Correlation between erythropoietin receptor(s) and estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in different breast cancer cell lines
- Authors:
- Published online on: January 8, 2013 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1231
- Pages: 717-725
Abstract
Introduction
Erythropoietin (EPO) is the core regulator of red blood cell production (1). The binding of EPO to functional erythropoietin (EPO) receptor (EPOR) homodimer triggers several downstream signaling pathways, such as the Jak2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase C pathways (2), resulting in the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. Apart from erythropoietic cells, EPOR is expressed in many non-hematopoietic tissues, as well as in cancer (3–5). The expression of EPO and functional EPOR has also been confirmed in breast cancer tissue and cell lines (6,7), the most common type of cancer among females.
Recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) is used to correct anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (8), chemotherapy-induced anemia (9), as well as other types of anemia. A number of pre-clinical and clinical trials have verified the use of rHuEPO as a tissue protective agent in the brain, heart and kidneys (10–12). The protective effect of EPO has been proposed to be mediated through the EPOR hetero-receptor, presumably formed with the common β subunit of the IL-3 receptor [colony stimulating factor 2 receptor, β, low-affinity (CSF2RB)] (13). The significance of receptor tyrosine kinase ephrin type-B receptor 4 (EPHB4) in cancer development has also been indicated (14), having the potential to be another EPOR receptor partner (15). EPHB4 has been shown to be expressed in breast cancer (16). The effect of rHuEPO supportive care in cancer patients with EPOR-positive cancer is not yet well understood. Several clinical trials were terminated early due to rHuEPO-negative effects on recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival or tumor progression (5,17,18). Decreased patient survival may result from the rHuEPO effects on increased thrombotic events, the growth and survival of cancer cells or the attenuated sensitivity of cancer cells to various types of treatment (5). Nevertheless, the presence of EPO and EPOR in various cancer tissues and cell lines raises the issue of whether the use of rHuEPO as supportive care in cancer patients is appropriate (19).
Breast cancer cells express a variety of growth factor receptors determining the molecular classification of the disease (20). The most commonly expressed are the steroid hormone receptors, estrogen receptor (ESR), progesterone receptor (PGR) and androgen receptor (AR). Apart from the classical steroid hormone receptors, that are members of the nuclear receptor family (ESR, PGR and AR) and upon which the molecular classification is based, membrane-bound steroid receptors have been identified (mESR, mPGR and mAR). Membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS) has been implicated in intracellular signaling (21,22) either in a non-transcriptional fashion by modifying existing proteins (e.g., phosphorylation) or by the modulation of gene expression and the production of proteins (23,24). A cross-talk between membrane and nuclear steroid receptors has also been indicated which leads to the amplification of subsequent transcription originating from the nuclear receptors (25). The identity of cytoplasmic/membrane steroid receptors has been an issue of debate. Classical nuclear receptors, ER-α (ESR1) and the PGRs (PGRA and PGRB), have been observed at the plasma membrane of breast cancer cells. The palmitoylation of the classical receptors has been shown to be the signal for the membrane localization and all membrane-initiated signaling (26). In contrast to classical receptors, the membrane associated ESR is an atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), selectively activating discrete G protein α- and βγ-subunits that result in rapid signaling (27). Extra-nuclear signaling has been shown to modulate the proliferation, survival and invasion of breast cancer cells (28). The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor [GPER; also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30)] has been implicated in mediating estrogen action at the cell membrane; however, studies have suggested that GPER may not be a membrane ESR. A role for this orphan GPCR may involve collaboration with mESR, showing dependence on both proteins (29).
Studies have indicated the correlation between EPOR and estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer cells and patients. The co-expression of EPO, EPOR and mAR protein in breast cancer patients has been shown to be negatively associated with disease-free and overall survival (30). In addition, patients with ESR+/PGR+ tumors and low EPOR expression have significantly increased RFS following tamoxifen (TAM) treatment when compared to patients with high EPOR-expressing tumors. On the other hand, the significant improvement of RFS was detected in non-treated patients with ESR+ tumors with high EPOR levels (31). Volgger et al (32) also confirmed the positive association between EPOR expression, ESR/PGR status and decreased local cancer recurrence. These observations suggest the existence of the active interplay between EPO signaling and the steroid receptors which may/can furthermore interact with other cytokine/growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) receptor (33–36). The activation of these receptors eventually culminates in the activation of MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways which are also indicative for the receptor tyrosine kinase EPHB4 (37). The complexity of the intracellular cross-talk therefore makes it difficult to decipher the role of the particular receptor and the significance of a particular correlation.
Therefore, we aimed to assess the applicability of breast cancer cell lines in the study of the EPO signaling pathway, particularly as regards the correlation between the expression of EPOR and that of other cellular receptors. Profound differences in the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and estrogen metabolizing enzymes in breast cancer cell lines (38) indicate that choosing the proper cell model is of great importance. The breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, MDA-MB- 361, T-47D, MDA-MB-231, Hs578Bst, SKBR3, MCF-10A and Hs578T were selected for detailed expression analysis of EPOR, ESR1-2, PGR, GPER, EPHB4, CSF2RB and EPO. The cell lines were also analyzed for the responsiveness to rHuEPO induction on the level of cell proliferation and the activation of EPO signaling pathways. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK, Akt/PI3K and STAT5/Jak/STAT proteins was also assessed.
Materials and methods
Cell cultures
The breast cancer cell lines (Table I) were maintained in cell culture at 37°C in a humidified 5% (v/v) CO2 atmosphere. The cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA) and were cultured according to the ATCC recommendations. The receptor status for a specific cell line and the tumor type are shown in Table I. Cells were grown in basic growth medium, supplemented with 10% FBS (38). UT7/Epo cells were used as the positive control of EPO signaling in western blot analysis. Cells were kindly provided by C. Lacout (Institute of Cancerology Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France) and were cultured in MEM Alpha medium (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), supplemented with 10% FBS and 2 U/ml rHuEPO (NeoRecormon; Roche, Mannheim, Germany).
 | Table IDetails of the cohort of the selected breast cancer lines as defined by American Type Culture Collection. |
Gene expression analysis
RNA isolation
Total RNA was extracted using TRI reagent (Sigma) and treated with the DNase I (Roche) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality of the RNA samples was determined using an Agilent bioanalyzer assuring that all RIN values were >9.8. Total RNA (1 μg) was transcribed to cDNA using SuperScript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Selection of normalization gene candidates
According to our previous study (38) peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA) was selected as the normalization gene from the full cohort of 16 reference genes that were tested in these cell lines.
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)
The expression of 9 genes of interest (Table II) and the selected normalization gene was analyzed using TaqMan® PCR assays. The expression levels were determined with the exon-spanning hydrolysis probes (FAM or VIC, dye labeled) that are commercially available as Assays-on-Demand (Applied Biosystems, Bedford, MA, USA) with optimized primer and probe concentrations (Table II). Gene expression assays covering all splice variants of the specific gene were selected; for GPER 2 assays were required in order to cover all the existing splice variants. qPCR was performed on a 384-well platform using the LightCycler® 480 Real-Time PCR System (Roche) and TaqMan® Universal PCR Master Mix. Universal thermocycling parameters were applied, as recommended by the manufacturer (Applied Biosystems). The amplification of specific PCR products was performed in triplicate in a total reaction mixture of 5 μl containing 0.25 μl of cDNA template. Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines were followed in the performance and interpretation of the qPCR reactions (39).
Western blot analysis
The expression of ERK, Akt and STAT5 proteins and their phosphorylated forms was determined by western blot analysis in the cell lysates following rHuEPO treatment. Cells were seeded on 12-well plates at the concentration of 1×104 cells/well and left in culture until they reached a confluence of 70%. Prior to treatment (24 h) the cells were switched to serum-free medium and then treated with 5 or 25 U/ml rHuEPO for 5 and 10 min. The culture medium was then aspirated and samples were fast-frozen in liquid nitrogen.
Cell samples were lysed for 10 min on ice in lysis buffer as described by Kutuk et al (40) and soluble proteins were recovered in the supernatant following a 10-min centrifugation (12,000 rpm). Samples of UT7/Epo cells treated with 2 U/ml rHuEPO were used as the positive controls. Equal amounts of protein (50 μg) from each sample were loaded per well. After SDS electrophoresis, proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Immobilon-P; Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Membranes were blocked in a blocking solution (5% BSA in 1 mM PBS, 0.2% Tween-20) for 1 h and incubated in one of the following antibodies and dilutions: anti-ERK (1:1,000, no. 9102), anti-Akt (1:600, no. 9272), anti-STAT5 (1:600, no. 9363), anti-P-ERK (1:1,000, no. 9101), anti-P-Akt (1:600, no. 9271) and anti-P-STAT5 (1:600, no. 9351). All antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) and were raised against synthetic peptides in rabbits. As a secondary antibody, peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (1:5,000, A0545; Sigma) was used and visualized with chemiluminescence reagent (Pierce ECL Western Blotting Substrate; Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) with a CCD camera (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan). Membranes were densitometrically analyzed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) (41) and ratios between phosphorylated proteins to their non-phosphorylated forms were calculated and compared between samples. Experiments were repeated 3 times.
Proliferation assays
The proliferation of the MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3 and Hs578T cells was determined using MTT reagent (Sigma). Cells were seeded on a 96-well plate in 5-plicates at the concentration of 750 cells/well and left to adhere in the medium. Basic growth medium supplemented with 10 or 1% of FBS was used. Following a day in culture, the cells were exposed to 5 U/ml rHuEPO; the control cells were grown in medium without rHuEPO. Cells were maintained in culture up to 7 days and cell proliferation was measured every day. Fold change was calculated by normalizing the proliferation results with the proliferation measured at day 1. Experiments were repeated 6 times.
Statistical analysis
For correlation analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was defined with SPSS 19 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) using two-tailed analysis. Only correlations with a significance level of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Between-group linkage was determined using hierarchical clustering analysis on an interval scale, considering Euclidean distance. The effect of rHuEPO treatment on cell proliferation was assessed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Expression of EPO, EPOR and its potential receptor partners
EPO expression was confirmed in the SKBR3 cell line (Fig. 1) while all the other cell lines were negative for the expression of this gene. EPOR and EPHB4 were expressed in all of the examined breast cancer cell lines with EPHB4 expression levels being substantially higher compared to those of EPOR. On the other hand, CSF2RB was only weakly expressed in some of the examined cell lines (Fig. 1).
Expression of genes for estrogen and progesterone receptors
The expression of genes for ESR1, ESR2 and PGR is comparable with previously published data (38), confirming the hormone dependency of the MCF-7, MDA-MB-361 and T-4TD cell lines. In addition, the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-361 cell lines showed a high expression of GPER, while T-47D cells were negative for the expression of this gene. Low levels of both GPER isoforms were confirmed in the Hs578Bst, SKBR3, MCF-10A and Hs578T cell lines (Fig. 1).
Correlation analysis
A variety of correlations in the expression of the analyzed genes were confirmed for the cohort of the analyzed cell lines (Table III).
| Table IIIPearson’s correlation coefficients (rs) calculated for the expression of cellular receptors. |
Hierarchical clustering
Based on the gene expression data, the cell lines were clustered in 5 subgroups (Fig. 2). Principally, the cell lines were stratified in 2 main clusters: a cluster of hormone-dependent breast cancer cell lines expressing ESR and PGR (Fig. 2, grey box) and a cluster of hormone-independent breast cancer cell lines (Fig. 2, white box).
Cell responsiveness to rHuEPO induction
EPO involvement in the activation of the MAPK, PI3K and STAT5 signaling pathways
EPO has been shown to promote the activation of the MAPK, PI3K and Jak/STAT signaling pathways (2,42). Therefore, we evaluated whether rHuEPO treatment promotes the phosphorylation of ERK (MAPK), Akt (PI3K) and STAT5 (Jak/STAT) proteins in our breast cancer cell lines. The MDA-MB-231, SKBR3 and Hs578T cells were the only ones showing some responsiveness to rHuEPO treatment (Fig. 3), which was more evident 10 min after rHuEPO induction. A slight increase in phosphorylated ERK and Akt was detected in the rHuEPO-treated SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells compared to the controls. An increased Akt phosphorylation in SKBR3 cells was evident only when using 25 U/ml rHuEPO, otherwise it was independent of the concentration used (Fig. 3). STAT5 phosphorylation seems to be cell-specific since it was confirmed only in the SKBR3 cells (Fig. 3); its phosphorylation was slightly increased 10 min after rHuEPO induction. In the MCF-10A cells, Akt phosphorylation could not be confirmed at defined experimental conditions. The Hs578T cells responded to rHuEPO with a decreased level of phosphorylated ERK and Akt at both indicated time-points; the decrease was more pronounced with 5 U/ml rHuEPO.
Cell proliferation
Based on the clustering results, the MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3 and Hs578T cell lines were chosen and analyzed for their responsiveness to rHuEPO induction in terms of cell proliferation. We could not confirm any rHuEPO effect on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation under our experimental conditions (data not shown). However, the rHuEPO treated Hs578T (p<0.001) and SKBR3 cells (p=0.014) showed a significant decrease in cell proliferation when cultivated in the medium supplemented with 1% FBS (Fig. 4). rHuEPO did not influence Hs578T and SKBR3 cell proliferation when the cells were grown in the medium supplemented with 10% FBS (data not shown).
Discussion
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer afflicting females in the Western world and as such represents an important health issue. Estrogens and progesterone have been shown to be implicated in the development of the disease; therefore, the determination of the ESR/PGR status is used as a strong predictive factor. In addition, the EPOR/ESR/PGR status has been suggested to be of prognostic value for the therapeutic response and RFS (31). The latest insights into the pathology of breast cancer has revealed the interaction between nuclear and membrane ESR, connecting these receptors with the EGFR and GPCR receptor families (25). Breast cancer cell lines (Table I) were therefore analyzed in detail for the gene expression of EPO, EPOR, potential EPOR receptor partners (EPHB4 and CSF2RB), several intracellular steroid receptors (ESR1-2 and PGR) and GPER and the correlation between the expression of these genes was determined.
The expression of EPOR was confirmed in all cell lines in accordance with previous data (6), as was the expression of EPHB4 (16). Furthermore, a correlation between EPHB4 and EPOR was indicated, proposing its potential to be involved in the EPOR signaling pathway (Table III). On the other hand, CSF2RB was weakly expressed only in some of the examined cell lines and negatively correlated with the expression of EPOR (Table III), thus questioning its involvement in the formation of the EPOR-CSF2RB heteroreceptor in the analyzed cell lines. The expression of EPO was confirmed only in the SKBR3 cells, suggesting that in the other selected cell lines endogenous EPO does not act as an autocrine activator of EPOR and downstream signaling pathways.
The expression levels of genes for ESR (ESR1 and ESR2) and PGR are in accordance with the ATCC data (Table I), except for some of the analyzed cell lines (MDA-MB-361, Hs578Bst, MCF-10A and Hs578T). The ATCC data is based on the immunohistochemical protein detection while our data represent mRNA expression levels that do not necessarily coincide with the functional protein expression. The ESR receptor genes showed a strong correlation with the expression of PGR and to a lesser extent also with that of GPER. A positive correlation between ESR1 and GPER2 genes in breast cancer cell lines indicates that these proteins may interact at the plasma membrane, an observation that has previously been shown in endometrial and ovarian cancer cells and keratinocytes. In these cells, the cross-talk between membrane-bound ESR1 and GPER proteins mediates rapid EGFR-dependent kinase signaling by 17β-estradiol to c-FOS and cyclin D1 (CCND1) upregulation and proliferation (43–45). The correlation between GPER splice variants was confirmed as expected.
Larsson et al (31) reported the positive correlation between EPOR and ESR/PGR expression in breast cancer patients. We could not confirm this correlation in our cohort of analyzed cell lines. On the other hand, we were able to confirm the positive correlation between EPOR and GPER which is in agreement with previously published data, connecting GPER to EPO signaling (30,36). Larsson et al (31) also reported that high EPOR expression in ESR+/PGR+ breast cancer patients negatively affects their responses to TAM treatment. TAM has previously been reported to convert from antagonist to agonist in breast cancer, depending on the phosphorylation of ESR (46). The enhanced cross-talk between membrane ESR and EGFR family member receptors, most notably human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), may be associated with the development of TAM resistance in breast cancer, possibly by stimulating nuclear ESR phosphorylation (31,47,48). Liang et al (49) reported that EPOR signaling can circumvent the trastuzumab inhibition of HER2. The inhibition of ESR by TAM may also be hindered by the crosstalk between HER2, GPER and EPOR (48) proteins. This hypothesis needs to be further validated.
Connecting cell response to rHuEPO with the growth factor expression profile
The MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3 and Hs578T cell lines were selected as representatives for a particular molecular subtype (Fig. 2) and analyzed for their responsiveness to rHuEPO treatment. The hormone-dependent MCF-7 (ESR+/PGR+) cells showed no significant difference in cell proliferation when exposed to rHuEPO compared to the untreated cells. This result is in agreement with the observation that rHuEPO cannot activate cell signaling in these cells (Fig. 3). Similarly, no change in cell proliferation was detected with the more invasive MDA-MB-231 (ESR+/PGR−) cells, though the increase in the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt was confirmed. MDA-MB-231 cells are PGR-negative and as such represent a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype which is more independent of growth factor withdrawal (50). Furthermore, this cell line expresses a mutated form of tumor protein 53 (p53) which has previously been implicated in the regulation of cell survival following exposure to EPO and cisplatin (51) and serum deprivation (52). On the other hand, Hs578T (ESR−/PGR−) and SKBR3 (ESR−/PGR−) cells showed decreased cell proliferation when treated with rHuEPO in a medium containing a decreased FBS concentration. Different FBS concentrations were used on account of a possible mitogenic synergism between rHuEPO and serum-contained growth factors or cytokines. The decrease in proliferation was more evident in the Hs578T cells which also showed decreased levels of ERK and Akt phosphorylation following rHuEPO induction. The decrease in SKBR3 cell proliferation was surprising, seeing that the 3 EPO-indicative signaling pathways were activated upon rHuEPO treatment. The mechanism of action in the SKBR3 cell line has to be further analyzed.
In conclusion, the molecular classification of breast cancer is based upon the expression of ESR, PGR and HER2; however, our results indicate that intracellular receptors may cross-talk in order to activate signaling pathways or evade their inhibition. Our current analysis on breast cancer cell lines confirmed the proposed correlation between GPER and other cellular receptors, as well as EPOR, characterizing them as a suitable model for detailed mechanistic analysis. Further analysis of ESR, PGR, EPOR, EPHB4 and GPER interaction on the protein level needs to be carried out. The results from the present study suggest that the expression of EPOR, membrane receptor GPER and EPHB4 may be considered as an additional classification factor before choosing a suitable treatment protocol.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank Dr Peter Juvan for assistance with statistical analysis. Dr Toni Petan and Dr Igor Križaj are acknowledged for providing the cell lines. This study was supported by the J3-0124 grant to N.D., J3-4135 grant to T.L.R. and Young Researcher grants to N.T. and N.H., all from the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS).
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