miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p promote cell proliferation in glioma cells via cooperative regulation of MXI1
- Authors:
- Published online on: December 17, 2012 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1742
- Pages: 757-766
Abstract
Introduction
Gliomas are the most lethal brain tumors, they account for ∼50% of all central nervous system tumors (1). According to the histopathological and clinical criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO), tumors are graded on a scale of I to IV, in which glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of brain tumor in adult (2), its median survival ranges from 9 to 12 months. The etiology of glioma is largely unknown, despite the advanced surgical, radiation and medical therapies (3). To clarify the genetic mechanisms in glioma pathogenesis has become an important challenge for development of new therapies.
Increasing evidence show that post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) playing an important role in a variety of cancers including gliomas (4–7). miRNAs are a class of regulatory small RNAs with 19–24 nucleotides (nt) that enable to downregulate expression of their target genes by partially complementing with targeting mRNAs. The miRNA target site has been considered to be the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of mRNA, however, recent studies have shown that mRNAs may also bind the coding regions or the 5′ untranslated regions (5′ UTRs) (8,9). Due to the miRNAs being implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers (6), they are considered to be novel therapeutic targets. Many independent studies provide evidence that miRNAs can act as oncogenes to reduce expression of their target tumor suppressor genes in tumors, or tumor suppressors to produce higher levels of target oncogene expression, leading to neoplasia (6,10).
Two miRNA clusters, miR-23a∼27a∼24-2 and miR-23b∼27b∼24-1 are found to be deregulated in a variety of tumors (11,12). The former mainly produces mature miR-23a-3p, miR-27a-3p and miR-24-3p; the latter mainly produces miR-23b-3p, miR-27b-3p and miR-24-3p. miR-24-3p is a master regulator (11). It is reported that miR-24-3p was upregulated consistently during terminal differentiation of hematopoietic cell line into a variety of lineage (13), also during muscle and neuronal cell differentiation (14,15). Several studies have reported that miR-24-3p might function differently in cell proliferation in different cells (12). For example, miR-24-3p was able to inhibit cell proliferation in HeLa cells (16), in contrast, it promotes cell proliferation of transforming growth factor β-treated hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HuH7), as well as A549 lung carcinoma cells (17). miR-27-3p has been reported to regulate adipogenesis, myeloblasts differentiation (18), skeletal muscle development (19) and osteoblast differentiation (20). In breast cancer cells, miR-27a-3p could enhance the expression of specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors which is overexpressed in tumours where they contribute to the proliferative and angiogenic phenotype by regulating number of angiogenic proteins (21). miR-27a-3p along with miR-27b-3p were upregulated in activated hepatic stellate cells and promoted cell proliferation (22). The two clusters contain three families of miRNAs, although each family of the miRNAs is paralogous, they have complex expression patterns. The miRNAs of miR-23a∼27a∼24-2 cluster are derived from one primary transcript (23), in contrast, the miRNAs derived from miR-23b∼27b∼24-1 cluster have different primary transcripts for each pre-miRNA (24). Therefore the miRNA expression patterns vary from different biological conditions (11). miR-24-3p was discovered to be upregulated in the glioblastoma cell lines and miR-27a-3p was often upregulated in glioblastoma tissue (25,26). However, the function of these miRNAs in gliomas is still unclear.
MXI1, a member of Mad (Mxi1) family, encodes a protein with 228 amino acids. It can form a heterodimer with the highly stably expressed protein Max to function as the antagonist of c-Myc, a transcription factor belonging to the basic helix-loop-helix-ZIP family, which is essential to cellular growth and development and it is involved in the processes including control of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis (27,28). The MXI1 gene localizes at chromosome 10q24-q25, deletion of this sequence has been demonstrated in 60–80% of human glioblastoma tumors (29–31) and in 20–30% of human prostate tumors (32,33). Numerous studies have shown both MXI1 and MAD can inhibit the function of c-Myc, so that they have been considered to be tumor suppressor genes (28). The loss of MXI1 function might lead to tumor progression (34,35).
Although miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p derive from two duplicated gene clusters of miR-23a∼27a∼24-2 and miR-23b∼27b∼24-1, the roles of the two clusters and the two miRNAs in tumors have not been completely characterized. In this study, both miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p have been shown to promote glioma cell proliferation. We have identified three miRNAs from the two miRNA clusters which can synergistically regulate MXI1. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p promoted cell proliferation by directly regulating MXI1, and miR-27a-3p was found significantly upregulate in glioma tissues.
Materials and methods
Cell culture
Human glioma cell lines (U87 and U251) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). U87 and U251 cells were cultured in DMEM (Invitrogen Life Technologies, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen Life Technologies), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen Life Technologies) at 37°C with 5% CO2.
Human tissue samples
Archival frozen human glioma tissue samples (including a total of 17 tumors and 17 peritumoral tissues) were obtained from Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University in accordance with the Committee on Human Research approved procedures. All of the samples were obtained with informed consent of the patients and were histologically confirmed. Total-RNA from tissues was isolated by TRIzol (Invitrogen Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Vector construction and transfection
To express miRNA, genomic fragments containing human miRNA precursors with about 80 bp of flanking sequences in both sides were amplified using the primers listed in Table I and cloned into the modified pLL3.7 vector under the control of the human U6 promoter.
To construct luciferase reporter vectors, full length 3′ UTR sequence of MXI1, first half and second half of MXI1 3′ UTR or a mutated sequence of the 3′ UTR sequence were amplified using the primers listed in Table I and cloned downstream of Renilla luciferase in the psiCHECK-2 vector (Promega, USA). miRNA sensors were constructed according to the reported method (36) by inserting tandem four copies of the complementary sequences of mature miRNAs at the 3′ UTR region of the Renilla luciferase in psiCHECK-2 vector.
MXI1-cDNA was obtained from NCBI CDS database (NM_005962.4) and constructed into XhoI and BamHI sites after the CMV promoter of the cDNA expression vector pcDNA-neo, which is reconstructed from pcDNA3.1+. The primers are represented in Table I. miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p mimics, and the negative control mimics were synthesized and purified by Gene Science & Health, China.
RNA extraction and real-time quantitative RT-PCR
Total-RNA was extracted from frozen brain specimens using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies) and were reverse-transcribed using ReverTraAce-α transcriptase (Toyobo, Japan). The sequences of the forward and reverse primers for MXI1/c-MYC listed in Table I. The RNA was quantified and checked for purity by spectrophotometry at 260 and 280 nm and subsequently amplified by PCR using the Taq DNA polymerase (Takara, Japan). The expression of human miR-27a-3p and miR-24-3p was quantitated in human tissues using SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ (Tli RNaseH Plus) (Takara). Using U6 RNA as an internal standard and sets of primers were purchased from Gene Science & Health, China. The comparative Ct (ΔΔCt) method was used to determine the expression fold change.
Western blotting
U87 or 293T cells were lysed in RAPI lysis buffer (Bioteke, China) and concentration was determined by bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (Beyotime, China). Heat-denatured protein samples (20 μg per lane) were loaded onto a 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and transferred to an Immobilon-P membrane (Millipore, USA). The membrane was incubated with a primary goat polyclonal antibody against human Mxi1 (1:500 dilution) or mouse monoclonal antibody against human β-actin (1:2000 dilution) and then incubated for 1 h with a rabbit anti-goat (1:10,000 dilution) or goat anti-mouse (1:10,000 dilution) secondary antibody. The bound antibody was detected with the use of enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagents (Pierce, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
The primary antibody and second antibody of Mxi1 were bought from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and Abcam Inc. While the primary antibody of β-actin and second antibodies were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. and Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc.
Dual luciferase reporter assays
293T cells (2.5×104) in 100 μl growth medium were plated in 96-well plates. The next day, the cells were transfected with 100 ng psiCHECK2-MXI1-3′ UTR or psiHECK2-MXI1-3′ UTR-MUT and 300 ng pre-miRNAs or 40 nM miRNA mimics using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen Life Technologies) or FuGene (Roche, Switzerland). The cells were harvested 48 h after transfection and assayed using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay kit (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Transfection was repeated in triplicate.
MTT (dimethyl thiazolyl diphenyl tetrazolium) assay
U87 cells were seeded at 3×103 cells per well in 96-well plates. Negative control or miR-24-3p mimics were transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen Life Technologies) or FuGene HD (Roche) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. At different time points (24, 48, 72 and 98 h) post-transfection, MTT reagent (5 mg/ml) was added directly to the medium and incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 incubator for 4 h. Then supernatants were removed and 150 μl DMSO was added to dissolve the formazan crystals, and thoroughly mixed for 10 min. Optical densities at 490 nm were measured using culture medium as a blank.
Lentivirus packaging
VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviruses were produced by co-transfection of 293T cells. One day before transfection, 293T cells were seeded in 100-mm dishes. 2.3 μg pMK-VSVG, 5 μg pMDL-G/P-RRE, 3.8 μg pRSV-REV and 7.6 μg miRNA expression vector (pre-miR-24-2 or pre-miR-27a) were mixed and transfected by Lipofectamine 2000 according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The cells grew to about 80% after 72 h post-transfection, the production medium containing lentivirus was harvested, centrifuged to remove cell debris and viral supernatant was used for infection.
Cell growth curve
U87 stable cell lines were established which expressed miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p, with empty vector as a control. In day 0, 500 cells were seeded in 96-well plates. MTT assay were performed on day 1, 3, 5 and 7. Absorbance was normalized by day 1 and cell growth curve of U87 stable cells were measured in 7 days.
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of at least three separate experiments. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 Windows version software. Statistical analyses were done by analysis of variance or Student’s t-test. p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001).
Results
miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p promote cell proliferation in glioma cells
The miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p have been found to be abundant in glioma cells (11,26). In order to evaluate the role of these two miRNAs in cell proliferation, we first constructed miR-24-3p or miR-27a-3p expression vectors by inserting miRNA precursor containing some flanking sequences at both sides into the pLL3.7 vector. To measure whether our miRNA constructs could efficiently produce mature miRNAs, miRNA sensors were constructed according to the reported method (36) by inserting tandem four copies of the complementary sequences of mature miRNAs at the 3′ UTR region of the Renilla luciferase (Rluc) in psiCHECK-2 vector. Co-transfection of each miRNA expression vector (empty vector as control) and cognate sensor followed with dual luciferase assay showed that the relative luciferase ratio declines significantly while comparing with that of the control (Fig. 1A), indicating that our constructs produced mature miRNAs efficiently. Then we performed transient transfection of these vectors containing pre-miR-24-2 and pre-miR-27a into U87 glioma cells, respectively. MTT assay at 72 h post-transfection showed that overexpression of both pre-miR-24-2 and pre-miR-27a in U87 glioma cells were able to promote the cell proliferation, respectively (Fig. 1B).
To confirm these results, the mimics of the miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p were performed for the same MTT experiment using the validated constructs we have measured before. It was shown that the mimics have similar effects to the overexpression of the pre-miRNAs (Fig. 1C). Then, we established stable U87 glioma cell lines that overexpress pre-miR-24-2 (U87-pre-miR-24-2) or pre-miR-27a (U87-pre-miR-27a). MTT assay revealed that overexpression of pre-miR-24-2 or premiR-27a significantly increased cell proliferation in seven days (Fig. 1D and E).
Similarly, we performed the experiments in U251 cells. When the two miRNAs were transfected in U251 cells, MTT assay showed that the cell proliferation increased (Fig. 2A). The result indicated that miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p induced cell proliferation in diverse glioma cell types. To substantiate the role of miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p in cell proliferation of glioma cells, we inhibited the maturation of miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p by shRNAs complementary against miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p (marked as anti-miR-24-3p and anti-miR-27a-3p). We used these shRNAs to test cell proliferation in U251 cells. At 72 h post-transfection, the level of miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p decreased significantly when measured by quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR, data not shown) and MTT assay revealed that inhibition of miR-24-3p by anti-miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p by anti-miR-27a-3p in U251 cells decreased the cell proliferation, respectively (Fig. 2B). Taken together, these results indicated that miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p promoted cell proliferation in glioma cells.
Three miRNAs from two duplicated gene clusters all target the MXI1 gene
The two miRNAs, miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p are produced from two miRNA clusters, miR-23a∼miR-27a∼miR-24-2 at chromosome 19p13 which is intronic and miR-23b∼miR-27b∼miR-24-1 at chromosome 9q22 which is intergenic (Fig. 3A). miR-27a and miR-27b are two paralogous sequences of miR-27 that differ at only one position (22). To investigate how miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p promote cell proliferation of glioma cells, we predicted miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p target genes using prediction software including TargetScan, miRanda, PicTar and EIMMo. Among the predicted target genes, miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p, as well as miR-27b-3p, had been shown to interact with MXI1 gene (Fig. 3B), which is a tumor suppressor gene deleted in 60–80% of human glioblastoma tumors (29–31). To test the predicted interactions, we first constructed Renilla luciferase reporter vector containing the full 3′ UTR of MXI1 gene. Co-transfections with the miRNA expression vector plus the 3′ UTR report vector into 293T cells were preformed to detect the interactions. Each miRNA precursor from the clusters miR-23a∼miR-27a∼miR-24-2 and miR-23b∼miR-27b∼miR-24-1 were tested and we found that pre-miR-24-1, pre-miR-24-2, pre-miR-27a and pre-miR-27b significantly suppressed the luciferase activity (Fig. 3C). Since the miRNA precursors pre-miR-24-2 and pre-miR-27a from the same cluster suppressed the luciferase activity more strongly than pre-miR-24-1 and pre-miR-27b which located in the other cluster, and the predicted target sites of miRNA from pre-miR-24-1 and pre-miR-24-2, or miRNAs from pre-miR-27a and pre-miR-27b are identical, we chose the pre-miR-24-2 and pre-miR-27a from the same cluster for further investigation.
To determine which mature miRNA from the two arms of each pre-miRNA might regulate the MXI1 3′ UTR, we co-transfected synthetic mimics of each mature miRNA plus reporter vector containing full length of MXI1 3′ UTR into 293T cells and measure the luciferase ratio. We found that miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p mimics were able to reduce significantly the luciferase activity compared with that of the control, however, miR-24-1-5p, miR-24-2-5p and miR-27a-5p mimics could not (Fig. 4A), indicating that miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p can regulate MXI1 via its 3′ UTR. While measuring the level of endogenous Mxi1 proteins, western blot assay showed that both pre-miR24-2 and pre-miR-27a consistently and substantially downregulated the expression of MXI1 in 293T cells (Fig. 4B) and U87 cells (Fig. 4D), the mimics of the miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p showed the same effect in 293T cells (Fig. 4E). However, qPCR analyses showed pre-miR-24-2 and pre-miR-27a did not change the mRNA level of MXI1 gene (Fig. 4C). These results suggest that miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p could downregulate the expression of MXI1 gene at post-transcriptional level.
To validate whether MXI1 is directly targeted by miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p, we mutated the predicted target sites in MXI1 3′ UTR of the two miRNAs. The predicted results showed that there was one putative target site for miR-24-3p at MXI1 3′ UTR (870–892) and two putative target sites for miR-27a-3p: one was on MXI1 3′ UTR (238–258), the other was on MXI1 3′ UTR (2352–2374). According to the prediction results, we divided MIX1 3′ UTR into two fragments MXI1 3′ UTR1 and MXI1 3′ UTR2 containing these predicted sites (Fig. 5A), then we cloned these wild-type 3′ UTR fragments into the psiCHECK-2 luciferase reporter vectors separately. The mutants within binding regions were also cloned as shown in Fig. 5B. The results of luciferase ratios indicated that pre-miR-24-2 could downregulate MXI1 3′ UTR1, pre-miR-27a could downregulated both MXI1 3′ UTR1 and MXI1 3′ UTR2 (Fig. 5C–E). Also, pre-miR-27b has similar effect to the pre-miR-27a (Fig. 5D and E). By contrast, the repressive effect of these two miRNAs on luciferase activity was abrogated by mutations in the MXI1 3′ UTR fragments (Fig. 5C–E). In addition, we found that the target sites are quite conserved when aligning the sequences from human, rhesus, rat and mouse (Fig. 5F). Taken together, all these results suggest that MXI1 is a direct downstream target of miR-24-3p, miR-27a-3p and miR-27b-3p.
MXI1 rescues the effects of miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p in cell proliferation
MXI1 is a tumor suppressor gene involved in regulation of cell proliferation (34). Especially, overexpression of MXI1 in glioma cells is capable of inhibiting cell proliferation (Fig. 6A). To better understand the role of miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p with MXI1 in regulating cell proliferation, we constructed the MXI1 expression vector by inserting MXI1-cDNA without 3′ UTR into the pcDNA3.1 vector. The MTT assays showed that transient transfection of MXI1 expression vector in U87 cells significantly decreased cell proliferation (Fig. 6A). When MXI1 gene without 3′ UTR was co-transfected with pre-miR-24-2 or pre-miR-27a, the effect of miR-24-3p or miR-27a-3p in cell proliferation was rescued (Fig. 6B), suggesting that MXI1 is an antagonist of miR-24-3p or miR-27a-3p.
miR-27a-3p is upregulated in human neoplastic brain tissues
We experimentally tested miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p involved in neoplastic brain tissues and peritumoral brain tissues from GBM patient samples, in which qRT-PCR were used to analyze the expression of miR-27a-3p and miR-24-3p, and expression levels were normalized to those of U6 RNA used as the internal control. Compared with neoplastic brain tissues and peritumoral brain tissues, we observed that expression of miR-27a-3p in neoplastic brain significantly increased in 10 of 17 pairs of samples, the expression of miR-27a-3p decreased in 3 pairs of samples and 4 pairs have no significant difference (*p<0.05; **p<0.01) (Fig. 7A). Densitometry of tissue samples revealed that miR-27a-3p was significantly induced about 3-fold (p= 0.0065) in neoplastic tissues compared with peritumoral tissues (Fig. 7B). However, while testing miR-24-3p, the results did not show significant difference between the two tissues (Fig. 7C), with the densitometry of neoplastic and peritumoral brain tissue samples equal to.1.3-fold (p=0.3103) (Fig. 7D).
Discussion
Oligonucleotides have potential to be widely used in diagnostics and therapeutics. They have many advantages such as easy production, high target selectivity and stability (37). Oligonucleotide-based approaches, including miRNA and siRNA, may provide a strategy for cancer therapy. miRNAs play an important role in cell cycle control, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis (38), and deregulation of miRNA expression has been observed in glioma tumors compared with normal tissues, to find the miRNAs involved in tumorgenesis will be an important issue in identification of the therapeutical targets. miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p were upregulated in glioma tissues or cell lines (15,39) and several studies have reported that miR-24-3p might regulate cell proliferation in different types of cells (11,16,17), it is important to study the function of these miRNAs in glioma cells. In this study, we demonstrated that both miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p promoted cell proliferation in glioma cells.
miR-24-3p is a master regulator in gene regulation (11) and plays a critical role in diverse physiological process. miR-27a-3p has also been reported to regulate several genes including FOXO-1 in breast cancer cells (40), MDR1/P-glycoprotein in multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cells lines (41) and RXRα in adipogenesis (22). However, the synergetic regulation by the two miRNAs from this cluster is poorly characterized. In the present study, we report for the first time that miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p, as well as miR-27b-3p have been found to regulate the same gene MXI1 in 293T and glioma cells. Several lines of evidence support a direct interaction between the three miRNAs and the MXI1 3′ UTRs. Firstly, the human MXI1 3′ UTR contains one putative miR-24-3p binding site and two putative miR-27a/b-3p binding sites with prominent seed matches (Fig. 5A and B). Secondly, miR-24-3p, miR-27a-3p and miR-27b-3p can suppress the activity of luciferase reporter genes fused to the 3′ UTR of MXI1 mRNA. While the target sites were mutated, no significant changes have been shown in luciferase activities. Thirdly, the miRNA precursors pre-miR-24-2 and pre-miR-27a or synthetic mimics of miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p are able to repress endogenous expression of human MXI1 in 293T cells and U87 glioma cells at the protein level. Previous studies reported that overexpression of MXI1 in glioma cells suppressed cell proliferation and promote cell differentiation (42). We observed that cell proliferation increased when miR-24-3p or miR-27a-3p was overexpressed in U87 and U251 glioma cells, which suggests that miR-24-3p or miR-27a-3p affects cell proliferation in glioma cells via downregulation of MXI1. This hypothesis was confirmed by the rescue experiments. Overexpression of MXI1 without the 3′ UTR, which the miR-24-3p or miR-27a-3p has no effect on, inhibited the ability of miR-24-3p or miR-27a-3p to promote cell proliferation in U87 glioma cells. This study provides the first identification and demonstration of three miRNAs from the two miRNA clusters miR-23a∼miR-27a∼miR-24-2 and miR-23b∼miR-27b∼miR-24-1 which directly regulate MXI1 and this in turn enhances our understanding of the function and regulation of MXI1 in glioma cells.
MXI1 plays an important role in oncogenesis (43). MXI1 gene alterations could be involved in the development and/or the progression of prostate cancer (44). Loss of MXI1 function contributes to renal cystic disease (43). Abnormal cell proliferation and tumorigenesis have been observed in organs of MXI1−/− mice (34). MXI1 also plays an important role in hepatocyte proliferation (45). MXI1 is a member of the Mad family, the interaction between MXI1 and Max could antagonize Myc oncoproteins and thereby suppress glioma progression (46). For cancer therapies, Myc proteins are validated targets (47). However, because of the difficulty to target the transcription factors that lack clear binding domains, targeting Myc directly is not yet a treatment option (46). In contrast, small molecular drugs that inhibit Myc-Max interactions are effective (46). For this reason, we provide a clue that inhibition of miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p upregulated MXI1, which then inhibited Myc protein level and finally inhibited the glioma cell proliferation (12).
It is documented that all three miRNAs of this cluster are derived from a single primary transcript (25), however, different biological conditions makes the expression pattern varied (11). Sometimes all three miRNAs have similar expression patterns, but in some cases one or two of the three miRNAs are expressed and the third is not (11). This might be the reason that miR-27a-3p is upregulated in glioma tissues, however, there was no significant difference for miR-24-3p between neoplastic brain tissues and peritumoral brain tissues.
This study demonstrates the role of miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p in promoting cell proliferation of glioma cells. Their function was realized partially via its downstream target MXI1. It is likely that inhibition of miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p could serve in prevention of gliomas. Our studies shed light on developing therapeutic strategies against gliomas by abrogating the level of miR-24-3p and miR-27a-3p and increasing MXI1.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81272773 and 81101960); the Scientific and Technological Planning of Guangzhou (grant no. 2012J4100082) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. 101gpy23).
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