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Introduction

Brain metastases (BMs) are common in patients with cancer, with a rate of occurrence of 20–40% (1). The prognosis concerning the survival of patients with BMs is poor, with a 3–5-month median survival time, even when various types of treatments are attempted (2–4). Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) has been regarded as the standard treatment for BMs. One of the aims of WBRT has been to prevent the mortality of the patient from BMs, and to achieve longer overall survival (OS) (5); however, numerous studies have suggested that WBRT does not prolong the OS of patients with BMs (6–8). Advances in chemotherapy and molecular-targeted drugs have improved patient survival following the appearance of distant metastasis, including brain metastasis (9). For certain patients with brain metastases and good prognosis, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) that have improved local control compared with WBRT have been recommended (10–18), and the primary objective of the WBRT has been increasingly to palliate neurological symptoms and to improve or maintain the patients' quality of life (QOL) (19) BMs cause headaches in 49% of patients, focal weakness in 30%, mental disturbances in 32%, gait ataxia in 21%, seizures in 18% and other symptoms, leading to a lower QOL (8). Therefore, the control of BMs is necessary even in patients with poor survival times.

Regarding the prognostic factors for OS, A number of studies have been conducted in patients with BMs who received WBRT. The following parameters have been demonstrated to be prognostic factors: Karinofsky performance status (KPS); age; treatment history; extracranial metastases; systemic tumor activity; lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level (20–27). Gaspar et al (1) suggested the recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) score as prognostic factors for clinical use, which includes following 3 factors; KPS; age; and the presence of extracranial metastases (1).

However, no predictive factors regarding the response to WBRT in reducing the size of BMs have been identified in previous studies. The aim of the present study was to identify predictive factors for the local control of WBRT.

Materials and methods

Ethical approval

The Teikyo University School of Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) ethics committee approved the present study. Written informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study. Patient information was anonymized prior to analysis.

Patient selection

A total of 94 patients with BMs from primary lung cancer were treated with WBRT using a palliative radiation dose (30–40 Gy) at Teikyo University School of Medicine between September 2010 and April 2013. The study was limited to patients who had undergone contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 1 month prior to WBRT, and brain imaging (contrast-enhanced computed tomography/MRI) using the same imaging modality prior and subsequent to WBRT. A total of 32 patients who had not undergone sufficient brain imaging were excluded. The remaining 62 patients (mean age, 67 years; age range, 50–85 years) were evaluated.

Patient diagnoses

Patient outcomes were determined using medical records. The following parameters were evaluated: Performance status (PS); LDH level; pathology [small cell lung cancer (SCLC) vs. non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)]; extracranial metastases (yes vs. no); activity of extracranial disease (stable vs. progressive); chemo-history (yes vs. no); chest radiotherapy history (yes vs. no); treatment term [the interval between tumor diagnosis and WBRT (months)]; and use of γ-knife radiotherapy (yes vs. no).

The largest metastatic tumor was evaluated, excluding tumors with a history of previous γ-knife therapy. The following parameters were evaluated using patient imaging data prior and subsequent to WBRT: Tumor diameter; extent of edema, E/T ratio and diffusion weighted image (DWI) signal intensity.

The tumor diameter was the maximum diameter (mm) detected as an enhanced lesion on the axial contrast enhanced T1-weighted images (WI). The extent of edema was expressed as the maximum length between the margin of the edema and that of the tumor on the axial T2-WI (Fig. 1). The extent of edema (E) was divided by the tumor diameter (T) and the association with RR was examined.

Figure 1. Definition of the E/T ratio. (A) The tumor diameter was measured as the maximum length of tumor on a contrast enhanced T1-weighted image. (B) The extent of edema was measured as the maximum length between the margin of the edema and that of the tumor on T2-weighted image. The E/T ratio was defined as the E/T ratio. E/T, edema/tumor.

The DWI signal intensity was evaluated in the solid portion of the tumor in five stages as follows: 5, higher compared with the cortex; 4, iso to the cortex; 3, higher compared with the white matter; 2, iso to the white matter; and 1, lower compared with the white matter (Fig. 2). Image analysis was conducted by two radiology specialists by consensus (T.K. and S.A., with 11 and 5 years of experience, respectively), who were blinded to the clinical data. In clinical practice, the treatment effect is evaluated in accordance with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 4.0 (RECIST v4.0), short-term efficacy was classified into 4 groups: complete response (CR); partial response (PR); stable disease (SD); and progressive disease (PD). In the current study, the patients were divided into two groups, response group (CR+PR) and non-response group (SD+PD).

Figure 2. Evaluation of DWI signal intensity. The DWI signal intensity was evaluated in the solid portion of the tumor in five stages as follows: 5, higher compared with the cortex; 4, iso to the cortex; 3, higher compared with the white matter; 2, iso to the white matter; and 1, lower compared with the white matter. (A) This lesion existed in the high signal intensity solid portion and low signal cystic portion on DWI, and the signal intensity was classified as grade 5. (B) This lesion was solid on the contrast enhanced T1-weighted image, and demonstrated lower signal intensity compared with the white matter on DWI; the signal intensity was classified as grade 1. DWI, diffusion weighted image.

Statistical analysis

Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant prognostic factors. Logistic regression analysis with backward elimination was used to evaluate the association between treatment effectiveness and the following factors: Age; sex; PS; LDH; pathology; extracranial metastases; extent of extracranial disease; chemo-history; chest radiotherapy history; treatment term; use of γ-knife radiotherapy; DWI signal intensity; tumor diameter; extent of edema; and the E/T ratio. All statistical analyses were performed using software (PASW Statistics, v.21.0: IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA), P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

The patient characteristics are summarized in Table I. A total of 35 (57%) patients exhibited a PS ≥2, 20 (32%) exhibited SCLC, 35 (57%) exhibited extracranial metastases, 37 (60%) suffered from progressive extracranial disease, 37 (60%) demonstrated a chemo-history, 7 (11%) exhibited a history of chest radiotherapy, and 9 (15%) demonstrated history of γ-knife radiotherapy. An E/T ratio ≥1.5 was revealed in 11 (18%) patients.

Table I. Patient characteristics.

Table I.

Patient characteristics.

Parameters	No. (range)	%
Age, years	67
Sex
Male	46	74.2
Female	16	25.8
Performance status
0	4	6.5
1	23	37.1
2	12	19.4
3	17	27.4
4	6	9.7
Histological type
NSCLC	42	67.7
Adenocarcinoma	34	54.8
Squamous cell carcinoma	2	3.2
Others	6	9.7
SCLC	20	32.3
Extracranial metastases
Yes	35	56.5
No	27	43.5
Activity of extracranial tumor
Stable	25	40.3
Progressive	37	59.7
Treatment term from diagnosisa	67 (0–118)
Chemotherapy regimen
0	24	38.7
1	8	12.9
2	15	24.2
3	7	11.3
4	8	12.8
Chest radiotherapy history
Yes	7	11.3
No	55	88.7
Tumor diameter, mma	17.6 (2–76)
Edema diameter, mma	13.4 (0–52)
Edema/tumor ratio	0.89 (0–3)
DWI Intensity
1–4	26	41.9
5	36	58.1
Response
CR+PR	34	54.8
SD+PD	28	45.2

a Data presented as the median. NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; DWI, diffusion weighted image; CR+PR, complete response+partial response; SD+PD, stable disease+progressive disease.

The overall response ratio (RR) of the cohort was 54.8%. In the univariate analyses, the response of tumors to WBRT was associated with the presence of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC; P=0.0007), E/T ratio ≥1.5 (P=0.048), and median tumor diameter of <20 mm (P=0.014). The result of univariate analysis is described in Table II. In the multivariate analysis, the following 3 factors, presence of SCLC [P=0.001; odds ratio (OR), 17.152], an E/T ratio ≥1.5 (P=0.019; OR, 9.526); and presence of extracranial metastases (P=0.031; OR, 4.875) were revealed to be independent prognostic parameters for treatment effects (Table III).

Table II. Result of univariate analysis.

Table II.

Result of univariate analysis.

Parameters	Mean	Standard deviation	P-value
Sex			0.658
Male	0.5	0.516
Female	0.565	0.501
Performance status			0.922
0–1	0.556	0.506
2–4	0.543	0.505
Symptom			0.217
Yes	0.625	0.492
No	0.467	0.507
Histological type			0.0007
Non-small cell lung cancer	0.405	0.5
Small cell lung cancer	0.85	0.366
Extracranial metastases			0.882
Yes	0.541	0.505
No	0.56	0.507
Activity of extracranial tumor			0.154
Stable	0.444	0.506
Progressive	0.629	0.49
Treatment term from diagnosis			0.361
≤10	0.6	0.497
>10	0.481	0.509
Chest radiotherapy history			0.899
Yes	0.545	0.503
No	0.571	0.535
γ-knife			0.166
Yes	0.585	0.497
No	0.333	0.5
Chemotherapy history			0.841
With	0.538	0.505
Without	0.565	0.507
Lactate dehydrogenase			0.402
<250	0.59	0.498
≥250	0.478	0.511
Diffusion weighted image intensity			0.25
1–4	0.462	0.508
5	0.611	0.494
Tumor diameter, mm			0.0144
≥20	0.659	0.48
<20	0.333	0.483
Edema diameter, mm			0.361
≤10	0.6	0.497
>10	0.481	0.509
Edema/tumor ratio			0.0484
≤1.5	0.49	0.504
>1.5	0.818	0.404

Table III. Results of logistic regression analysis.

Table III.

Results of logistic regression analysis.

	95% confidence interval
Parameter	Odds ratio	Lower	Upper	P-value
Pathology	17.152	3.242	90.758	0.001
Extracranial metastases	4.875	1.156	20.549	0.031
Edema/tumor ratio >1.5	9.526	1.453	62.459	0.019

Discussion

Data from 62 lung cancer patients with BMs who underwent WBRT were retrospectively reviewed; the overall RR was 54.8%, which was similar to previous studies (4,28). In WBRT for BMs from lung cancer, BMs with the following characteristics are expected to have a higher RR: From SCLC compared with NSCLC (OR, 17.152); an E/T ratio of ≥1.5 rather opposed to <1.5 (OR, 9.526); and an absence rather than a presence of extracranial metastases (OR, 4.875).

Patients with SCLC exhibited an improved RR compared with patients with NSCLC. It is widely known that SCLC exhibits high radiosensitivity (29–31). In addition, it has been suggested that BMs also demonstrate high radiosensitivity, similar to that observed in the primary tumor (32). The data of the present study agree with those from previous studies.

In the current study, BMs with an E/T ratio of ≥1.5 are expected to exhibit a higher RR rather than BMs with an E/T ratio of <1.5. Peritumoral edema is caused by disturbed vascular permeability that enables an indiscriminate escape of plasma proteins from the blood into BMs or the peritumoral regions of the brain (33). The present study was not able to explain the immediate reason why BMs with relatively extensive edema (E/T ratio ≥1.5) exhibited an improved response to WBRT. However, E/T ratios may provide useful information for predicting therapeutic efficacy.

DWI produces a signal intensity that reflects the cell density of a tumor and correlates with its histopathological image; therefore, it is believed to be useful in predicting the treatment effectiveness for esophageal, pharyngeal and cervical cancer (34–37). DWI is also considered to be useful in predicting the efficacy of g-knife therapy for BMs (38). However, no statistically significant difference in RR has been observed for BMs derived from lung cancer with different DWI signal intensities; these BMs are occasionally accompanied by hemorrhage, necrosis and mucous production that present with various signal intensities (39). Therefore, it has been concluded that DWI would not predict the therapeutic effect for BMs from lung cancer.

The presence of extracranial metastases also correlated with an improved RR. Notably, it is a rather reverse result to the studies concerning OS (17,24). The RR results are explained as follows, low differentiated tumors often cause distant metastasis and exhibit high radiosensitivity, and this factor may have affected the results of the present study.

There are numerous studies that have identified prognostic factors focused on OS in patients with BM who underwent WBRT. For example, the RPA score proposed by Gaspar et al (1), which is widely used in clinical settings, includes KPS, age and the presence of an active extracranial lesion. Other factors including sex, symptom and response to steroid treatment have been indicated as predictive factors (Table IV). These factors are not equal with the result of the present study focused on local control.

Table IV. Previous studies examining predictive factors for the patients with BMs who underwent WBRT.

Table IV.

Previous studies examining predictive factors for the patients with BMs who underwent WBRT.

Author (publication year)	Predicting factors for vital prognosis	(Refs.)
Gaspar et al, 1997	KPS, age, extracranial metastases	(1)
Lagerwaard et al, 1999	PS, response to steroid treatment, systemic tumor activity, LDH site of primary tumor, age, number of BM, sex	(2)
Partl et al, 2016	KPS/LDH index	(20)
Windsor et al, 2013	Age, sex, primary cancer, time to WBRT from the primary cancer diagnosis	(21)
Rades et al, 2013	Sex, KPS, extracranial metastases	(22)
Zimm et al, 1981	PS, age, symptom of headache/visual disturbance/impaired consciousness	(23)
Sperduto et al, 2008	KPS, age, extracranial metastases, number of BMs	(24)
Komatsu et al, 2013	Histological type, EGFR mutation (use of EGFR-TKI)	(25)
Mayahara et al, 2012	KPS, sex, activity of extracranial disease, time to develop BM, use of chemotherapy following WBRT	(26)
Zhu et al, 2014	Plasma fibrinogen	(27)

[i] PS, performance status; KPS, Karnofsky performance status; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; BM, brain metastases; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; WBRT, whole brain radiation therapy.

The majority of patients who receive WBRT demonstrate poor health; 51% of these patients exhibit an RPA class 3 score, which is equivalent to a KPS <70 (19). Thus, a number of the factors that are useful for prognosis of WBRT regarding OS reflect the general condition of the patients and their general disease status, rather than reflecting the response to WBRT. This may be one reason why the factors useful for predicting vital prognosis do not necessarily coincide with the response to WBRT. Therefore, it is considered that the vital prognosis of patients and the response of tumors to WBRT should have separate predictive factors, and it would be useful to employ these in combination, to make decisions concerning the treatment of the patients.

In cases with poor response to WBRT expected, the course of treatment for each patient should potentially be reconsidered, according to their vital prognosis. That is, for patients with predicted poor responses to WBRT and poor vital prognosis, palliative care without WBRT should be considered to improve QOL (40). For patients with expected poor response to WBRT but good vital prognosis, additional radical treatment for BMs should be considered, such as SRS or SRT (3,4,10).

Recently, the novel hypothesis of oligometastases has been proposed, define as patients with a limited number of metastases (oligometastases), may benefit of survival from curative local therapy for metastases (11–13). In addition, Niibe et al (12,14) defined oligo-recurrence and this is similar to oligometastases, but the primary lesion is also controlled (12,14).

A number of studies are have investigated the use of curative radiotherapy for oligometastases or oligo-reccurence and particularly in oligo-recurrence, it was demonstrated to be a favorable factor for OS and relapse-free survival, and it was also associated with improved local control of the metastases (12,15,16). This is also true for SRS/SRT for BMs (17,18).

In the present study about WBRT, almost all patients exhibited uncontrolled primary lesions, multi-organ metastases or numerous BMs. Thus, it was not possible to neither examine enough oligo-recurrence cases nor indicate the immediate association between the response of BMs and the state of oligo-recurrence. However, further clinical studies examining the association between the local control of patients with BMs undergoing WBRT and the state of oligo-recurrence, may lead to the identification of an important predictive factor for appropriate treatment decisions.

The present study had several limitations. The number of patients studied was 64, which is a small sample size. In addition, the study was retrospective. The majority of the data used were extracted from previous medical records, which made it difficult to evaluate the association between the improvement of the symptom of BMs and the response of tumor to WBRT. It was not possible to examine the EGFR mutation status of the patients, or other genomic information. Regarding the evaluation of the DWI signal intensity, an evaluation using an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map was not performed. The use of an ADC map is considered preferable for more effective evaluation of the nature of tumors. However, DWI signal intensity, which is clinically convenient, was used in the present study. It will be necessary to validate these data by studying more patients, or by performing a prospective study, prior to their application in an actual clinical setting.

In conclusion, predictive factors for the response of BMs to WBRT for patients with lung cancer were investigated. The following three factors were significantly associated to the response to WBRT: The presence of SCLC, an E/T ratio ≥1.5 and the presence of extracranial metastases. The identification of predictive factors concerning the response to WBRT may provide useful information to facilitate the selection of adequate individual treatments for patients with lung cancer with BM prior to WBRT.

References