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Introduction

Ovarian cancer is one of the most common and lethal types of cancer, it is the seventh most common cancer in women and the eighth most common cause of recent global cancer mortality, with 5-year survival rates of <45% (1). A growing number of treatment targets associated with ovarian cancer were identified, but knowledge concerning the pathogenesis is limited (2).

microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, regulate gene expression by interacting with the 3′-untranslated regions of target genes and serve a significant role in the carcinogenesis or prognosis prediction in various types of tumor (3,4). miRNAs are involved in numerous biological process by regulating the expression level of target genes, such as cell proliferation, invasion, and migration (4). Conversely, miRNA may serve as a relatively independent objective indices that reflect the biological behaviors of tumors, and may be of auxiliary value in the analysis of prognostic factors of various tumors (2). Therefore, deregulated miRNAs may provide a novel understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tumor progression and prognosis prediction.

During ovarian cancer occurrence and progression, the abnormal expression of miRNAs was also identified to exert important functions: miR-298, miR-595, miR-136 and miR-222-3p were downregulated in ovarian cancer tissue, and associated with tumor growth, invasion and metastasis (5–8). In contrast, miR-224, miR-194 and miR-572 were upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues (9–11). Although these miRNAs were also suggested to be involved in the development of ovarian cancer, knowledge concerning how miRNAs to affect the occurrence and progression of ovarian cancer, particularly for their function in prognosis prediction, remains rare. Therefore, there is a requirement for therapeutic targets to improve the outcomes of patients with ovarian cancer.

In the present study, it was identified that miR-205 was significantly upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues. High levels of miR-205 were associated with cell proliferation and invasion. miR-205 exerted these functions by primarily targeting mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) and Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). These results assist to elucidate the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer.

Materials and methods

Database analysis

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data concerning miRNA expression levels and clinical data in patients with all types of ovarian cancer were obtained from https://cancergenome.nih.gov/; November 6th, 2016). The target genes of miR-205 were obtained from miRTarBase database (http://mirtarbase.mbc.nctu.edu.tw/php/index.php, November 6th, 2016) (4). Cytoscape software (version 3.4.0; http://www.cytoscape.org/) was used to map the Gene Ontology (GO) of 28 target genes of miR-205. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins database was used to search for known or predicted protein interactions of these target genes (search terms were all 28 target genes symbols), that may aid in the comprehensive description of cellular mechanisms and functions (http://string-db.org/; November 6th, 2016) (12). According to a keyword earch (PTEN and SMAD4) on Human Protein Atlas website (www.proteinatlas.org; November 6th, 2016), IHC data of ovarian cancer related to PTEN and SMAD4 protein expression were downloaded.

Patient tissues

Surgical resection specimens of 10 ovarian cancer cases (mean age, 45.87±3.23) and adjacent normal ovary tissues were collected via resection between June 2015 and July 2016 in the Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University (Yantai, China), and were preserved in liquid nitrogen. The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Boards of Binzhou Medical University and Yantai Affiliated Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Cell culture and miRNA transfection

The human ovarian cancer OVCAR-3 cell line was purchased from the Cell Resource Center of Peking Union Medical College (Beijing, China) and was incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. OVCAR-3 cells were maintained in high-glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA USA), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). miR-205 mimics and negative control (NC) sequences were designed and synthesized by Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). The miR-205 mimics and negative control sequence were transfected into the OVCAR-3 cell line using Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Following 48 h transfection, cells were used for the subsequent experiments.

Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and anchorage-independent growth assay

miR-205-transfected OVCAR-3 cells, negative control sequence transfected OVCAR-3 cells and untransfected OVCAR-3 cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 5×103 cells/well in triplicate and cultivated at 37°C in an incubator with 5% CO2. CCK-8 (10 µl; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA; Darmstadt, Germany) was added to each well every 24 h. Subsequently, the absorbance of the cells was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader. For the anchorage-independent growth assay, soft agar (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) at a concentration of 0.8% in DMEM culture media was placed into 6-well plates and allowed to solidify. A top layer was then placed into each well containing 1×104 cells in 0.48% agar in DMEM culture media and allowed to solidify, then 1 ml DMEM culture media was placed on top of the solidified agar. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 2 weeks, the media was removed and the cells (OVCAR-3 cells transfected with miR-205 mimics and NC sequence, untransfected OVCAR-3 cells) were fixed in 10% buffered formalin containing 0.5% crystal violet at 25°C for 2 h. Colonies were counted and analyzed using the Prism software (version 6.00, La Jolla California USA) (13).

Gelatin zymography assay

Activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were assessed by a gelatin zymography assay. OVCAR-3 cells were cultured at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 for 24 h following transfection with miR-205 and control sequences. At the end of the incubation, 30 µl culture supernatant was mixed with sample buffer and resolved on a 10% gel using SDS-PAGE, without heat denaturation. The gel was co-polymerized and contained 0.5 mg/ml gelatin (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). The gel was washed twice for 30 min with renaturation buffer (2.5% Triton X-100) at room temperature prior to incubation in the incubation buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl2, 1 µM ZnCl2) at 37°C for 16 h. Subsequently, the gel was stained for 2 h in 0.25% at 25°C. Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), and then de-stained (30% methanol, 10% glacial acetic acid, 60% distilled water) at 25°C for 30 min. White bands were observed using a ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) against a blue background following de-staining, indicating the gelatinolytic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9.

Western blotting

miR-205-transfected cells and control cells were collected using centrigugation (×1,000 g) for 5 min at 25°C and lysed in lysis buffer (Beijing CoWin Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) in the presence of protease inhibitors for 30 min to extract the total protein. Bicinchoninic acid assays (Beijing CoWin Biotech) were used to quantify protein levels. Subsequently, 30 µg protein from each sample was loaded onto 10% SDS-PAGE gels (ready-made SDS-PAGE gels was purchased from Beijing CoWin Biotech). and subjected to gel electrophoresis. Proteins were then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), which were then blocked at 25°C with 3% bovine serum albumin blocking buffer (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 1 h. Membranes were then incubated with primary rabbit antibodies targeting SMAD4 (1:2,000 dilution; cat no. ab40759; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), PTEN (1:1,000 dilution; cat no. ab32199; Abcam), or GAPDH (1:5,000 dilution; cat no. ab70699; Abcam) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with goat anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:3,000 dilution; cat no. CW0103; Beijing CoWin Biotech) for 1 h at room temperature. Detection was facilitated using an enhanced chemiluminescence kit (Beijing CoWin Biotech Co., Ltd.) and images were analyzed using Quantity One software (version 4.6.9, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).

RNA extraction and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

Resected tumor tissues from patients with ovarian cancer were harvested, and total endogenous RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's protocol. RNA concentration was measured and its quality was evaluated by absorption ratio at 260/280 nm using NanoDrop 2000 (NanoDrop Technologies; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA). A total of 10 ng RNA from each sample was reverse transcribed in triplicate using Step One Plus Real-Time PCR kit (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The TaqMan microRNA Assay kit (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to examine the expression of miR-205 in ovarian cancer and normal tissues according to manufacturer's protocol. The relative expression levels of miRNAs were analyzed using the Cq method (14) and were normalized against U6 expression. miR-205, 5′-CTTGTCCTTCATTCCACCGGA-3′ (forward) and 5′-TGCCGCCTGAACTTCACTCC-3′ (reverse). U6, 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′ (forward) and 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′ (reverse). Reaction conditions: 95°C, 5 min; 95°C, 10 sec, 60°C, 20 sec, 40 cycles.

Cell invasion

Transwell assays were used to determine the abilities of cell invasion. Briefly, 20 µg Matrigel® was coated in the upper chambers, then 600 µl DMEM containing 10% FBS was added to the lower chambers. A total of 1×105 cells (OVCAR-3 cells transfected with miR-205 mimics and NC sequence, untransfected OVCAR-3 cells) suspended in 100 µl 1% serum-free medium were added to the upper chambers and cultured at 37°C for 24 h. Finally, the cells that traversed the membrane were stained with crystal violet (0.1%) at 27°C, five random fields were counted using light microscopy (magnification, ×400).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 21.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) and GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). TCGA data for paired samples were analyzed by a paired sample t-test. The log-rank test for the generated Kaplan-Meier curve was conducted to evaluate the association between the expression level of miR-205 and the survival rate. Growth curves, anchorage-independent growth and Transwell data were analyzed using a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance with Fisher's least significant difference post-hoc tests. Immunohistochemical (IHC) data for the unpaired samples were analyzed by an independent samples t-test. All experiments were repeated 3 times, and P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

miR-205 is upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues and associated with poor prognosis

To identify the novel differentially expressed miRNAs associated with ovarian cancer occurrence and development, a TCGA_ miRNA dataset was used in the present study. A total of 108 differentially-expressed miRNAs (Fig. 1A; P<0.01) were identified, and the first 20 upregulated miRNAs with significant differences are summarized in Table I. Of these, miR-205 was upregulated in 308 tissues from patients with ovarian cancer (Fig. 1B; P=0.028); it is a rarely-identified miRNA in ovarian cancer and was therefore of interest. To additionally validate the abnormally upregulated expression level of miR-205, 10 pairs of ovarian cancer tissue specimens from clinical samples were compared. Consistent with the results from TCGA, miR-205 was significantly upregulated in the tumor tissue specimens compared with matched normal controls (Fig. 1C; P=0.0076). Subsequently, the prognosis-predictive role of miR-205 expression level as a prognostic marker was investigated. First, the miR-205 expression values of 308 patients with ovarian cancer who underwent RNA-seq analysis from the TCGA_ miRNA dataset were arrayed in ascending order of RNA-seq value, and the median value was 34251.63 reads/kilobase/million mapped reads (RPKM). Then, the patients were divided according to the median value (34,251.63 RPKM) into miR-205 high expression (>34,251.63) and miR-205 low (<34,251.63) expression groups. In the survival analysis, the number of patients was 308, with a specified time interval as the endpoint. The Kaplan Meier curve demonstrated that the miR-205 high expression group exhibited shorter survival rates compared with the miR-205 low expression group (Fig. 1D; P=0.0210). The result suggests that upregulated miR-205 may be a novel prognostic marker for patients with ovarian cancer.

Figure 1. miR-205 is upregulated in ovarian cancer and correlated with poor prognosis. (A) The differential expression of miRNAs from TCGA database are presented by heat map. (B) miR-205 expression was upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues from TCGA database. (C) The upregulated miR-205 in ovarian cancer tissues was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (D) Kaplan-Meier curve for survival rate of patients with high and low miR-205 expression levels. The miR-205 high expression group exhibited shorter survival rates compared with the miR-205 low expression group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. miR, microRNA; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.

Table I. Top 20 significantly upregulated microRNAs in ovarian cancer tissues.

Table I.

Top 20 significantly upregulated microRNAs in ovarian cancer tissues.

No.	Name	Log2 (T/N fold change)	P-value
1	hsa-mir-141	5.053592	0.00000013
2	hsa-mir-200c	4.379344	0.00000157
3	hsa-mir-96	5.530791	0.00000676
4	hsa-mir-183	5.473592	0.00003524
5	hsa-mir-130b	3.094745	0.00019624
6	hsa-mir-182	4.469734	0.00023611
7	hsa-mir-200a	3.955599	0.00025332
8	hsa-mir-3934	3.681847	0.00027821
9	hsa-mir-15b	2.553105	0.00033210
10	hsa-mir-429	4.095076	0.00039806
11	hsa-mir-1976	2.411089	0.00051727
12	hsa-mir-205	7.758691	0.00064276
13	hsa-mir-106b	1.823214	0.00067700
14	hsa-mir-3613	2.627981	0.00071648
15	hsa-mir-942	2.608719	0.00083393
16	hsa-mir-210	4.852877	0.00085726
17	hsa-mir-1307	2.082525	0.00099215
18	hsa-mir-32	2.176342	0.00113742
19	hsa-mir-142	3.553646	0.00193837
20	hsa-mir-16-2	2.122048	0.00010411

[i] T/N, relative expression level of tumor tissues/relative expression level of normal tissues; miR, microRNA.

miR-205 overexpression promotes the proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer cells

miRNAs exert important functions in tumors via negatively regulating gene expression in a sequence-specific manner (14). Therefore, the function of miR-205 target genes was analyzed by GO analysis. As demonstrated in Fig. 2A, the gene sets of ‘regulating cell proliferation’ and ‘regulation of cell invasion’ were highly enriched in the miR-205 target genes, which suggests that miR-205 expression level was positively associated with cell proliferation and invasion. The regulation mechanism and cell experiments were performed in type I epithelial ovarian cancer cells. The results indicated that miR-205 overexpression significantly promoted the proliferation of OVCAR-3 cells, particularly after 48 h incubation, as compared with control cells (Fig. 2B; P<0.01). Concurrently, upregulated miR-205 also promoted anchorage-independent growth of OVCAR-3 cells (Fig. 2C; P<0.01). However, no significant difference was observed between un-transfected and negative control cells. As MMPs-2 and −9 markedly promotes malignant tumor cell invasion, a gelatin zymography assay was performed to detect the activity of MMP-2 and −9. In this experiment, quantitative gray analysis of MMP-2 and −9 expression was performed. The results revealed that there was a difference between the miR-205 overexpression group and the control group (data not shown; P=0.0271), particularly for MMP-2. Next, the Transwell assay additionally confirmed that miR-205 overexpression significantly enhanced the invasion ability of ovarian cancer cells compared with the control group (Fig. 3; P<0.05). These data suggest that miR-205 promotes ovarian cancer cell proliferation and invasion.

Figure 2. miR-205 promotes proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of ovarian cancer cells. (A) Gene ontology analysis was performed to annotate the functions of the miR-205 target genes involved. ‘Cell proliferation’, ‘invasion’ and ‘protein binding’ were the primary functions of these target genes. (B) miR-205 overexpression significantly enhanced the ability of cell proliferation. (C) miR-205 overexpression significantly enhanced the ability of cell anchorage-independent growth. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. miR, microRNA.

Figure 3. miR-205 enhances the activity of MMP-2 and −9 and promotes ovarian cancer cell invasion. (A) The expression levels of MMP-2 and −9 in OVCAR-3 cells transfected with miR-205 were significantly upregulated compared with the control group. (B) Compared to control group, more cells had migrated through the Transwell membrane in the miR-205 overexpression group, suggesting that miR-205 significantly promoted OVCAR-3 cells invasion. *P<0.05. miR, microRNA; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.

PTEN and SMAD4 are key target genes of miR-205 in ovarian cancer

miRNAs exert important functions in various biological processes via directly suppressing the expression of their target genes. However, for the same miRNAs, target genes and involved pathways are different in different tissues (15,16). To identify key and specific target genes of miR-205 in patients with ovarian cancer, 28 target genes of miR-205 that were associated with proliferation and invasion, and that had multiple data in the miRTarBase database were selected, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed (Fig. 4A). The number of interaction nodes was counted (Fig. 4B), and SMAD4 and PTEN possessed the highest number of interaction nodes within the interaction network of target genes of miR-205. These results confirmed that miR-205 promotes ovarian cancer occurrence, progression and poor prognosis primarily via regulating SMAD4 and PTEN expression.

Figure 4. PTEN and SMAD4 are key target genes of miR-205. (A) A protein-protein interaction network was constructed for 28 target genes of miR-205. (B) The node numbers were counted, and PTEN and SMAD4 were at the core of the interaction network. PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; SMAD4, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4; miR, microRNA.

SMAD4 and PTEN expression levels are downregulated by miR-205 in ovarian cancer

SMAD4 and PTEN are well-known tumor suppressors in multiple types of tumors. The abnormal downregulation of PTEN and SMAD4 protein serves an important role in the malignant transformation of tumors (4). The IHC data were downloaded from the Protein Atlas database. In this database, histological type was not classified. Therefore, the expression of PTEN/SMAD4 in all types ovarian cancer was analyzed. The expression levels of PTEN and SMAD4 in multiple types of ovarian cancer tissues were significantly downregulated (Fig. 5A and B; P=0.0004; P=0.001 respectively) compared with normal ovary tissues. In the ovarian cancer tissues, TCGA database was used to analyze the expression of miR-205. However, Fig. 5A and B were used to analyze the expression level of PTEN/SMAD4, not to miR-205. To additionally validate if miR-205 may directly regulate the expression of PTEN and SMAD4, miR-205 mimics was transfected into OVCAR-3 cells and the expression levels of PTEN and SMAD4 were detected by western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of PTEN and SMAD4 were reduced with miR-205 overexpression in OVCAR-3 cells (Fig. 5C), and miR-205 may suppress the expression of PTEN 4 and SMAD in ovarian cancer.

Figure 5. miR-205 suppresses the expression of PTEN and SMAD4 in ovarian cancer cells. The Human Protein Atlas database results revealed that the expression level of (A) PTEN and (B) SMAD4 were downregulated in ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. (C) Western blotting analysis confirmed that miR-205 inhibited the expression of PTEN and SMAD4 in OVCAR-3 cells. miR, microRNA; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; SMAD4, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (magnification, ×400).

Discussion

In the present study, the expression level of miR-205 was analyzed in 308 patients. The expression level of PTEN/SMAD4 was analyzed by database, but the expression level regulated by miR-205 was confirmed by cell experiment. In the present study, TCGA data analysis suggested that the expression level of miR-205 was significantly upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues and was markedly correlated with poor prognosis. GO analysis revealed that the target genes of miR-205 were primarily involved in cell proliferation and invasion, and upregulated miR-205 promoted the proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Next, PTEN and SMAD4 were identified as the key targets of miR-205 by PPI networks. The expression level of PTEN and SMAD4 were significantly downregulated in ovarian cancer tissues compared to normal ovary tissues. In vitro, it was additionally confirmed that miR-205 overexpression directly decreased the expression level of PTEN and SMAD4 in OVCAR-3 cells. These results suggested that miR-205 may promote cell proliferation and invasion primarily via suppressing the expression of PTEN/SMAD4. These results assist in providing a potential novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.

Previous work demonstrated that miR-205 was aberrantly expressed in breast cancer, prostate cancer and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (16–19). miR-205 is primarily involved in radioresistance, chemotherapeutics resistance, prognosis prediction and cell proliferation (16,19,20). Upregulation of miR-205 under hypoxia promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting ASPP2 (21). Inhibition of miR-205 expression using LNA-modified-nucleotide attenuated endometrial cancer cells proliferation in vitro and in vivo (20). miR-205 was expressed in tumors with pathological features recognized as indicators of poor prognosis such as desmoplasia, perineural invasion and infiltrative growth pattern (17). Similarly, miR-205 was also demonstrated to be upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal tissues (22), and enhanced the ability of cell invasion and migration by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and Zinc Finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (23,24). In the present study, it was initially identified that miR-205 acts as a novel prognostic marker in patients with ovarian cancer, and it was additionally confirmed that miR-205 enhanced the ability of proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of ovarian cancer cells. In addition, it was also verified that miR-205 enhanced ovarian cancer cell invasion by regulating the expression of MMP-2/9 in vitro. These data indicate that the most important mechanism by which miR-205 leads to the poor prognosis for ovarian cancer may be primarily via enhancing the ability of cell proliferation and invasion.

miRNAs serve their roles via suppressing the expression of target mRNAs (4). The biological regulation between miRNAs and their targets is complex in vivo (4). The GO analysis results revealed that protein binding was one of the important functions for the miR-205 target genes. PPI analysis was then performed for the target genes of miR-205 associated with cell proliferation and invasion. The results from the PPI analysis revealed that 28 primary target proteins for miR-19a in ovarian cancer interacted and formed an interactive network. Among these 28 target proteins, PTEN and SMAD4 were key node proteins for the interaction between target genes of miR-205 in ovarian cancer. Ma et al (4) identified that PTEN/SMAD4 were target genes of miR-19a and involved in cell proliferation. In the present study, the action of SMAD4 and PTEN as the key ovarian cancer-specific target genes of miR-205 was additionally verified by analysis of the expression levels in tissues and in vitro. The expression levels of PTEN and SMAD4 were significantly downregulated in ovarian cancer tissues compared with the normal tissue, and upregulated miR-205 markedly suppressed the expression level of PTEN and SMAD4. We hypothesized that miR-205 coordinately regulated the expression level and associated signaling pathways of PTEN and SMAD4 to affect the different phases of ovarian cancer progression. In fact, the expression level of PTEN/SMAD4 may also be regulated by certain other miRNAs in other types of tumor, such as miR-19a (4). However, in ovarian cancer, other miRNAs that regulated the expression of PTEN/SMAD4 were not identified. In the present study, it was initially demonstrated that miR-205 may regulate the expression level of PTEN/SMAD4, and contribute to tumor malignant phenotype. Additionally, Li et al (25) also identified that miR-205 is an oncogene in ovarian cancer via suppressing the expression of PTEN/SMAD4, supporting the conclusions of the present study. As luciferase reporter gene assays are the primary method to identify target genes of miRNA (7), the results of the present study only suggest that miR-205 may regulate the expression level of PTEN and SMAD4. The present study aimed to confirm whether miR-205 may affect the malignant phenotype of ovarian cancer cells via regulating the expression level of PTEN and SMAD4, irrespective of the direct or indirect interaction. Direct interactions between PTEM/SMAD4 and miR-205 will be confirmed in future studies. Future studies also require larger samples to confirm the preliminary results of the present study.

To conclude, miR-205 may represent a novel potential prognostic biomarker for ovarian cancer and miR-205 promoted ovarian cancer cell proliferation and invasion, primarily by targeting PTEN and SMAD4. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate the prognosis predictive value of miR-205 for patients with ovarian cancer, and provide a novel direction for ovarian cancer treatment.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This study was supported by The National Natural Science Fund (grant no. 81701532), The Basic Research of Natural Science of Shaanxi Province (grant no. 2014JQ2-8047) and The Clinical Research Fund of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (grant no. XJTU1ARCH2014-029).

Availability of data and materials

The analyzed data sets generated during the study are available from the corresponding author, on reasonable request.

Author contributions

PC, AL and LZ designed the present study. PC and AJ performed the research and analyzed the data. PC, AL and LZ wrote the manuscript. The final version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Boards of Binzhou Medical University and Yantai Affiliated Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

References