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Introduction

Acute lung injury (ALI), as an early and basic pathophysiologic change in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality rates in critically ill patients, and is most commonly caused by aspiration, infection, trauma and chemicals (1–3). The majority of current treatments for ARDS predominantly focus on restrictive intravenous fluid management and lung-protective ventilation, and there are currently few specific pharmacological therapies able to attenuate ALI and promote lung repair (4–6). ALI is a systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome, which is involved in a variety of inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, modulating immune responses and re-establishing the balance of the immune system is critical for the treatment of ALI (7).

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most promising adult stem cells, which have the ability of multiple differentiation potential for regenerative medicine, and can interact with the immune system in a complex and coordinate dmannerto induce a selective and balanced response (8). Current available evidence shows that MSCs are involved in the repair of the injured lung and effectively attenuateALI caused by various factors (9–11). Due to the uncertainty of their biological behavior, including distribution and chemo-taxis in vivo following MSC transplantation, whether the use of MSCs in treating ALI is likely to be limited in their further application in clinical practice remains to be elucidated. Therefore, it is important to develop a suitable and noninvasive imaging probe to monitor the transplanted MSCs.

In optical molecular imaging, fluorescence imaging utilizes a fluorescence molecular probe to mark specific molecules or cells, and its spatial resolution can reach the mm level (12). The probe has numerous advantages, including high sensitivity, high temporal resolution, low cost, and relatively high flux. In addition, it does not require any reaction substrates or other cofactors, and sensitive optical detection apparatus can directly track the space and time distribution of cells to understand its associated biological processes (13–15). Therefore, noninvasive fluorescence imaging techniques for the investigation of biological processes in small animal models are rapidly becoming an important tool in biomedical research. It has been successfully and diffusely applied in all fields, including life science, molecular biology and drug development (16,17).

In the present study, monoclonal antibody anti-ganglioside (GD2) was used, which binds to the specific antigen GD2 expressed on hUC-MSCs as a carrier (18). It has been shown that cells selected by GD2 are a subpopulation of MSCs with the features of primitive precursor cells, and Xu et al (19) provided evidence that GD2 is a cell surface marker suitable for the isolation and purification of hUC-MSCs. A novel fluorescent molecule probe was first synthesized through the covalent coupling of anti-GD2 and fluorophore CyDye mono-reactive NHS esters (Cy7) (20). In the present study, according to the specific binding of antigen and antibody, synthetic anti-GD2-Cy7 wasincubated with hUC-MSCs in a standard culture medium (21). The labeled hUC-MSCs were transplanted into a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model to preliminarilyinvestigate the distribution processes of hUC-MSCs in treating ALI, which provides a theoretical basis for the establishment of an hUC-MSC treatment strategy for ALI in clinical work.

Materials and methods

Animal care

Healthy specific pathogen free male Balb/c mice (4–6 weeks old), purchased from Southern Medical University Experimental Animal Center (Guangzhou, China), were bred in the animal facility at the north campus of Sun Yat-sen University Laboratory Animal Center (Guangzhou, China) in a clean, temperature-controlled and independently ventilated environment, at 21°C under a 12/12 h dark/light cycle with ad libitum access to sterile water and standard pellet food under standardized environmental conditions. All experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University. Prior to commencing the experiments, all animals were subjected to a 2-week period of adaptation to the environment.

Materials

The Cy7 esters were purchased from Beijing Rich Encyclopedia Biological Technology Company (Beijing, China), The low-glucose Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum and Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). The mouse anti-human GD2 monoclonal antibody (14.G2a; cat no. 554272) was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA)The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc.(Kumamoto, Japan). The LPS (Escherichia coli; 0111:B4), Evans blue dye (EBD) and trypsin were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich; Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) was obtained from the Pathology Department of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. hUC-USC isolation for experiments was performed by The Biological Treatment Center The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University according to a protocol previously described (19). The obtained cryo preserved hUC-USCs were suitable for culture and were routinely passaged following thawing; apreliminary experiment confirmed that the hUC-USCs were capable of differentiating into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages (22).

Conjugation of antibody to fluorophore

The GD2-specific monoclonal antibody (anti-GD2) was labeled with the fluorophore Cy7 esters based on a previously described protocol (23,24). Briefly, the monoclonal antibody was reconstituted at 1 mg/ml in 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate; and 100 µl was added to the reactive dye for conjugation. The antibody-dye mixtures were allowed to incubate for 1 h at room temperature, and then overnight at 4°C. The conjugated antibody was then separated from the remaining un conjugated dye on a purification column by centrifugation for 5 min at 1,100 × g and 4°C.

Absorption spectrum and determining the degree of labeling

A small quantity of anti-GD2, Cy7-NHS and Cy7-GD2 was separately diluted with PBS (1:100) and transferred into a cuvette with a 1-cm path-length. The absorbance of the final samples was measured in the ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA) and UV spectra (wavelength from 200 to 900 nm). According to the Cy7-GD2 absorbance at 280 nm (A280) and 750 nm (A750), the concentration of protein was calculated in the sample: Protein concentration (M)=[A280-(A750×0.04)] × dilution factor/203,000, where 203,000 is the molar extinction coefficient (ε) in cm−1 M−1 of a typical IgG at 280 nm. The degree of labeling was also determined: Moles dye per mole protein=A750 × dilution factor/εdye × protein concentration (M), where 250,000 is the approximate molar extinction coefficient of Cy7.

Cell labeling

The hUC-MSCs were seeded at a density of 5×105 cells/well on 24-well plates in 1 mL of complete DMEM and cultured for 24 h at 37°C in a fully humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. Cy7-GD2 was then directly added to the culture medium to label cells for 2 h in a standard culture medium at 37°C and 5% CO2 by the specific binding of antigen and antibody. Following labeling, the medium was discarded, and the cells were washed three times with PBS to eliminate residual fluorescent-conjugated antibodies and resuspended in PBS. The labeled hUC-MSCs [1×106 cells in 200 µl of normal saline (NS)], unlabeled hUC-MSCs (1×106 cells in 200 µl of NS), 10 µl Cy7-GD2, and 20 µg/ml Cy7 added to 200 µl of NS were respectively collected in tubes and were detected on a small animal fluorescent imager.

In vitro cytotoxicity assay

A total of 5×103 hUC-MSCs or labeled hUC-MSCs were seeded per well with 100 µl culture medium in 96-well plates. The culture medium was carefully replaced following 1, 3, 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation at 37°C and 5% CO2 with Cy7-GD2. CCK-8 (10 µl) solution was added to each well and incubated for an additional 2 h. The absorbance at 450 nm was measured on an Infinite F200 Multimode plate reader (Tecan Deutschland GmbH, Crailsheim, Germany). Cell viability was calculated by the labeled hUC-MSCs/unlabeled hUC-MSCs absorbance ratio.

Experimental design and LPS-induced lung injury

Briefly, the Balb/c mice were randomly assigned into four groups: NS+NS group, NS+MSC group, LPS+NS group and LPS+MSC group (n=16 per group). Following anesthetization of the mice with chloral hydrate (10 mg/kg), ALI was induced by the instillation of LPS (in the LPS+NS group and LPS+MSC group) from E. coli O111:B4 at 5 mg/kg intratracheally, whereas the mice in the NS+NS group and NS+MSC group were treated with sterile NS as controls (25). At 4 h post-LPS challenge, the mice in the NS+MSC group and LPS+MSC group were administered with hUC-MSCs (1×106 cells in 200 µl NS) and those in the NS+NS group and LPS+NS group were administered with 200 µl of NSvia injection into the tail vein. The animals were anesthetized and sacrificed by incision of the abdominal aorta at 24 and 48 h post-transplantation to harvest lung tissue samples.

Lung histopathology

The inferior lobes of the right lungs were cut into 5-µm thick sections at each time point and subsequently stained with HE for histological analysis. Lung pathology was evaluated in a blinded-manner by a pathologist using a light microscope, according to four criteria: i) alveolar congestion, ii) hemorrhage, iii) infiltration oraggregation of neutrophils in the airspace or vessel wall, and iv) thickness of alveolar wall/hyaline membrane formation. Each category was graded on a 0–4 point scale: 0, no injury; 1, injury up to 25% of the field; 2, injury up to 50% of the field; 3, injury up to 75% of the field; and 4, diffuse injury. The total lung injury score was calculated as the sum of the four criteria (26).

Lung wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio

The superior and middle lobes of the right lungs were collected from the mice at each time point for assessment of the lung W/D ratio. The samples were weighed immediately following collection and then placed in a drying oven at 60°C for 72 h, and the dry mass was subsequently determined. The wet lung mass was divided by the dry lung mass to give the W/D ratio.

Protein leakage from capillaries

Pulmonary micro vascular permeability was determined using the EBD extravasation method as described in a previous experiment (27). The EBD (20 mg/kg in 80 µl PBS) was injected into the tail veinof the mice in every group at each time point. After 30 min, the right ventricle of the heart was perfused with 10 ml PBS to flush the lungs of the intravascular dye. Complete perfusion was confirmed when all blood had been cleared from the lung. The right lung tissue was then incubated in formamide for 48 h at 60°C and centrifuged for 30 min at 5,000 × g at 4°C. The concentration of EBD in lung tissues was determined via spectrophotometric means at an optical density of 620 nm.

Fluorescence imaging analyses

The NS+MSC group of mice (n=12) and LPS+MSC group of mice (n=12) were subjected to optical imaging. ALI was induced by instillation of LPS (5 mg/kg) intratracheally, as above. At 4 h post-LPS administration, the labeled hUC-MSCs were transplanted into mice in the NS+MSC group and LPS+MSC group by tail vein injection. The mice were sacrificed 30 min, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days following the labeled hUC-MSC injection, and the lungs, livers, hearts and kidneys were removed. The excised lungs, livers, hearts and kidneys at each time point were imaged on a Maestro In-Vivo Optical Imaging system (excitation, 747 nm; emission, 774 nm; exposition time, 5,000 ms; Caliper Life Sciences, Woburn, MA, USA) (28). Images were captured and analyzed using Maestro 2.10.0 software (Caliper Life Sciences). The fluorescence intensity of each organ was measured by placing regions of interest (ROIs) on the organ and determined by an individual blinded to the experimental groups. The average signals were normalized to the exposure time and the area of the ROI (scaled counts/sec) (29).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's post-hoc testor anun paired Student's t-test with SPSS software (version 17.0, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results

Absorption spectrum of Cy7-GD2

The absorption spectrum is the characteristic absorption curve of a material and is strictly consistent with molecular structure (30). The molecular structures of different materials have a unique spectrum. UV-Vis the absorption spectrum commonly used to examine the structure of a substance. There is a maximum absorption wavelength foranti-GD2 and Cy7-NHS, namely 280 nm (Fig. 1A) and 750 nm (Fig. 1B), respectively. The absorption spectrum of Cy7-GD2 has two peaks at 280 and 750 nm (Fig. 1C). The product Cy7-GD2 is able to maintain the properties of the monoclonal antibody and Cy7 dyes, which does not alter the structures or biological characteristics of these chemicals due to a conjugation reaction. According to A280=0.09143; A750=0.45129: Protein concentration (M)=[A280-(A750×0.04)] × dilution factor/20 3,000=(A280-0.04×A750)/203,000=(0.09669×0.04×0.41529)/203,000=3.61×10−7 M Degree of label: Moles dye per mole protein=A750 × dilution factor/εdye × M=F/P=A750/250,000 × M=5.014.

Figure 1 Absorption spectra of anti-GD2, Cy-NHS and Cy7-GD2. (A) Single maximum absorption peak of anti-GD2 at 280 nm. (B) Single maximum absorption peak of Cy-NHS at 750 nm. (C) Double absorption peaks of Cy7-GD2 at 280 and 750 nm. GD2, ganglioside; Cy7, CyDye mono-reactive NHS esters.

In vitro fluorescence imaging and CCK-8 assay

Based on the fluorescence imaging, the Cy7 reactive dye solution exhibited intense fluorescence; Cy7-GD2 emitted secondary fluorescence, the labeled hUC-MSC suspension exhibited moderate fluorescence, and the fluorescence signal of the unmarked hUC-MSC suspension was not fully detected (Fig. 2A). The CCK-8 assay confirmed that there was no significant difference in the cell viability of the experimental group and control group following extra incubation for 1, 3, 12, 24 and 48 h (Fig. 2B); it revealed that Cy7-GD2 had no cytotoxic effect on the hUC-MSCs.

Figure 2 Cell fluorescence imaging and CCK-8 assay of the novel fluorescent molecule probe. (A) Labeled hUC-MSC suspension exhibited moderate fluorescence on small animal fluorescent imager, whereas none was detected in the unmarked hUC-MSC suspension. The hUC-MSCs were efficiently labeled by Cy7-GD. (B) CCK-8 assay to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the Cy7-GD2 complexes. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (P>0.05). The results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n=5 per group). hUC-MSCs, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; GD2, ganglioside; Cy7, CyDye mono-reactive NHS esters.

ALI mouse model and assessing the validity of hUC-MSCs in treating ALI

The histological analysis indicated that LPS caused capillary expansion and congestion, in addition to neutrophil infiltration into the lung tissue. In addition, lung septa were noticeably thickened. The administration of hUC-MSCs in the LPS+MSC group improved the lung injury at 24 and 48 h (Fig. 3A). Compared with the LPS+NS group, the lung tissue pathological score was relatively lower in the LPS+MSC group at 24 and 48 h. However, there were no significant differences in the lung tissue pathological scores of the NS+MSC group and NS+NS group at the two time-points (Fig. 3B). In addition, the LPS+MSC group showed a trend toward a lower lung W/D ratio, compared with that in the LPS+NS group at 24 and 48 h (Fig. 3C). Compared with the LPS+NS group, the LPS+MSC group demonstrated improvement in pulmonary micro vascular permeability at 24 and 48 h (Fig. 3D).

Figure 3 Effects of hUC-MSCs on LPS-induced acute lung injury. (A) HE staining (magnification, ×200; scale bar=100 µm) of lung sections from LPS-challenged mice at 24 and 48 h showed marked interalveolar septal thickening, extensive inflammatory infiltration, diffuse interstitial and alveolar edema, and severe interstitial hemorrhage. The administration of hUC-MSCs in the LPS+MSC group improved the lung histopathology to differing degrees. (B) At 24 and 48 h, HE staining of the lung sections from hUC-MSC-treated mice in the LPS+MSC group had significantly less injury, compared with mice in the LPS+NS group. (C) Mice administered with hUC-MSCs in the LPS+MSC group showed a trend towards a lower lung W/D weight ratio at 24 and 48 h. (D) Dye accumulation in the lungs increased markedly at 24 and 48 h in the LPS+NS group, and was reduced by hUC-MSC treatment at 24 and 48 h. The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n=8 per group). *P<0.05. hUC-MSCs, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NS, normal saline; W/D, wet/dry ratio; EBD, Evans blue dye.

Fluorescence imaging

The fluorescent tracing showed enhanced fluorescence signal in the lung 30 min following injection in the LPS+MSC group and NS+MSC group. The signal in the lungs of the LPS+MSC group and NS+MSC group peaked at day, with that of the LPS+MSC group decreasing gradually over time and detected 7 days following transplantation. However, the signal in the lungs of the NS+MSC group declined sharply and had disappeared completely at day 7. The fluorescence signal in the livers of the LPS+MSC group and NS+MSC group appeared at day 1, and that of the LPS+MSC group had almost disappeared at day 3. However, the fluorescence signal in the livers of the NS+MSC group enhanced gradually, peaking at day 3 and fading away at day 7 post-injection. The fluorescence signals of the heart, spleen and kidneys were minimal in the LPS+MSC group and NS+MSC group (Fig. 4A). The average fluorescence signal intensity of each organ was semi-quantitatively measured at each time point. The results showed that the signal intensity in the lungs of the LPS+MSC group was significantly higher, compared with that of the NS+MSC group at each time point: 30 min (3.53±0.06×10−4, vs. 1.95±0.05×10−4 scaled counts/sec); 1 day (36.20±0.77×10−4, vs. 23.45±0.43×10−4 scaled counts/sec); 3 days (11.83±0.26×10−4, vs. 5.39±0.10×10−4 scaled counts/sec); 7 days (3.14±0.04×10−4, vs. 0.00±0.00×10−4 scaled counts/sec), as shown in Fig. 4B and Table I (all P<0.05). The fluorescence intensity in the liver of the LPS+MSC group, vs. NS+MSC group was as follows: 30 min (0.00±0.00×10−4, vs. 0.00±0.00×10−4 scaled counts/sec); 1 day (5.53±0.08×10−4, vs. 5.44±0.16×10−4 scaled counts/sec); 3 days (0.00±0.00×10−4, vs. 8.67±0.05×10−4 scaled counts/sec); 7 days (0.00±0.00×10−4, vs. 0.00±0.00×10−4 scaled counts/sec). Detection of the signal intensity of the heart, spleen and kidney was minimal (Fig. 4C).

Figure 4 Distribution of fluorescence in organs, and fluorescence intensity of lungs and liver at each time point. (A) Fluorescent images of organs of mice at 30 min, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days following labeled hUC-MSC transplantation. (B) Average fluorescent signal intensity in the lung was quantified between 30 min and 7 days. (C) Quantified fluorescent signal intensity in the liver between 30 min and 7 days. The results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n=3 per group). hUC-MSCs, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NS, normal saline; d, day.

Table I Fluorescence intensity of the lungs.

Table I

Fluorescence intensity of the lungs.

Group	30 min	1 day	3 days	7 days
LPS+MSC	3.53±0.06a	36.20±0.77a	11.83±0.26a	3.14±0.04a
NS+MSC	1.95±0.04	23.45±0.43	5.39±0.10	0.00±0.00
T-value	19.90	14.45	22.79	77.69
P-value	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01

{ label (or @symbol) needed for fn[@id='tfn1-ijmm-41-05-2527'] } Fluorescence intensity data are shown as ×10⁻⁴ scaled counts/sec and presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n=3).

a P<0.001, compared with the NS+MSC group at each time point. hUC-MSCs, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NS, normal saline.

Discussion

The present study aimed to develop a suitable and noninvasive imaging tool to track the bio distribution processes of hUC-MSCs in treating ALI. A novel class of fluorescence molecular probe was synthesized, which targeted and effectively labeled hUC-MSCs. It was hypothesized that, using this method, transplanted hUC-MSCs may be successfully monitored using this fluorescence molecular probe.

Stem cell transplantation is considered as a potential therapy to prevent or reverse the deleterious effects of various types of tissue injury and immunological disorders (31,32). MSCs derived from human umbilical cord have the capacity to differentiate into various components of the hematopoietic niche, including bone and adipose under appropriate conditions (33). hUC-MSCs also possess high cell vitality, low immunogenicity, high paracrine potential and potent immune modulation to accelerate the repair process of injured tissue (34,35). Animal models demonstrate that MSCs can induce the repair of injured organs and ameliorate inflammatory processes, including ALI/ARDS (36). The present study found that the infusion of hUC-MSCs had protective effects on attenuating lung injury and inhibiting lung inflammation in ALI mice induced by intratracheal LPS challenge. Lung histopathology and pathological scores, lung W/D ratio and pulmonary microvascular permeability were assessed to evaluate the effectiveness of hUC-MSCs in treating ALI, the results of which indicated that the lung histopathology and scores, pulmonary edema and permeability of lung microvasculature in the MSC+ALI group showed improvement, compared with those in the NS+ALI group, which were in accordance with a previous study that hUC-MSC administration attenuated lung inflammation in ALI, regardless of whether the cells were delivered at 24 or 48 h (37).

MSCs modified by different labeling strategies can be visualized using imaging systems, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radionuclide imaging, including single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography, and optical imaging, including fluorescence imaging and bioluminescence imaging (38). MRI appears to be the preferred option for imaging the distribution of magnetically-labeled stem cells due to its high spatial/temporal resolution and free selection of imaging plane (39). However, considering the principle of MRI and low H1 proton density of lung tissue (40), the efficacy of common MRI in monitoring the processes of hUC-MSCs in treating ALI is far from satisfactory. There exists radiation to viable cells in radionuclide imaging, which can lead to considerable toxicity to labeled cells and their normal organization, and can increase the risk of cancer (41). Another popular in vivo image tracing method is transfecting reported genes, including GFP, YFP or RFP, to express visible fluorescent proteins. The main advantage of this technique is that the fluorescence signal is stably expressed in offspring cells. However, gene editing increases the risk of viral infection and potentially carcinogenesis (42).

Fluorescence imaging offers the benefits of high contrast and sensitivity, low cost, ease of use, and safety, and is a suitable tracer method for the visualization of cells and tissues (43). Fluorescence imaging techniques have become an indispensable tool in biomedical investigations, as advances in photonic technology and noninvasive strategies have led to the widespread application of biological processes (44). In the present study, near-infrared (650–900 nm) fluorescent Cy7 dye was used for labeling several molecules for optical imaging due to its characteristics of small size, ideal aqueous solubility and a free amino structure (45). The Cy7-GD2 conjugate was synthesized by the coupling of Cy7-NHS with anti-GD2 consisting of N-terminal amines. The UV-vis spectrum showed that the complex had two distinctive peaks at 280 and 750 nm: The first peak was derived from anti-GD2 and the second peak was the characteristic peak originating from Cy7-NHS. No other molecule peaks were found, which not only contained the optical properties of Cy7, but also maintained the immune activity of monoclonal anti-GD2 antibody. This feature also provided the basis to calculate the F/Pratio of the conjugate, namely, the number of Cy7 units in the Cy7-GD2 conjugate. An F/P ratio of 5.014 is the ideal label status, with a critical 'optimum' at 4–9 labels/protein. Based on cell fluorescence imaging, the labeled hUC-MSCs suspension showed visible and moderate fluorescence. The results confirmed that the novel class of fluorescence molecular probe labeling hUC-MSCs was feasible. In addition, the complexes did not significantly affect the viability of the hUC-MSCs, demonstrating a low toxicity towards hUC-MSCs, which is essential for cell transfection.

To investigate the distribution of MSCs in a relevant ALI model, the hUC-MSCs labeled with fluorescent probe were administered into the ALI mice via tail vein injection. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the management of ALI/ARDS with MSCs involves two mechanisms (46). One of the mechanisms is termed the cell engraftment mechanism, during which transplanted MSCs can differentiate into type I and type II epithelial cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, subsequently leading to regeneration to repair the damaged tissue (27,47). Another is the paracrine/endocrine mechanism, in which implanted MSCs secrete numerous and varied soluble mediators, including anti-inflammatory factors and growth factors, through paracrine/endocrine modes of action (48). However, the exact functions they exert in the repair of ALI remain to be fully elucidated, although the migration of MSCs to the diseased organs or tissues is required (49). The present study found that a host of hUC-MSCs migrated into the normal and injured lungs 30 min following cell engraftment, however, there was notable recruitment and increasing retention in the injured lungs at 1 day, extending to 7 days. These results indicated that hUC-MSCs possess the ability to gather in injured tissues, which is in accordance with previous reports that bone marrow-derived progenitor cells migrated to inflammatory areas of the lungs (50,51). However, other studies have reported that there was only a low level of MSC retention in the injured lung (52,53). The result of the present study revealed that the retention of hUC-MSCs in the LPS+MSC group was more marked, compared with that in the NS+MSC group at the same time between 30 min and 7 days post-cell transplantation. In particular, the localization of hUC-MSCs in the LPS+MSC group exhibited marked retention, whereas those in the NS+MSC group had completely disappeared on day 7. Notably, it was also found that hUC-MSC recruitment to the liver appeared higher in the NS+MSC group, which suggested that a smaller proportion of hUC-MSCs accumulated in the injured lungs of the LPS+MSC mice, compared with that of the NS+MSC mice with the same MSC treatment strategy. Therefore, this discrepancy in benefits of hUC-MSCs between the two groups indicated that the persistence of transplanted hUC-MSCs in the lung was vital in promoting lung repair.

However, the mechanism underlying hUC-MSC migration and homing to the injured lung remains to be fully elucidated. Whether the injured lungs secrete several chemokines or whether the receptors and adhesion molecules for hUC-MSCs increase in the lungs to recruit hUC-MSCs to injured sites remains to be elucidated. To determine what types of homing cytokines are involved and how they function to recruit hUC-MSCs further investigation is warranted.

Taken together, the present study successfully constructed a novel targeted fluorescence molecular probe, Cy7-GD2, which not only contained the optical properties of Cy7, but also maintained the immune activity of anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies. The hUC-MSCs also effectively alleviated the LPS-induced ALI in the mouse model. The hUC-MSCs labeled with fluorescent probe were also engrafted into the ALI mice to investigate the distribution of MSCs in the ALI mouse model. The novel fluorescent molecular probe, Cy7-GD2, was confirmed as a candidate for use to track the distribution of hUC-MSCs in treating ALI.

Abbreviations:

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Fundamental Research Funds of Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (grant no. 411265834060) and the Key Scientific and Technological Program of Guangzhou City (grant no. 201508020262) for their support and the Biological Treatment Center The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University for providing the hUC-MSCs.

Notes

[1] Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References