Prognostic significance of claudin-1 and cyclin B1 protein expression in patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: March 16, 2016 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4333
- Pages: 2995-3002
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Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common malignancy in the world (1), and accounts for 6–7% of all malignant tumors (2). Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) accounts for ~5% of all head and neck malignant tumors (3). Although the incidence of HSCC is low, the location of the primary tumor tends to be concealed, thus being difficult to locate accurately, which results in a late diagnosis for the majority of patients, once a tumor located near a neck lymph node has metastasized (4). At present, the majority of patients with HSCC are surgically treated with radiation therapy or a comprehensive chemical treatment method (5). However, these approaches result in a poor prognosis, and ~1/2 of patients experience a recurrence within 1 year (3,6,7). Additionally, patient's word pronunciation, breathing and swallowing functions are severely affected or lost, thus seriously impacting their quality of life and long-term survival (8). Therefore, the identification of novel tumor markers may aid the earlier detection and improved treatment of this disease (9).
Tight junctions (TJs) exist between epithelial and endothelial cells, and function as a barrier to maintain a cellular steady-state and cell polarity (10). These junctions are mainly composed of three types of membrane proteins, including occludin, which is a member of the claudin family of proteins and junctional adhesion molecules (11). Claudin proteins are major barrier proteins (12) whose numbers and distribution directly affects the structure and function of TJs within the cell membrane (13). In various tumors, abnormal claudin expression alters TJ structure and function, causing a disruption in cell polarity and a decrease in cell adhesion, thus enhancing the invasive and metastatic potential of tumor cells (14). Among the claudin proteins, claudin-1 has been observed to be expressed at different levels in different tumors (15). It has been reported that claudin-1 is overexpressed and promotes tumor development in renal cell carcinoma (16), ovarian cancer (17), gastric adenocarcinoma (18) and colorectal cancer (19,20). However, in breast cancer (21,22) and lung adenocarcinoma (23), claudin-1 expression was previously reported to be significantly reduced. These differences in expression levels have been confirmed by other studies, and closely correlate with tumor occurrence and development (24,25).
The cell cycle in normal cells is regulated by specific cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and exhibits an orderly start and end (26). By contrast, malignant cells are characterized by uncontrolled proliferation due to a loss of cell cycle regulation (27,28). Cyclin B1 is a cell cycle protein involved in checkpoint control, promotion of the G2/M phase transition and acceleration of the cell cycle (29). Previous studies have demonstrated that cyclin B1 is overexpressed in numerous malignancies, including breast (30), gastric (31), early non-small cell lung (32), colorectal (33) and prostate cancer (34). Furthermore, uncontrolled cyclin B1 expression is closely associated with transformation and malignant proliferation of tumor cells (35,36), and its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in esophageal (37,38), tongue and lung cancer (39). These findings suggest that cyclin B1 may be a useful tumor diagnostic marker.
However, the potential associations between the expression levels of claudin-1 and cylin B1 in HSCC and the clinical stage, pathological grade and prognosis of patients remain to be examined. Therefore, the present study examined the expression levels of cyclin B1 and claudin-1 in 97 HSCC tissue samples and 90 adjacent noncancerous tissue samples using immunohistochemistry (IHC), in order to determine the associations between the expression levels of these proteins and the patients' clinical stage, pathological features and prognosis. The present findings may aid the early diagnosis and prognosis of HSCC, and may guide future studies on targeted tumor therapy.
Materials and methods
Patients and sample collection
A total of 97 malignant tumors and 90 adjacent noncancerous tissue specimens (mucosae) from patients who had undergone surgical treatment for primary HSCC at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Jinan, China) were obtained from January 2008 to April 2010. All specimens were formalin-fixed (Hubei Xingfa Chemicals Group Co., Ltd., Hubei, China) and paraffin-embedded (Beijing Yanshan Yanya Chemical Sales Center, Beijing, China). The patients enrolled in the present study had not received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy prior to surgery. All individuals were treated by standard radical surgery with negative margins, and were administered 50–65 Gy radiotherapy post-operatively (KDS Medical Linear Accelerator; Siemens, Munich, Germany). The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification of tumor samples was conducted in accordance with the guidelines published by the International Union Against Cancer in 2002 (40). Patients were followed-up for 3–5 years, and TNM staging was monitored during this period. The mean age of patients was 58 years, and the age range was 37–78 years. Patients' age, gender, pathological grade and clinical stage are presented in Tables I and II. Pathological grade was independently evaluated by two experienced pathologists (Department of Pathology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Ti'an, China). The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Jinan, China; approval no. 103-2008), and written informed consent was obtained from the patients' families.
IHC staining
Immunostaining was performed with rabbit anti-human polyclonal antibodies against claudin-1 (catalogno. ZA-0365; 1:100) and cyclin B1 (catalog no. ZA-0384; 1:100), which were purchased from Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Tissue sections were incubated at 62°C for 30 min, deparaffinized in xylene (Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) and rehydrated in graded alcohol prior to pretreatment with 3% hydrogen peroxide in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 15 min to block endogenous peroxidase activity. Next, sections were washed 3 times in PBS, and heated in a microwave oven in the presence of 0.01 M citric acid buffer pH 6.0 (in the case of cyclin B1; Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid buffer pH 8.0 (in the case of claudin-1; Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) for 15 min, and gradually cooled down to room temperature. The sections were then incubated overnight with the appropriate anti-cyclin B1 or anti-claudin-1 antibodies in a humidified chamber at 4°C. The sections were then washed 3 times with PBS, incubated for 20 min at room temperature in a humidified chamber with reagent 1 (polymer auxiliary agent; Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), washed again with PBS, and incubated for 30 min at 37°C with poly-horseradish peroxidase anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (catalog no. PV-9000; ready to use; Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). Next, the sections were washed with a developing solution containing 0.06% 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), counterstained with hematoxylin (Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), and mounted. Negative control sections were incubated with PBS instead of anti-cyclin B1 or anti-claudin-1 antibodies.
Evaluation of IHC staining and scoring
Sections were microscopically examined by two pathologists, and scored according to the fraction of stained tumor cells and the staining intensity (Table III), with claudin-1+ cells appearing yellow and cyclin B1+ cells appearing tan or light yellow. For staining grading, the improved Kojima method was used as previously described (15). Cells in 10 randomly selected fields were examined at ×400 magnification. The staining intensity and proportion of positive cells were semi-quantitatively determined, with those samples exhibiting a score <2 being considered negative (−); those with a score of 2 being considered weakly positive (+); those with a score of 3–4 being considered moderately positive (++); and those with a score of 5–6 being considered strongly positive (+++). All analyses conducted were double-blind, with ≥3 points for high expression and ≤2 points for lower expression. Microscopy was performed using an Olympus microscope (IX71; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software, version 13.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Mann-Whitney 2-tailed test was performed to compare the expression levels of claudin-1 and cyclin B1 in tumor tissues vs. adjacent noncancerous mucosae. Correlations between these potential markers and the patients' clinicopathological features were analyzed with Pearson's correlation χ2 test. Survival analyses were conducted with the log-rank test method. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
IHC analysis of claudin-1 and cyclin B1 expression in HSCC tissues and noncancerous mucosae
IHC was performed to evaluate the expression levels of claudin-1 and cyclin B1 in 97 carcinomas (HSCCs) and 90 adjacent noncancerous mucosae. The results indicate that claudin-1 was expressed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm, although mainly in the cytoplasm around the nuclear membrane (Fig. 1A). Claudin-1 expression was heterogenous, with certain regions being diffuse and others presenting a focal area, while cyclin B1 expression was detected in the cytoplasm (Fig. 1B). Low expression of claudin-1 was not detected in the cell membrane or cytoplasm (Fig 1C), and low expression of cyclin B1 was not detected in the cytoplasm (Fig 1D). High expression levels of claudin-1 were observed in 73.2% (71/97) of tumors and 30% (27/90) of adjacent noncancerous mucosae, while high expression levels of cyclin B1 were observed in 64.9% (63/97) of tumors and 23.3% (21/90) of adjacent noncancerous mucosae. These differences were observed to be statistically significant.
Claudin-1 and cyclin B1 protein expression and tumor index correlation analysis
The results of Pearson's correlation χ2 test revealed that claudin-1 expression was associated with tumor differentiation degree (P=0.004) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.026; Table I), while cyclin B1 expression was associated with tumor differentiation degree (P=0/002; Table II) in patients with HSCC. No correlations were observed between other clinicopathological indices and cyclin B1 or claudin-1 expression.
Claudin-1 and cyclin B1 protein expression and patient survival rate
Log-rank test of 97 HSCC patients who were followed-up for 3–5 years demonstrated that the patient survival rate was significantly lower in patients with high expression levels of claudin-1, compared with patients with low expression levels of claudin-1 (51.71±4.02% vs. 31.78±2.09%; P=0.003; Fig. 2A). Furthermore, patients with high expression levels of cyclin B1 exhibited a lower survival rate, compared with patients with those exhibiting low expression levels of cyclin B1 (43.06±4.25% vs. 38.06±3.11%; P=0.305), although this was not statistically significant (Fig. 2B).
Correlation of claudin-1 and cyclin B1 protein expression
Among the 71 HSCC cases with high expression levels of claudin-1 identified in the present study, there were 56 cases with high expression levels of cyclin Bl. Furthermore, of the 34 cases with low cyclin B1 expression analyzed in the present study, 19 cases also exhibited low claudin-1 expression. The results of Pearson's correlation indicated that cyclin B1 and claudin-1 expression were significantly correlated (r=0.482; P=0.0003; Table IV).
 | Table IV.Claudin-1 and cyclin B1 correlation analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissues. |
Discussion
Cyclin B1 is important in controlling cells in the G2/M phase and in regulating the mitotic entry by forming a complex with CDK1 (41,42). Under physiological conditions, cyclin B1 is activated at the beginning of the S phase, and is localized in the cell cytoplasm during the G2 phase (43). Cyclin B1 is combined with CDK1 to form the mitosis-promoting factor, which adjusts the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint to promote the transition from G2 to M phase and initiate mitosis (44). In the middle and late phases of mitosis, cyclin B1 is degraded by the anaphase promoting complex via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, which results in chromosome depolymerization, nucleoli and nuclear membrane regeneration, and completion of the cell cycle following cytokinesis (45). During the interphase, cyclin B1 is localized in the cytoplasm, mainly around the nuclear membrane, and its orientation is influenced by cell retention signals (46).
A previous study demonstrated that elevated cyclin B1 expression altered the spindle checkpoint via different mechanisms, caused chromosomal instability, led to an abnormal cell division and promoted tumor development in squamous cell carcinoma (47). Previous studies have also noted increased levels of cyclin B1 in malignant tumors, including breast (30), gastric (31), early non-small cell lung (32), colorectal (33), prostate (34), esophageal (37,38), tongue and lung cancer (15), which suggests that cyclin B1 may be a potential tumor marker. The present results revealed that cyclin B1 expression was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of malignant cells, with 63/97 HSCC patients displaying positive expression for cyclin B1, compared with the levels observed in normal tissues adjacent to the carcinomas (P<0.05). Additionally, cyclin B1 expression was observed to be associated with the degree of differentiation of the tumor (P<0.05), but not with the index of clinical pathology. These findings were consistent with previous studies reporting that cyclin B1 overexpression led to cell cycle disorders or G2/M checkpoint dysregulation, causing uncontrolled proliferation and eventually tumor formation (48). In the present study, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the survival rates of HSCC patients with high expression levels of cyclin B1 were not statistically different from those exhibited by patients with low cyclin B1 expression levels. However, in previous studies on esophageal (37), tongue (39) and non-small cell lung cancer (32), cyclin B1 overexpression was observed to be associated with patient survival. Considering that multiple factors may influence survival, and that differential expression of cyclin B1 has been reported in different tissues, the potential correlation between cyclin B1 expression and survival may be different depending on each tissue. Therefore, cyclin B1 cannot be used independently as an index of prognosis in patients with HSCC.
The mechanisms leading to claudin overexpression in tumor tissues are of particular interest. Abnormalities in claudins expression or localization result in abnormal intercellular signaling and promote tumor formation and metastasis (49). Altered claudin-1 expression leads to the destruction of epithelial permeability and barrier function, loss of cell polarity, decrease in intercellular adhesion force and tumor development (16,23). A previous study has reported that increased claudin-1 expression may inhibit E-cadherin expression, thus promoting an increased in the expression levels of the components of the E-cadherin/T-cell factor (TCF) signaling pathway (50). Changes in claudin-1 localization within the cell membrane, alongside a decrease in E-cadherin expression and an increase in the expression of the components of the E-cadherin/TCF signaling pathway, may promote tumor development (50). Claudin-1 expression is elevated in various types of tumors (16–20). In oral squamous cell carcinoma, previous studies noted that elevated claudin-1 expression was associated with vascular and peripheral nerve invasion by the tumor tissue (51). In the present study, claudin-1 expression was significantly higher in HSCC tissues, compared with the expression levels in adjacent tissues, and claudin-1 protein expression was associated with tumor differentiation degree (P=0.004) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.026), but not with clinicopathological index. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with elevated claudin-1 expression exhibited a significantly lower survival rate than patients with low claudin-1 expression. Previous studies have demonstrated that increased claudin-1 expression promotes cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activation (52), which leads to an increased tumor invasiveness and often poor prognosis (53). Therefore, claudin-1 may participate in the development of HSCC and lymph node metastasis. The present findings may contribute to improve diagnostics, prognosis assessment and selection of treatment plan in patients with HSCC. To improve overall survival rates, HSCC patients who exhibit elevated claudin-1 expression may require particularly aggressive interventions and intensive combined therapy.
Yoon et al (54) observed that claudin-1 expression was able to enhance the expression and activity of MMP-2, while cyclin Bl was also able to promote the secretion of MMP-2, which results in MMP-2-mediated interstitial degradation, thus facilitating the transition into a cancerous cell (55). Elevated claudin-1 expression may lead to the activation of TCF-lymphoid enhancer-binding factor/beta-catenin (52), which contains a transcription factor capable of inducing the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, survival and invasiveness (56), thus regulating the cell cycle in cancer cells. Of the HSCC patients examined in the present study, 71 cases exhibited increased claudin-1 expression, and 63 cases exhibited elevated cyclin B1 expression, which were significantly correlated (P<0.001). These findings indicate that claudin-1 may be involved in cell cycle regulation and cellular differentiation.
In the present study, IHC analysis confirmed that claudin-1 and cyclin B1 exhibited significantly high expression in HSCC tissues, compared with matched adjacent tissues. Further studies on a larger number of specimens are required in order to validate these preliminary observations. In addition, the messenger RNA expression levels of claudin-1 and cyclin B1 in HSCC and matched adjacent tissues should be analyzed in future studies via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction to further support the present results. Furthermore, the percentage of expression of claudin-1 and cyclin B1 in HSCC specimens should be assessed in future studies in order to evaluate the use potential use of claudin-1 and cyclin B1 as HSCC tumor markers.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated an elevated cyclin B1 and claudin-1 expression in HSCC specimens, thus suggesting the use of these proteins as tumor markers. Cyclin B1 expression is associated with the degree of tumor differentiation in patients with HSCC, while claudin-1 expression was associated with the degree of tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in these patients. Furthermore, the expression of cyclin B1 and the expression of claudin-1 are significantly correlated in patients with HSCC. Therefore, joint detection of claudin-1 and cyclin B1 may aid to guide cancer therapy and prognosis determination in these patients. Additionally, claudin-1 is associated with survival, and may be used as a monitoring indicator. Overall, the present findings suggest the use of cyclin B1 and claudin-1 as potential novel targets for the treatment of HSCC.
Acknowledgements
The present study was supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Jinan, China; grant no. ZR2013HM107). The authors would like to thank all the patients who participated in the study, in addition to LetPub (www.letpub.com; Woburn, MA, USA) for the linguistic assistance provided during the preparation of the present manuscript.
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