/R+P group, the expression of miR-449a in H/R+P+miR-449a inhibitor group was decreased by 50%, indicating successful downregulation of miR-449a (Fig. 3B).
Functional assays were then performed to assess the role of miR-449a. The CCK-8 assay depicted that the miR-449a inhibitor contributed to improved cell viability of the H9C2 cells treated with H/R and propofol (Fig. 3C). The EdU assay demonstrated that the miR-449a inhibitor increased the ratios of EdU-positive cells by 1.2-fold compared with those in the H/R+P group (Fig. 3D). The BrdU assay showed that, despite the severe damage caused by H/R exposure, the miR-449a inhibitor was able to promote cell proliferation of the H9C2 cells by 25% compared with that observed in the H/R+P group (Fig. 3E). The caspase-3 activity assay revealed that cell apoptosis was repressed in the miR-449a inhibitor group by 30% compared with that in the H/R+P group (Fig. 3F). Western blot analysis showed that the protein expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 decreased while the protein expression of Bcl-2 increased in the miR-449a inhibitor group compared with the H/R+P group (Fig. 3G). Therefore, the present results demonstrated that propofol protected H9C2 cells from H/R injury through the inhibition of miR-449a.
NR4A2 is a target gene of miR-449a in H9C2 cells
miR449a was predicted to target the NR4A2 gene (Fig. 1). To understand the mechanism underlying the action of miR-449a in H9C2 cell damage caused by H/R, the functional association between miR449a and NR4A2 was further investigated. The mRNA expression levels of NR4A2 were measured in the H/R group and the H/R+P group by RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated that NR4A2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the H/R+P group compared with that in the H/R group (Fig. 4A). Western blot analysis further confirmed that the protein expression levels of NR4A2 in the H/R+P group was higher compared with that in the H/R group (Fig. 4B). The predicted binding sites of miR-449a on NR4A2 are depicted in Fig. 4C. As shown in Fig. 4D, luciferase activity from a wt NR4A2 reporter plasmid was repressed when co-transfected with miR-449a mimics compared with mimics NC, while no effect was observed on the luciferase activity of a mutant reporter plasmid. These results confirmed that NR4A2 was a direct target of miR-449a.
Next, NR4A2 was silenced by transfection with a specific siRNA. First, the knockdown efficiency was confirmed in H9C2 cells under normoxic conditions (Fig. S2B and C). In addition, NR4A2 siRNA transfection could significantly reduce the NR4A2 expression at the mRNA (Fig. 4E) as well as protein levels (Fig. 4F) under the H/R and propofol treatment conditions. Collectively, these results revealed that miR-449a targeted NR4A2 in the propofol protection against H/R injury in H9C2 cells.
NR4A2 exerts a protective effect on H9C2 cells mediated by miR-449a
Given that miR-449a can target NR4A2, further experiments were designed to explore if NR4A2 had a positive impact on the viability of H9C2 cells after exposure to H/R injury. The CCK-8 assay revealed that NR4A2 silencing dramatically repressed the cell viability of the H9C2 cells with H/R injury and propofol, while this repression could be restored by the miR-449a inhibitor (Fig. 5A). In the EdU assay, NR4A2 silencing reduced the ratio of EdU-positive cells in the H/R injury and propofol-treated group, while the miR-449a inhibitor reversed this reduction (Fig. 5B). The BrdU assay indicated that NR4A2 silencing hindered cell proliferation of the H9C2 cells by 20% compared with that of the H/R+P group, which was 40% lower than that of the control group (Fig. 5C). However, this repression could be restored by the miR-449a inhibitor (Fig. 5B). The Caspase-3 activity assay demonstrated that NR4A2 silencing induced apoptosis by 3-fold of the H9C2 cells in the H/R group compared with that in the control. However, this promotion could be reversed by the miR-449a inhibitor (Fig. 5D). Western blot analysis showed that the protein expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 in the H9C2 cells following NR4A2 silencing were increased compared with those in the H/R+P group, while the expression levels of Bcl-2 were decreased (Fig. 5E). Of note, the miR-449a inhibitor reversed these effects (Fig. 5E). Taken together, the current results indicated that NR4A2 exerted a protective effect on H9C2 cells, and this effect was regulated by miR-449a.
Discussion
In the present study, H/R-induced H9C2 cells were used to mimic I/R injury in vitro. It was observed that propofol treatment significantly alleviated H/R injury in cardiomyocytes, by improving cell viability and proliferation while repressing cell apoptosis of the H9C2 cells. Additionally, the present results suggested that the cardioprotective effect of propofol was closely related to the regulation of miR-449a and its target gene NR4A2. Specifically, miR-449a inhibition promoted cell viability and proliferation and repressed cell apoptosis of the H9C2 cells, thus enhancing the cardioprotective effect of propofol. By contrast, silencing of NR4A2, the target gene of miR-449a, hindered the alleviation effect of propofol on H/R injury.
According to previous studies, it is established that propofol protects cells against oxidative stress from hydrogen peroxide (27,28) and oxygen-glucose deprivation (29). The present results further confirmed the cell-protective role of propofol. Propofol-dependent mechanisms have been reported in several studies concerning myocardial I/R injury. A previous study reported that propofol exerted cardioprotection against myocardial I/R injury through the miR-451/HMGB1 axis in a H/R injury model of H9C2 cardiomyocytes (10). Another study reported that propofol exerted a protective effect on the H/R-challenged cardiomyocytes by activation of Akt phosphorylation (30). The present study confirmed that propofol was significantly beneficial to the survival and activity of cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R injury. The benefits of propofol could be enhanced by miR-449a inhibition and hindered by NR4A2 silencing.
miR-449a has been widely studied in various cancer models and acts as a tumor suppressor. For example, the tumor-suppressive role of miR-449a has been demonstrated in breast cancer via targeting PLAG1 like zinc finger 2(31). In addition, miR-449a was demonstrated to be sponged by circGFRA1, thus hindering the inhibition effect of miR-449a on ovarian cancer progression (32). The role of miR-449a in cancer has been studied extensively. However, the contribution of miR-449a in protecting the heart from myocardial I/R injury or H/R injury needs further research. Two studies determined that the downregulation of miR-449a helped to protect cardiomyocytes from H/R injury (19,20). The current study also described that the inhibition of miR-449a enhanced the cardioprotective effect in the H9C2 cells against the stress from H/R injury. It was observed that miR-449a inhibition could not only promote cell viability and proliferation but also inhibit cell apoptosis in H9C2 cells.
To further elucidate the role of miR-449a in cardiomyocyte protection from H/R injury, NR4A2 was predicted and confirmed as a target gene for miR-449a. A previous study determined that there was a close relationship between the haplotypes of the NR4A2 gene and cardiovascular disease (33). The role of NR4A2 in cardiomyocyte apoptosis has been illustrated previously (24), showing that NR4A2 knockdown aggravated the cardiomyocyte apoptosis in response to I/R injury. The present study clarified the function of NR4A2 in cardiomyocyte survival from the aspect of cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis. NR4A2 was able to impede cell apoptosis of cardiomyocytes following H/R injury. This apoptosis-suppressive effect of NR4A2 was consistent with previous literature (24). In addition to the suppression of cell apoptosis, the present results determined a promotional effect of NR4A2 on cell viability and proliferation. Collectively, NR4A2 protected H9C2 cells from H/R injury, which was consistent with the role of propofol but opposite to that of miR-449a.
The present study explored the mechanism of propofol in H/R-mediated cell injury, but certain limitations remain. First, the present study was performed in vitro, and there is a lack of in vivo experiments to further confirm the effects of propofol and miR-449a/NR4A2 on myocardial I/R injury. In addition, the effects of propofol and miR-449a/NR4A2 on myocardial I/R injury need to be further explored in clinical samples. Further studies are underway to investigate the effects of propofol and miR-449a/NR4A2 on myocardial I/R injury in vivo.
In summary, the present results elucidated how propofol, miR-449a, and its target gene NR4A2 interact in protecting cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R injury. The observations can serve as a novel clue in designing therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases against myocardial I/R injury.
Supplementary Material
Effect of different concentrations of propofol on cell viability of H9C2 cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.001 compared with control untreated cells. OD, optical density.
Transfection efficiency of miR-449a inhibitor and NR4A2 siRNA in untreated cells. (A) miR-499a expression levels were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in untreated parental H9C2 cells (control), and in cells transfected with NC or inhibitor. (B) NR4A2 mRNA and (C) protein expression levels were evaluated in untreated parental H9C2 cells (control), and in cells transfected with NR4A2-targeting siRNA or si-NC. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=3). **P<0.001 compared with control untreated cells. miR, miRNA; NR4A2, nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2; siRNA, small interfering RNA; NC, negative control; Con, control; si-NC, negative control siRNA; si, NR4A2-targeting siRNA.
mRNA expression levels in H9C2 cells treated with H/R injury.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
Funding: No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Authors' contributions
QQ performed the experiments and data analysis. YX conceived and designed the study. QQ wrote the paper. YX reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. QQ and YX confirm the authenticity of all the raw data.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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