Circular RNA derived from TIMP2 functions as a competitive endogenous RNA and regulates intervertebral disc degeneration by targeting miR‑185‑5p and matrix metalloproteinase 2
- Authors:
- Published online on: May 29, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4621
- Pages: 621-632
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Copyright: © Guo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common degenerative disease, as a total of 266 million individuals worldwide have degenerative spine disease annually (1). IDD features include accelerated extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and abnormal ECM biosynthesis, decreased hydration, reduced intervertebral disc height and decreased ability to absorb external mechanical compression (2,3). IDD is the predominant cause of chronic lower back pain and spine-related ailments, imposing significant economic and social burden worldwide (4). According to previous reports, 84% of the world population experiences lower back pain during their lifetime, with 10% being chronically disabled (5). However, the application of current strategies for IDD treatment is hampered by an incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. IDD treatment is limited to symptomatic interventions, which do not adequately improve outcomes since no disease-modifying drugs are available (6). Consequently, the clinical management of diseases related to IDD remains severely limited. Therefore, determining the pathophysiological events and molecular mechanisms underlying IDD is urgently needed for the development of new treatments.
Intervertebral discs are composed of a central nucleus pulposus (NP), a peripheral annulus fibrosus (AF) and cartilaginous end plates, which connect overlying capillary beds cranially and caudally (7). NP cells are the predominant cell type in the NP tissue, which forms the main component of the ECM by synthesizing type II collagen (collagen II) and aggrecan, the major functional components of intervertebral discs, to maintain normal disc height and to absorb various mechanical loads (7). Multiple adverse factors such as Substance P, chemokine ligand 5 and chronic overload of the disc (8–10) enhance the levels of inflammatory cytokines (ICs) in the NP, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (11,12). IL-1β contributes to IDD development by accelerating the degradation of ECM components, e.g., via increased production of catabolic factors such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (11,12). TNF-α influences catabolic pathways in a manner similar to IL-1β; TNF-α and IL-1β have been demonstrated to induce degenerative changes to the ECM, which is a major characteristic of disc degeneration (13). These ICs have been demonstrated to induce an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic activities in NP cells and to inhibit the expression of anabolic factors such as collagen II and aggrecan, which initiate or accelerate the development of IDD (8,11,13,14). Thus, it is necessary to develop an effective tool to attenuate the inflammatory response and to reverse the imbalance between anabolism and catabolism within the NP microenvironment.
Multiple molecular inducers of IDD have been reported in previous studies, with non-coding RNAs emerging as key factors affecting IDD pathogenesis (15,16). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of RNAs with circular structures without 5'-3' polarity and polyadenylation tails, and are mostly produced by one or more exons through reverse splicing (17). Most circRNAs are endogenous non-coding RNAs conserved across species and exhibit higher stability compared with linear mRNAs (18). Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) induce mRNA silencing by binding to the 3'-untranslated region response element, also termed the microRNA (miRNA) response element (17,19). circRNAs can also bind miRNAs to participate in the regulatory network of ceRNAs (19). Thus, circRNAs act as post-transcriptional regulators and interact with miRNAs as miRNA sponges and ceRNAs in the cytoplasm (21-23). miRNA sponges are circRNAs with miRNA binding capacity that absorb miRNAs and inhibit their repressive effects on respective targets (24). A previous study has revealed that miR-185-5p is downregulated in degenerative NP tissues (15). In addition, bioinformatics analysis has demonstrated the ability of miR-185-5p to interact with several circRNAs (15). However, the mechanisms by which miR-185-5p affects IDD development and progression remain unclear.
Our previous study demonstrated that circGRB10 promoted the survival of NP cells during nutrient deprivation by upregulating Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase through the inactivation of miR-328-5p, which suppressed IDD development (25). Therefore, it was hypothesized in the present study that circ-RNAs may be involved in the pathogenesis of IDD through by regulating miR-185-5p. The present study aimed to examine the role of circ-RNAs in degenerative NP tissues and to validate their functions in cultured human NP cells.
Materials and methods
Ethics statement
This study was approved by the ethics committees of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (Tianjin, China) and Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou, China). Human NP tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing surgery between January 2018 and May 2019 at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients for the use of their tissue specimens for research purposes.
Clinical specimens
Human lumbar degenerative NP specimens were obtained from 10 patients with IDD undergoing discectomy. Control samples were obtained from 10 age- and sex-matched patients with fresh traumatic lumbar fracture undergoing anterior decompressive surgery due to neurological deficits. The characteristics of the patients are presented in Table I. The degree of IDD was determined by magnetic resonance imaging and graded using the following grading system for the assessment of lumbar disc degeneration: i) Grade I, homogeneous disc structure with a bright hyper-intense white signal and a normal disc height; ii) grade II, inhomogeneous disc structure with a hyperintense white signal, clear distinction between the nucleus and annulus, and normal disc height, with or without horizontal gray bands; iii) grade III, inhomogeneous disc structure with an intermediate gray signal intensity, unclear distinction between the nucleus and annulus, and normal or slightly decreased disc height; iv) grade IV, inhomogeneous disc structure with a hypointense dark gray signal intensity, no distinction between the nucleus and annulus, and normal or moderately decreased disc height; v) grade V, inhomogeneous disc structure with a hypointense black signal intensity, no distinction between the nucleus and annulus, and collapsed disc space. Grading was performed using T2-weighted midsagittal fast spin echo images (repetition time, 5,000 ms; echo time, 130 ms) (26-28). The lesions in the control group were of grade I or II, whereas those in patients with IDD were of grade III, IV or V.
Isolation and culture of human NP cells
The NP was separated from AF samples under a stereotactic microscope and sliced at 2-3 mm3 as previously described (20). NP cells were obtained after digestion with 0.25 mg/ml type II collagenase (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 12 h at 37°C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and resuspended at 2x105 cells/ml in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 mg/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin and 1% L‑glutamine at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. At confluency, the cells were trypsinized and passaged, with the medium changed every other day. Cells at the second passage were assessed in the experiments. In the IC treatment experiments, cells were stimulated by 5 ng/ml of TNF-α and IL-1β (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) in the culture medium for 12 h. Unstimulated cells were used as controls.
Bioinformatics analysis
Using the starBase platform (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn), miR-185-5p was predicted to have binding sites for a circRNA derived from tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (circ-TIMP2).
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and circ‑TIMP2 overexpression plasmid construction
According to the circRNA sequences of circ-TIMP2 (hsa_circ_0045942) in circBase (http://www.circbase.org/), circ-TIMP2 siRNA (each siRNA had three pairs of sequences) and negative control (NC) siRNA were designed and synthesized by Guangzhou Geenseed Biotech Co., Ltd. To construct a circ-TIMP2 overexpression vector, front and back circular frames of TIMP2 were generated and added to a pLCDH-ciR vector (Geneseed Biotech Co., Ltd.) for transcript circularization. The front and back circular frames comprised endogenous flanking genomic sequences with EcoRI and BamHI restriction sites, respectively (24). The 3,122 bp target sequence comprised the EcoRI site, the splice acceptor AG, the circ-TIMP2 sequence, the splice donor GT, and the BamHI site. The PCR product was cloned between the two frames. The specific divergent primers for the back‑splice junction of circ-TIMP2 were used to amplify the circRNA. A mock vector solely containing a nonsense sequence between both circular frames without circ-TIMP2 cDNA was generated. Vector construction was performed by Guangzhou Geenseed Biotech Co. miR-185-5p and MMP2 siRNAs, as well as the corresponding negative controls, were synthesized from Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.
Cell transfection
NP cells of the second generation underwent transfection with respective plasmids or siRNAs using Lipofectamine® 3000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. NP cells at 80% confluence were transfected with the siRNAs using Lipofectamine® 3000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C for 6 h, and subsequently the media was replaced. The siRNA concentration for each transfection was 135 ng/µl, and the plasmid concentration was 100 ng/ml. The cells were harvested at 48 h post‑transfection. The transfection efficiency was determined by Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR.
RT‑qPCR
Total RNAs were extracted using the miRNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen GmbH) on isolated NP cells. For circRNA, total RNAs were incubated with or without 3 U/µg of RNase R (Epicentre; Illumina, Inc.) at 37°C for 20 min, and the resulting RNA was subsequently purified using the RNeasy MinElute Cleanup kit (Qiagen GmbH). circ-TIMP2 levels were assessed by SYBR® Green-based qPCR (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). miRNA levels were determined using stem-loop miRNA RT-PCR Quantitation kit (Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.). RNA was reverse-transcribed using a PrimeScipt RT kit (Takara Bio, Inc.) at 37°C for 15 min followed by inactivation of reverse transcriptase with heat treatment at 85°C for 5 sec. cDNA was used to perform qRT-PCR on the 7500 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) using SYBR® Premix Ex Taq (Takara Bio, Inc.). All primers used in the present study are listed in Table II. Adaptor primers were designed for the reverse splice site of circTIMP2. PCR amplification was performed in 10‑µl reaction mixtures comprising 2 µl cDNA, 5 µl 2X master mix, 0.5 µl forward and reverse primers (10 µM) and 2 µl water at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 sec and 60°C for 60 sec. GAPDH was used for normalization, with the exception of miRNAs, for which U6 was used. The relative expression levels of each circRNA, mRNA or miRNA were determined by the 2-ΔΔCq method (29).
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
FISH was performed to detect the subcellular localization of circ-TIMP2 and miR-185-5p in NP cells according to a method described by Vautrot et al (30). A FISH probe labeled with Alexa Fluor® 488 for circ-TIMP2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was designed to detect the splice junction of two exons. After prehy-bridization using 1X PBS and 0.5% Triton X-100, NPCs were hybridized in hybridization buffer (50% formamide, 5X SSC, 500 µg/ml yeast tRNA, 10% Dextran sulfate, 1X Denhardt's solution, 10 mM DDT, 1 mg/ml sheared salmon sperm DNA) with specific probes at 55°C for 15‑17 h in a humidified chamber. The probe sequence of circ-TIMP2 was 5'-GAT TCT CCT TAT CAT TAC CGA GAA AGT TCT TC-3'. The probe for miR-185-5p was labeled with Cy3, and the sequence was 5'-TCA GGA ACT GCC TTT CTC TCC A-3' (Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.). Images were acquired using an Nikon Eclipse TI‑SR fluorescence microscope (Nikon Corporation).
Dual‑luciferase reporter assay
The binding site of circ-TIMP2 (31) (wild-type or mutated) was inserted into the KpnI and SacI sites of the pGL3 promoter vector (Shanghai Realgene Biotech, Inc.). First, cells were seeded into 24-well plates (2x105 cells/well), followed by transfection with 80 ng plasmid, 5 ng Renilla luciferase vector pRL-SV40 and 50 nM miR-185-5p mimics or respective NCs using 1.5 µl/well Lipofectamine® 3000 by incubation for 10-15 min at room temperature. Cell collection was performed after 48 h, and the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay system (Promega Corporation) was used to measure luciferase activity according to the manufacturer's instructions. Firefly luciferase activity was normalized to that of Renilla luciferase.
Western blotting
Western blotting was performed as previously described (25). Cell lysis was performed in a buffer containing 0.25 M Tris-HCl, 20% glycerol, 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 10% mercaptoethanol (pH 6.8) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors. The protein contents were measured using the Micro BCA Protein Assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Equal amounts of total protein (10 µg) were separated on 10-12% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and electro-transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. After blocking with 5% non-fat milk in Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST) at room temperature for 1 h, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies (1:3,000; collagen-II, cat. no. ab34712, Abcam; aggrecan, cat. no. ab194594, Abcam; MMP-2, cat. no. ab97779, Abcam; GAPDH, cat. no. ab9485, Abcam) in TBST containing 5% non-fat milk overnight at 4°C. Secondary horseradish peroxidase‑conjugated antibodies (1:6,000; Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L, cat. no. ab6721; Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L, cat. no. ab205719, Abcam) were added at room temperature for 1 h, and immunoblots were developed using an enhanced chemiluminescence system (Cytiva). ImageJ 1.47 (National Institutes of Health) was used for densitometry analysis.
Pull‑down assay with a biotinylated DNA probe
The pull-down assay was performed as previously described (32). The biotinylated DNA probe complementary to circ-TIMP2 (Table II) was added to 500 µl lysis buffer (0.5 M NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl and 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5), followed by incubation with streptavidin‑coated magnetic beads at 25°C for 3 h. Subsequently, the cell pellets were re-suspended with the lysis buffer (1 ml/100 mg of cell pellet), and the cell lysates were incubated with the probe-coated beads. Finally, the RNA mixture was eluted and extracted for northern blot analysis by using a magnetic support to separate the beads from cell lysate, discarding the supernatant and washing the beads with 900 µl wash buffer (0.5% SDS, 2X SSC) five times interspersed with 5 min agitation on a rotator at room temperature.
Northern blotting
Digoxin-labeled probes were prepared with DIG Northern Starter kit (Roche Diagnostics GmbH) as previously described (33). Total RNA samples were resolved on 2% agarose or 15% polyacrylamide-urea gels and transferred to Hybond-N+ membranes (Amersham; Cytiva). The membranes were dried, crosslinked by ultraviolet irradiation (265 nm; 0.15 J/cm2), and subjected to hybridization with digoxin‑labeled miR‑185‑5p probes at 65°C or 42°C overnight; digoxin-labeled U6 probes were used as controls (Table II). The blot was visualized on a ChemiDoc XRS system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).
RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)
RIP was performed using a Magna RIP kit (EMD Millipore) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, 2x107 NP cells were submitted to UV-crosslinking (600 mJ/cm2) and lysed with 100 µl RIP lysis buffer containing a proteinase inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics GmbH) and RNase inhibitor (Promega Corporation). Following incubation with DNase I (Roche Diagnostics GmbH) at 37°C for 10 min, the lysates were centrifuged at 12,000 x g at 4°C for 30 min. The resulting supernatants were added to 900 µl RIP immunoprecipitation buffer and incubated with 5 µg anti-argonaute 2 (AGO2) antibodies pre-bound to magnetic beads for 3 h. Subsequently, 20% of the immunoprecipitate was evaluated by western blotting, and the remaining 80% was treated with proteinase K at 37°C for 30 min.
Statistical analysis
Each experiment was repeated at least three times, and cells in every experiment were harvested from a single isolation process. Continuous data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. GraphPad Prism version 7.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) or SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp.) was used for statistical analysis. Comparisons between two groups were performed by unpaired Student's t-test. Categorical data were analyzed by the χ2 test. Multi-group comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's test was used for the post hoc analysis. Pearson's correlation coefficients were determined to assess correlations of continuous data, and Spearman's rank correlation was used for ordinal data. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
miR‑185‑5p is downregulated in degenerative NP tissues and regulates ECM synthesis
RT-qPCR results demonstrated that miR-185-5p was significantly downregulated in degenerative NP tissues compared with that in the controls (Fig. 1A). Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that miR-185-5p was significantly negatively correlated with IDD grade (ρ=-0.926; P<0.001; Fig. 1B). Next, the functions of miR-185-5p in NP cells were assessed. The results demonstrated that miR-185-5p mimics significantly increased the expression level of miR-185-5p in NP cells, whereas siRNA markedly decreased the expression level of miR-185-5p (Fig. 1C). NP cells transfected with the miR-185-5p mimic displayed increased expression levels of collagen II and aggrecan (Fig. 1D). These results indicated a pro-anabolic role of miR-185-5p in NP cells. Following treatment with TNF-α and IL-1β, cultured NP cells exhibited significantly reduced expression levels of miR-185-5p compared with those in the untreated control group (Fig. 1E). The miR-185-5p mimic counteracted the TNF-α- and IL-1β-induced inhibition of ECM production in NP cells (Fig. 1F and G). These results indicated that miR-185-5p positively regulated NP cell metabolism.
miR‑185‑5p exerts its function in NP cells via MMP2 inhibition
A previous study has demonstrated that miR-185 overexpression in vitro reduces MMP-2 levels (31). An increase in MMP2 expression was observed in degenerative NP tissues compared with that in the control samples (Fig. 2A). In addition, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that MMP‑2 expression was significantly negatively correlated with miR-185-5p (r=-0.870; P<0.001; Fig. 2B). As predicted by bioinformatics, MMP2, which is a catabolic factor, was a potential target of miR-185-5p (Fig. 2C). Transfection with the miR‑185‑5p mimic significantly decreased the luciferase activity of the wild-type MMP2 reporter compared with that in the control groups, whereas introducing mutations in the target site abolished this inhibitory effect (Fig. 2D). In addition, western blotting demonstrated a significant increase in MMP2 protein expression levels following treatment of NP cells with TNF-α and IL-1β compared with that in untreated cells, and this effect was attenuated by transfection with the miR-185-5p mimic (Fig. 2E and F). Next, the present study examined whether miR-185-5p and MMP2 were functionally related in NP cells. Fig. S1 demonstrates the transfection efficiency of the MMP‑2 overexpression vector and MMP‑2 siRNA analyzed by RT-qPCR in NP cells. As demonstrated in Fig. 2G and H, overexpression of MMP2 significantly attenuated the protective effects of miR-185-5p in NP cells treated with TNF-α and IL-1β, suggesting that miR-185-5p regulated NP cell function by targeting MMP2.
circ‑TIMP2 acts as an miR‑185‑5p sponge
miR-185-5p was predicted to have binding sites for circ-TIMP2. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that circ-TIMP2 expression levels were significantly higher in NP tissues from patients with IDD compared with those in the control samples (Fig. 3A and B). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that circ-TIMP2 expression was significantly negatively correlated with miR‑185‑5p (r=-0.717; Fig. 3C), and Spearman's correlation analysis demonstrated that circ-TIMP2 was positively correlated with IDD grade (ρ=0.818; Fig. 3D). RNA-FISH analysis demonstrated that the fluorescent value of circ‑TIMP2 was evaluated in NP samples from patients with IDD, which indicated the circ-TIMP2 expression level was increased in IDD NP samples compared with that in the normal controls (Fig. 3E). To further assess the interaction between circ-TIMP2 and miR-185-5p, the predicted binding sites of circ-TIMP2 and a mutated sequence were constructed downstream of the firefly lucif-erase gene to yield wild-type and mutant pGL3-circ-TIMP2, respectively. These plasmids were co-transfected with the miR-185-5p mimic or miR-NC into NP cells, and the results demonstrated that transfection with the miR-185-5p mimic reduced luciferase activity of wild-type pGL3-circ-TIMP2 compared with that in NP cells transfected with miR-NC. However, luciferase activities of the mutant pGL3-circ-TIMP2 were comparable between the miR-185-5p mimic and NC groups (Fig. 3F and G). RNA-FISH results demonstrated that circ-TIMP2 and miR-185-5p were co-localized in the NP cell cytoplasm (Fig. 3H). RIP confirmed that anti-AGO2 antibodies immunoprecipitated circ-TIMP2 (Fig. 3I). In addition, Northern blot analysis revealed that circ-TIMP2 pulled down miR-185-5p (Fig. 3J). Taken together, these results suggested that circ-TIMP2 could directly bind miR-185-5p in NP cells.
circ‑TIMP2 modulates NP cell function by targeting miR‑185‑5p and MMP2
As presented in Fig. 4A, RT-qPCR results demonstrated that compared with the levels in NP cells transfected with circ-NC, transfection with a circ-TIMP2 overexpression plasmid resulted in increased circ-TIMP2 expression levels, which were significantly reduced by siRNA silencing. Next, western blotting was used to assess the effect of circ-TIMP2 on MMP2 expression. Overexpression of circ-TIMP2 in NP cells increased MMP2 expression, whereas circ-TIMP2 knockdown had the opposite effect (Fig. 4B). In addition, circ-TIMP2 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-185-5p on MMP2 expression in NP cells (Fig. 4C). Taken together, these results indicated that circ-TIMP2 functioned as an miR-185-5p sponge to regulate MMP2 expression in NP cells. The function of circ-TIMP2 in NP cells after treatment with TNF-α and IL-1β was further examined; following administration of these ICs, RT-qPCR demonstrated upregulation of circ-TIMP2 expression and downregulation of miR-185-5p expression in NP cells; however, both effects were reversed by circ-TIMP2 knockdown (Fig. 5A and B). Knockdown of circ-TIMP2 decreased the protein expression levels of MMP2 in IC-treated NPs compared with those in NPs treated with IC and si NC (Fig. 5C and D). To assess whether MMP2 was a downstream mediator of circ-TIMP2 in IC-treated NP cells, NP cells were co-transfected with circ-TIMP2 and MMP2 siRNA; the results demonstrated that MMP2 silencing significantly attenuated the effects of circ-TIMP2 on inhibiting collagen-II and aggrecan expression in NP cells treated with TNF-α and IL-1β (Fig. 5E and F). Collectively, these results suggested that circ-TIMP2 functioned in NP cells via modulation of miR-185-5p and MMP2 expression.
Discussion
Previous studies have indicated that certain miRNAs are dysregulated in the development and progression of IDD and serve vital roles by targeting distinct genes that regulate NP cell function (16,34,35). The present study firstly identified miR-185-5p as a key miRNA involved in IDD that regulates the balance between anabolic and catabolic factors in NP cells. Of note, the results of the present study revealed that MMP2 was a direct target gene of miR-185-5p in NP cells. Next, whether circRNAs affected the regulatory functions of miR-185-5p in NP cells was examined by RT-qPCR, and the results demonstrated that circ-TIMP2 levels were decreased in NP tissues from patients with IDD compared with controls. In addition, the results demonstrated that circ‑TIMP2 signifi-cantly inhibited the effects of miR-185-5p and suppressed its function by direct binding. These findings suggested that circ-TIMP2 may act as a miR-185-5p sponge to promote ECM catabolism and suppress ECM anabolism in NP cells, which may consequently accelerate IDD progression.
Dysregulation of miR-185-5p has been observed in various types of tumors, such as colon and breast cancer (36,37). To date, the role of miR-185-5p in the development and progression of IDD remains unclear. In the present study, miR-185-5p expression levels were significantly lower in degenerative NP tissues compared with those in the control tissues, as confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. Accumulating evidence suggests that a variety of cellular events are dysregulated in IDD progression, including NP cell apoptosis, ECM degradation and proinflam-matory cytokine expression (38-41). A previous study has demonstrated that excessive apoptosis of intervertebral disc cells serves a crucial role in IDD pathogenesis (38). In addition, loss of collagen II is an early sign of IDD (42,43). Aggrecan, as the main proteoglycan in NP tissues, is also crucial to normal disc function (44,45).
The hallmark of IDD is a progressive loss of the ECM macromolecules aggrecan and collagen II (42). To further examine the function of miR-185-5p in IDD pathogenesis, a series of experiments were performed to assess the association between miR-185-5p and NP cell function. Transfection with the miR-185-5p mimic markedly enhanced collagen II and aggrecan levels in NP cells, which suggested that miR-185-5p may serve a role in the development of IDD by affecting ECM composition. The present study also aimed to identify the possible target genes of miR-185-5p that are implicated in IDD pathogenesis. Of note, high expression levels of MMP2 were observed in degenerative NP tissues, and bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that MMP2 was a potential target gene of miR-185-5p. In addition, previous studies have reported that MMP2 degrades ECM components such as collagen II and aggrecan (34,46). In the present study, MMP2 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-185-5p by luciferase assay and western blotting. MMPs are crucial players in tissue remodeling and repair, and elevated MMP levels in the intervertebral disc catabolize ECM constituents, causing IDD (47,48). MMPs (such as MMP2), which are zinc- and calcium-dependent endopeptidases, participate in ECM degradation and remod-eling (49). Similar to TNF-α, overexpression of MMP2 has been demonstrated to enhance the degradation of ECM components in NP cells (12,50). The present study demonstrated that reduced miR-185-5p levels resulted in enhanced MMP2 expression, with subsequent degradation of ECM constituents, including collagen II and aggrecan.
As predicted by starBase, circ-TIMP2 was demonstrated to possess binding sites for miR‑185‑5p, which was confirmed in the present study by luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down, RIP and RNA-FISH assays. In addition, the mRNA expression of the miR-185-5p target MMP2 was positively regulated by circ-TIMP2. In the present study, TNF-α and IL-1β were selected as agents to induce a range of pathogenic responses in NP cells, as they serve central roles in the pathological process of IDD (11,14,51). Stimulation of NP cells with these cytokines causes a pattern of changes similar to that observed in patients with IDD (12). TNF-α and IL-1β accumulation is considered to facilitate ECM degradation via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways (14,51). In the present study, stimulation of NP cells with TNF-α and IL-1β led to similar effects to those previously observed in patients with IDD, including increased expression levels of the ECM-degrading enzyme MMP2 and decreased levels of the ECM components collagen II and aggrecan (12,52). MMP2 silencing remarkably impaired the proinflammatory ability of circ‑TIMP2, confirming MMP2 as a direct target gene of circ-TIMP2 and miR-185-5p. In addition, MMP2 silencing inhibited circ-TIMP2, which enhanced the TNF-α- and IL-1β-induced effects in NP cells.
The role of mir-185-5p in IDD is relatively unclear. A recent study by Zhang et al (53) demonstrated that miR-185-5p and other miRNAs may affect IDD development by co-regulating the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. In the present study, mir‑185‑5p was identified as a key miRNA in the IDD process, providing a theoretical basis for developing novel optimized treatment regimens for IDD.
The present study had certain limitations. First, the newest classification method of disc degeneration described by Riesenburger et al (54) was not applied. The novel method is more elaborate and complex compared with the one applied in the present study, and its implementation is difficult and error-prone. In addition, the present study did not assess fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads values, since no RNA-seq was performed. Furthermore, this was a single-center study, with potential selection bias. Additionally, the mechanism underlying circ-TIMP2 upregulation in IDD remains largely unclear. Therefore, well-designed multicenter studies are warranted to confirm the present findings and to comprehensively assess the role of circ-TIMP2 in IDD.
In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that circ-TIMP2 promotes TNF-α- and IL-1β-induced NP cell imbalance between ECM anabolism and catabolism via miR-185-5p-MMP2 signaling. These results provide a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of IDD.
Supplementary Data
Funding
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 881802197) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei (grant no. H2019110028).
Availability of data and materials
The data generated or analyzed during the present study are included in this published article with the exception of the siRNA sequences, which are patented.
Authors' contributions
WG conceived the study. BZ, KM, CS, HQD and WXL conducted the experiments. WG, LZ and HRL analyzed the data. WG, ZYD and QC interpreted the data. WG and BZ obtained funding. WG wrote the manuscript with the help of the other authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the ethics committees of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients for the use of their tissue specimens for research purpose.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
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