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Introduction

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-producing gastric cancer (AFPGC) is a relatively rare type of malignancy, which comprises 1–8% of all gastric cancers (1–3). AFPGC is characterized by a high incidence of metastases to the liver and lymph nodes, and a poor prognosis (1–3). Currently, there is no standard therapy for this challenging subtype of gastric cancer. Histopathologically, AFPGC is known to have high proliferative activity, reduced apoptotic rate and rich neovascularization, which influence the clinical aggressiveness of the disease (3,4). High expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered one of the main reasons for the rich neovascularization in AFPGC (3–5).

Over the past few decades, molecular-targeted therapy has led to improved survival of patients with various types of cancer, including gastric cancer (6). A humanized anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) monoclonal antibody (namely trastuzumab) in combination with chemotherapy demonstrated a survival benefit for patients with advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer (7). A monoclonal antibody for VEGF receptor-2 (namely ramucirumab) also demonstrated survival benefit for patients with advanced gastric cancer following first-line chemotherapy (8,9).

Ramucirumab binds to VEGF receptor-2 and inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis (8,9). Ramucirumab is the first anti-angiogenic drug approved for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer; however, there is no validated predictor for selecting patients who will benefit from ramucirumab therapy to date (8,9). Although AFPGC has rich neovascularization (3,4), the clinical efficacy of ramucirumab in patients with AFPGC has not yet been reported. In the current case report, the case of a chemotherapy-resistant recurrent AFPGC patient who received ramucirumab monotherapy is presented.

Case report

A 56-year-old man with upper abdominal pain was referred to Jikei University Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) in January 2014. The patient had no significant family or medical history, except well-controlled hypertension. Gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a 5-cm elevated tumor with a central depression (Borrmann type 3) on the posterior wall of the gastric body, which was histologically diagnosed as moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. HER2 immunostaining was performed using the HercepTest kit (Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) and scored as 1+, according to the manufacturer's instruction (10). Computed tomography (CT) revealed thickening of the gastric wall and enlargement of lymph nodes on the lesser curvature. There were no signs of liver metastases or liver cirrhosis. The results of a complete blood count and blood chemistry were as follows: Hemoglobin 14.4 g/dl (normal range, 13.5–16.5 g/dl), white blood cell count 6,300/µl (normal, 3,300-8,600/µl), platelet count 227,000/µl (normal, 150,000-350,000/µl), aspartate aminotransferase 22 U/l (normal, 10–33 U/l), alanine aminotransferase 14 U/l (normal, 6–35 U/l), total protein 7.3 g/dl (normal, 6.7–8.3 g/dl), albumin 4.2 g/dl (normal, 3.5–5.2 g/dl), blood urea nitrogen 11 mg/dl (normal, 8–20 mg/dl), creatinine 0.55 mg/dl (normal, 0.50–1.10 mg/dl), and C-reactive protein (CRP) 0.08 mg/dl (normal, 0–0.30 mg/ml). Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody were negative. The patient's serum AFP and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were increased to 910 ng/ml (normal range, 0–10 ng/ml) and 17.0 ng/ml (normal range, 0.0–5.8 ng/ml), respectively.

The patient received two courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 (tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil potassium) plus cisplatin (11), which resulted in stable disease, and then underwent distal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection (Fig. 1A). Histopathologically, the tumor was predominantly composed of well- to moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma with papillary and tubular proliferation (Fig. 1B). The specimen also contained minor components of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells. The typical histological feature of AFPGC is a liver-like structure called a ‘hepatoid’, but the specimen did not contain a hepatoid component (12). Immunohistological staining for AFP and VEGF was performed by the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method. Following deparaffinization and rehydration, 4-µm thick sections were treated with 0.3% H2O2 for 30 min and blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 30 min. Then, sections were rinsed in PBS and treated with antibodies against AFP (dilution, 1:100; cat. no A008; Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc.) or VEGF (dilution, 1:100; cat. no R11; Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan) for 1 h at room temperature in a humidified chamber, followed by incubation with biotinylated IgG (dilution, 1:100; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) for 30 min at room temperature. The sections were developed using ABC-peroxidase and diaminobenzidine (both Vector Laboratories). AFP-positive foci were observed (Fig. 1C) and VEGF expression was positive in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells (Fig. 1D). The final stage was T3, N2, M0, stage IIIA, according to the 7th edition of the Union for the International Cancer Control classification (13), and a curative resection was confirmed. A month after the surgery, the patient's serum AFP and CEA levels were decreased to 15 and 3.8 ng/ml, respectively. The patient was started on adjuvant therapy with S-1 (14) (Fig. 2).

Figure 1. (A) Image of the resected specimen, showing a Borrmann type 3 tumor of 55×40 mm in size located at the body of the stomach (as indicated by the arrows). (B) Histopathological examination revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma components with papillary and tubular proliferation (hematoxylin and eosin staining; magnification, ×100). (C) Immunohistological staining demonstrated alpha-fetoprotein-positive foci (magnification, ×100). (D) Immunoreactivity for vascular endothelial growth factor was observed in the cytoplasm of cancer cells (magnification, ×100).

Figure 2. Graph depicting the patient's therapeutic course and serum tumor marker levels. The patient received the following treatments: a, S-1 (tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil potassium) plus cisplatin; b, S-1; c, paclitaxel; d, irinotecan; e, sequential methotrexate-5-fluorouracil; and f, ramucirumab. Asterisk indicates the time of recurrence. AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

Following a course of S-1 therapy (3 months after the surgery), CT examination revealed a 22-mm para-aortic lymph node. The serum AFP levels were increased to 207 mg/ml, and the patient was diagnosed as having a recurrence of AFPGC. The patient was then treated with five courses of weekly paclitaxel (14), three courses of irinotecan (15), and two courses of sequential methotrexate-5-fluorouracil chemotherapy (16). However, CT scan revealed that the metastatic para-aortic lymph node was gradually increasing in size, while the serum AFP level was increased to a maximum of 12,800 ng/ml (Figs. 2 and 3A).

Figure 3. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans of the patient (A) prior to, and at (B) 3 and (C) 4 months after the initiation of ramucirumab monotherapy.

The patient was then treated with ramucirumab monotherapy (7). Following six doses of ramucirumab, the patient presented with back pain and low-grade fever. Laboratory tests revealed an increased CRP level, at 11.23 mg/dl (normal range, 0–0.30 mg/ml). Contrast-enhanced CT revealed a larger para-aortic lymph node with adjacent fat stranding, in addition to a significant decrease of enhancement in the middle of the lymph node, suggesting attenuation of vascularity (Fig. 3B). The patient was prescribed celecoxib for his back pain, and ramucirumab was discontinued for a month. Follow-up CT revealed a marked reduction of enhancement in the lymph node, suggesting an episode of central necrosis, while the serum AFP level decreased rapidly to 225 ng/ml (Figs. 2 and 3C). The patient proceeded with ramucirumab and has so far survived for 16 months after recurrence. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report.

Discussion

AFPGC is considered a highly aggressive type of gastric cancer. The 5-year survival rate and median survival time are 42% and 29 months, respectively, even in patients who undergo curative surgical resection (17). Although molecular-targeted therapy has led to survival improvement of patients with various types of cancer (7,18–20) there is no validated application of tailored therapy for this challenging subtype of gastric cancer. In the present case, the tumor cells were positive for VEGF. AFPGC is known to express high levels of VEGF or its isoform VEGF-C, and is considered to have increased neovascularization (4,5,21). Since VEGF and VEGF-C serve as angiogenic factors in the tumor microenvironment (22), their inhibition may exhibit anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activities on AFPGC. However, only a few cases of the efficacy of an anti-angiogenic multi-kinase inhibitor (namely sorafenib) in AFPGC patients have been reported thus far (23,24). The clinical efficacy of ramucirumab, a monoclonal antibody for VEGF receptor-2, in AFPGC patients has not yet been reported. Sorafenib inhibits the signaling of the VEGF receptor and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, but its specific targets are not fully understood yet. Sorafenib also inhibits the activity of the Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Janus kinase/Signal Transducers and Activator of Transcription signaling pathways (25,26). Therefore, it is not clear that the efficacy of sorafenib in the previous AFPGC cases was due to its anti-angiogenic properties or its direct pro-apoptotic effects.

In the present case, the patient's metastatic lymph node exhibited marked central necrosis following six doses of ramucirumab monotherapy, which is similar to the effect of anti-angiogenic drugs on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), another AFP-producing cancer (27). Sorafenib has been reported to have a survival benefit in patients with advanced HCC (28). However, the response rate to sorafenib in that study was only 2%, according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (28). It has been demonstrated that the change in vascularization of the lesion is the crucial point for evaluating the response to anti-angiogenic drugs; thus, a modified RECIST was proposed (27). According to RECIST evaluation, the present patient's metastatic lymph node was defined as stable disease without any change in its greatest dimension, while according to the modified RECIST, the lesion was defined as partial response because the maximal dimension of continuous enhancement in the lesion was markedly reduced. In second-line treatment of advanced HCC, ramucirumab may have a survival benefit only for patients with high serum AFP levels (29).

Recent advances in the understanding of molecular pathogenesis have led to the development of molecular-targeted therapy in various types of cancer, including gastric cancer (7,18–20). In first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer, the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy improves overall survival (7). Ramucirumab improves survival in the second-line setting of advanced gastric cancer; however, predictive biomarkers have not yet been clearly defined (30). In the present case report, the patient with chemotherapy-resistant recurrent AFPGC exhibited a significant response to ramucirumab monotherapy. In line with previous reports on AFPGC, the present patient's tumor cells were positive for VEGF. AFP production in gastric cancer may represent one of the predictors of ramucirumab sensitivity. The present case report demonstrates a potential new treatment option for AFPGC.

References