Expression of Livin and PlGF in human osteosarcoma is associated with tumor progression and clinical outcome
- Authors:
- Published online on: July 31, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.9239
- Pages: 4953-4960
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Copyright: © Sun et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone sarcoma in teenagers and represents the second highest cause of cancer-associated mortality in this age group worldwide (1). At present, the treatment of osteosarcoma consists of preoperative chemotherapy, followed by wide surgical resection and a postoperative chemotherapy regimen, modified according to the proportion of necrotic cells (2). However, in spite of the advancements in early detection and combined therapy strategies, the prognosis for patients with osteosarcoma remains poor, and between 30 and 40% all patients develop lung metastasis, which is the primary cause of mortality from this disease (3). In addition, the majority of chemotherapeutics exhibit the risk of short- and long-term toxic effects. The emerging knowledge of the pathogenesis and genetic abnormalities associated with osteosarcoma has exposed the field to new potential molecular targets (4).
Baculoviral IAP repeat containing 7 (termed Livin) is a novel member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family, which controls the basal level of apoptosis in mammalian cells (5). The expression of Livin is associated with aggressive disease and poor clinical outcome in patients with osteosarcoma (6). Tumor growth and metastasis are dependent on the degree of neovascularization, which is regulated by pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic factor and has been studied most extensively in a number of types of cancer, including breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma (7,8). Previous studies have demonstrated that VEGF stimulation may increase Livin expression and induce the pathogenesis of human esophageal carcinoma and cervical cancer (9,10). Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is a dimeric glycoprotein, and is structurally and functionally associated with VEGF (11). PlGF is not produced by the majority of types of normal human tissue and serves a function in pathological angiogenesis (12). In addition, it has been revealed that PlGF secretion in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells was induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2, and led to the paracrine regulation of angiogenesis and hemopoiesis in bone formation (13). To date, the expression of PlGF in osteosarcoma and any association between PlGF and Livin remains unknown. On the basis of previous studies (14,15), the present study examined the expression levels of Livin and PlGF in human osteosarcoma tissues and osteosarcoma cells, and analyzed their associations and prognostic values in osteosarcoma.
Materials and methods
Cell culture
Human osteosarcoma cell lines (U2OS, SaOS-2 and MG-63) purchased from the Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Science (Shanghai, China) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). All cell lines were maintained in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 with humidity at 37°C.
Patients and tissue samples
The present study was retrospective. Human osteosarcoma specimens were obtained from 48 patients with osteosarcoma between Enneking's stages IB and III. The present study was approved by the institutional review board of Zhongshan Hospital (Shanghai, China) and all aspects of the study comply with the Declaration of Helsinki. As this is a retrospective study, the Ethics Committee approved that informed consent was not required because data would be analyzed anonymously. However, the patients or their guardians signed informed consent for biopsy or tumor excision surgery. No patients received pre-surgical chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Specimens were fixed at 4°C in 10% formalin-buffered solution for 24 h, embedded in paraffin and cut into 5-µm tissue sections prior to immunohistochemistry. A total of 30 males and 18 females were included in the present study, with a mean age of 22.6 years (range, 6–72 years). According to Enneking's staging (16), 17 patients were staged between IB and IIA, and the remaining 31 patients were staged between IIB and IIIB (16). The tumors were located on the distal femur in 27 patients, proximal tibia in 7 patients, proximal fibula in 2 patients, proximal humerus in 7 patients and at other sites (vertebra, pelvis and tarsus) in 5 patients (Table I). The histological type of osteosarcoma was osteoblastic, chondroblastic and fibroblastic in 29, 11 and 8 patients, respectively, which was determined by the combination of imaging manifestation, clinical manifestation and pathological features. There were 30 cases with a tumor diameter ≤5 cm and a total of 18 cases exhibited a tumor diameter >5 cm. A total of 10 normal bone tissue samples were selected from 3 male and 7 female healthy donors, with a mean age of 61.1 years (range, 55–64 years) who had undergone total knee arthroplasty from Jan 2013 to Dec 2014 at the Zhongshan Hospital. The samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen at −196°C immediately following excision and then cut into 5-µm tissue sections. Protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Zhongshan Hospital and each patient in the healthy controls group provided written informed consent for total knee arthroplasty surgery. Clinical data were obtained from the medical records. Follow-up time was calculated from the date of surgery to the death of the patient or 5 years after surgery.
 | Table I.Association between the expression of Livin and PlGF and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with osteosarcoma. |
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
All samples were decalcificated prior to IHC. The expression of Livin and PlGF was determined by IHC. Sections were stained with rabbit polyclonal anti-human Livin (PAB12872) and PlGF (PAB8004) primary antibodies (1:100 dilutions; Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan) for 12 h at 4°C and then horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat polyclonal anti-rabbit secondary antibody (31460; 1:5,000 dilution; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 20 min at 37°C, according to the manufacturer's protocol. Bone samples were used as negative controls for Livin and PlGF staining. The expression was evaluated independently by two pathologists and the data from the two investigators were averaged. Under the light microscope, positive cells were observed as cells containing brown granules in the nucleus or cytoplasm. For each section, a charge-coupled device camera was used to capture at least five fields of view at magnification ×400 (Olympus BX51 CCD; P70; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Image-Pro Plus software (version 5.0; Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) was used to quantitatively analyze the images. The score was calculated by summing the intensity score and the proportion score, providing a score between 0 and 9. The proportion score was calculated as follows: 0, no positivity; +1, ≤25% tumor cell positivity; +2, 26–50% tumor cell positivity; and +3, >50% tumor cell positivity. The intensity score was calculated as follows: 0, no staining; +1, weak staining; +2, intermediate staining; and +3, strong staining. Specimens were additionally divided into a low or high expression group, according to their score as follows: Specimens with score ≤2 were regarded as low expression; and specimens with scores >2 were regarded as high expression (17).
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
Total RNA was isolated from osteosarcoma cells (MG-63, Saos-2 and U-OS) with TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and reverse-transcribed to synthesize cDNA using a PrimeScript 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol. qPCR assay was conducted using a TaqMan® One-Step PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the following protocol: 40 cycles consisting of denaturation at 95°C for 5 sec, annealing at 60°C for 30 sec, and extension at 72°C for 30 sec. A standard curve was generated on the basis of a linear association between the first cycle number at which the fluorescence signal significantly increased [quantification cycle (Cq) value] and the logarithm of the initial value. The quantity of target mRNA in unknown samples was determined from the Cq value using a standard curve. A control without template was included in each experiment. Non-template and DNA controls, standard dilutions, and samples were assayed in duplicate. The expression levels of Livin and PlGF mRNA were normalized to that of GAPDH mRNA, and divided into high and low expression groups. GAPDH primers were as follows: Forward, 5′-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC-3′; and reverse, 5′-TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA-3′. Equal volumes of complementary DNA from each sample were amplified using the following primers: Livin forward, 5′-AAGGAAGAGACTTTGTCCACAGTGT-3′; Livin reverse, 5′-GGCTGCGTCTTCCGGTT-3′; PlGF forward, 5′-TCAGAGGTGGAAGTGGTA-3′; and PIGF reverse, 5′-ACACAGTGCAGATTCTCA-3′. Two independent experiments were performed in triplicate, and the PCR products were measured using an ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and analyzed with ABI PRISM 7000 SDS v.1.2.3 RQ software (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).
Statistical analysis
For survival analysis, overall survival (OS) time was defined as the interval between the date of diagnosis and the date of mortality or the last follow-up. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (v.18; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). To analyze the prognostic significance of Livin and PlGF expression, the χ2 test was used to test the association between Livin and PlGF expression level and other prognostic factors. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate curves for OS for the subgroups of potential prognostic factors, and comparisons were conducted using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses according to the Cox's proportional hazards regression model, with OS as the dependent variable, were used to evaluate Livin and PlGF expression as potential independent prognostic factors. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze data for Livin and PlGF expression against OS time (in months) and patient status (deceased vs. alive). Covariates included Livin and PlGF expression level (as a continuous variable), age at diagnosis, tumor stage (low stages IB-IIA vs. advanced stages IIB-III), and tumor size. Outcome data were derived from a detailed review of patient medical records and oncology clinical chart, and were supplemented by contact with the treating physician, patient and patient family. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Expression of Livin or PlGF is increased in osteosarcoma specimens
The associations between the clinicopathological factors and the expression of Livin or PlGF in 48 osteosarcoma tissues are shown in Table I. The expression levels of Livin and PlGF in osteosarcoma specimens were significantly increased, compared with those in normal bone tissues (P<0.01). Livin and PlGF proteins were consistently detected in 28 (58.3%) and 29 (60.4%) of the 48 osteosarcoma specimens, respectively, but in none of the normal bone tissues (Fig. 1). Livin and PlGF were predominantly identified in a granular pattern in the cytoplasm. In 17 cases (35.4%), the two proteins were present in the cytoplasm and in 8 cases (16.7%) there was no detection of either protein. In addition, using Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis, no association was identified between the expression of Livin and PlGF (P=0.960).
Expression of Livin or PlGF is increased in OS cell lines
qPCR was performed to determine the mRNA expression levels of Livin and PlGF in three osteosarcoma cell lines (SaOS-2, MG-63 and U2OS). The expression levels of Livin and PlGF genes were determined in three osteosarcoma cell lines, and were markedly increased in MG-63 cells, compared with those in U2OS and SaOS-2 cells (Fig. 2).
Expression of Livin or PlGF is associated with advanced stage osteosarcoma and tumor diameter
The IHC results demonstrated that the expression levels of Livin and PlGF were associated with pathological stage and tumor diameter (Table I). The expression levels of Livin and PlGF in patients between stages IB and IIA were significantly decreased, compared with those in patients between stages IIB and III (P=0.003 and P<0.001, respectively). Patients were divided into two groups according to tumor diameter (≤5 cm and >5 cm), and the expression levels of Livin and PlGF were compared. There were 30 cases with a tumor diameter ≤5 cm, and the positive expression rate of Livin and PlGF was 43.3% (13 cases) and 53.3% (16 cases), respectively. A total of 18 cases exhibited a tumor diameter >5 cm, and the positive expression rate of Livin and PIGF was 83.3% (15 cases) and 72.2% (13 cases), respectively. A significant association was identified between the expression levels of Livin or PlGF and tumor diameter (P=0.007 and P=0.047, respectively). However, there was no significant association between the expression levels of Livin and PlGF and sex, age or site of tumor (Table I).
Expression of Livin or PlGF is associated with 5-year OS rate
For all of patients in the present study, the median OS time was 73.9 months (range, 18.3–136.5 months) and the 5-year OS rate of the Livin and PlGF high expression group (7 cases, 23.3%) was significantly decreased, compared with that of the Livin and PlGF low expression group (23 cases, 66.7%) (P=0.003). Analysis of the 5-year OS rate revealed a significant difference between patients with tumors exhibiting expression of Livin (n=28) and those with tumors that did not exhibit expression of Livin (n=20) (P=0.034). For the 29 patients exhibiting PlGF expression, the survival analysis differed significantly from that of patients who did not express PIGF (P=0.012) (Table II). Patients with osteosarcoma with low Livin or PlGF expression exhibited a significantly increased survival time, compared with that of patients with high Livin or PlGF expression (Fig. 3).
To assess whether the prognostic value of Livin or PlGF was attributable to prognosis, Cox's regression analysis was performed with all variables including Livin expression, PlGF expression, Livin and PlGF expression, age at diagnosis, tumor stage (low stages IB-IIA vs. advanced stages IIB-III), and tumor size. Univariate analysis revealed that pathological stage and tumor diameter were significant factors influencing the OS time of patients with osteosarcoma. The OS time in patients with stages IB-IIA and a tumor diameter ≤5 cm was significantly increased, compared with that of patients with stages IIB-III and a tumor diameter >5 cm. Patients exhibiting low Livin and PlGF expression had a markedly longer OS time when compared with that of patients with high Livin and PlGF expression. No significant differences in OS time were observed in any other clinicopathological parameters, including sex, age and tumor site.
Factors that demonstrated prognostic significance by univariate analysis were subsequently examined in a multivariate analysis. A poor OS was identified in patients with high expression of Livin [P=0.023; hazard ratio (HR), 0.274; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.089–0.839] and PlGF (P=0.014; HR, 0.209; 95% CI, 0.060–0.728) (P=0.001; HR, 0.193; 95% CI, 0.094–0.511 for Livin and PlGF) (Table III). These results suggested that high Livin and PlGF expression are independent prognostic factor for OS in patients with osteosarcoma.
Discussion
With the development of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the long-term survival of patients with osteosarcoma of the extremity without metastatic disease has improved from 10–15% to 50–70% (18). However, patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis exhibit a poor prognosis due to chemotherapy resistance. Resistance to chemotherapy is a hallmark of osteosarcoma (19). The reduction of anti-apoptotic factors may provide a rational basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies target in cancer osteosarcoma (20). IAPs are the only known endogenous proteins that regulate the activity of initiator and effector caspases (21). Overexpression of XIAP and survivin has been identified in osteosarcoma, indicating that IAP-mediated inhibition of apoptosis may participate in tumorigenesis (21). Livin is one of the novel human IAP family members, which was first described in melanoma. It has been demonstrated that Livin was expressed in a number of types of tumor cell and several fetal tissues, but not in normal adult tissues. Livin is not detectable in the majority of types of normal differentiated tissue, with the exception of the placenta, testes, spinal cord and lymph node; however, it is present in a number of types of cancer including carcinomas of the breast and prostate, osteosarcoma, melanoma and lymphoma cells (21).
A previous study revealed that Livin antagonized the death receptor and mitochondria-based apoptosis signaling pathways via the inhibition of downstream caspases including caspase-3, caspase-7 and caspase-9, leading to their inactivation and degradation (22). The anti-apoptotic potential of Livin and its preferential expression in osteosarcoma, at very low or undetectable levels in the corresponding normal tissue, suggest that the manipulation of Livin expression could represent a novel and tumor-specific molecular target for cancer therapy (23). Zhuang et al (24) demonstrated that long-term silencing of Livin expression inhibited the proliferation of Livin-expressing non small-cell lung cancer cells and increased the chemosensitivity of NSCLC cells.
Consistent with a previous study (25), the results of the present study identified that a substantial proportion of primary osteosarcoma tissues expressed Livin (58.3%) and the positive expression of Livin was significantly associated with advanced staged osteosarcoma. In the present study, the expression levels of Livin in the osteosarcoma specimens were significantly increased, compared with those in normal bone tissue. The high expression of Livin was significantly associated with OS, clinical Enneking stage and tumor diameter, but not with other clinicopathological factors. Livin expression levels in patients exhibiting stages I–IIA were significantly decreased, compared with those in patients exhibiting stages IIB-III. In addition, analysis of the 5-year OS rate identified a significant difference between patients with osteosarcoma in the Livin positive-expression group and patients who did not express Livin. Livin was primarily identified as a granular pattern in the cytoplasm in the present study. Additionally, the gene expression of Livin was determined in three different osteosarcoma cell lines (SaOS-2, MG-63 and U2OS) and identified to be increased in MG-63 cells, compared with that in the two other cell lines. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrated that Livin may serve a function in osteosarcoma development, which is similar to the findings of a previous report, which identified the function of Livin in other types of malignancy (26).
A previous study demonstrated that angiogenesis serves a key function in cancer growth, and was regarded as a marker for invasiveness and metastasis in osteosarcoma (27). VEGF has been extensively studied and is considered to be the most important pro-angiogenic factor in osteosarcoma (28). PlGF, which exhibits 42% amino acid sequence identity with VEGF, was initially cloned from the placenta and cooperated with VEGF in the formation of vasculature (29). A previous study has demonstrated the prognostic implication of high PlGF expression in a number of types of cancer (30). PlGF serves a key function in tumor angiogenesis by affecting endothelial cells via VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1 (31). Actions of PIGF in tumor angiogenesis include the following: Separating VEGF from VEGFR-1, enabling VEGF to activate VEGFR-2; acting as a stimulator via binding to VEGFR-1, which in turn would increase cell sensitivity to VEGF acting via VEGFR-2; recruiting monocytes/macrophages, which affects vessel growth; and mobilizing hematopoietic progenitor cells from the bone marrow (31). Previous studies have demonstrated that increased PlGF expression was associated with tumor progression and the invasiveness of cancer cells was inhibited by the anti-PlGF antibody (32,33). However, the level of PlGF protein expression and its significance in osteosarcoma remain unknown.
To the best or our knowledge, the present study was the first study to quantitate the PlGF expression in human osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines in order to evaluate the association between PlGF expression and the prognosis of osteosarcoma. The results of the present study revealed that positive expression of PlGF is significantly associated with advanced tumor stage and a tumor diameter >5 cm. Increased expression of PlGF was observed in advanced stage osteosarcoma, compared with that in early stage osteosarcoma, and high PIGF expression was indicative of a poor prognosis for the patient. The results of the present study validated that PlGF was significantly upregulated in osteosarcoma specimens, compared with that in normal bone tissues. In addition, the association between PlGF and prognosis was of increased significance in stage IIB-III patients, compared with that in stage IB-IIA patients. The results of the present study indicated that PlGF may not be involved in the early development and growth of osteosarcoma. The effect of Livin and PlGF expression was additionally studied in three human osteosarcoma cell lines. MG-63, an osteoblast-derived osteosarcoma cell line derived from a 14-year-old Caucasian male, is considered to be representative of osteoblast precursors or early undifferentiated osteoblast-like cells (34). SaOS-2 is a non-transformed osteoblast-like cell line derived from the primary osteosarcoma of an 11-year-old Caucasian female (35) and U2OS was derived from a moderately differentiated sarcoma of the tibia of a 15-year-old female (36). The expression levels of Livin and PlGF in MG-63 cells were markedly increased, compared with those in U2OS and SaOS-2 cell lines; this result may be because MG-63 cells are phenotypically more differentiated than U2OS and SaOS-2 cells (37,38). Therefore, it has been suggested by the present study that PlGF may serve a function in the rapid restoration of tumor blood supply following treatment and thus may enhance the possibility of cancer recurrence. PlGF may be a therapeutic target in patients with cancer recurrence.
The present study has demonstrated that Livin is positively expressed in osteosarcoma and may be an important prognostic marker for the survival of patients with osteosarcoma. In addition, the results of the present study revealed that increased levels of PlGF are significantly associated with poorly differentiated osteosarcoma and a poor outcome for the patient. Anti-angiogenic therapy exhibits potential in combination with conventional chemotherapy for patients with osteosarcoma and additional studies are required to validate this. Therefore, the present study identified that Livin and PlGF may be potential treatment targets for human osteosarcoma. However, as the size of the present sample is limited, additional validation is required.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81660443), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (grant no. 20122BBG70107-3) and the Foundation of Shanghai Health Bureau (grant no. 2010061).
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Authors' contributions
KS conducted the molecular genetic studies, participated in the sequence alignment performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. ZC performed the immunoassays. TC participated in the design of the study. JZ and QL conceived the study, participated in its design and coordination and assisted in drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was approved by the ethical committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and had been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Due to the present study being retrospective, the ethics committee specifically approved that not informed consent was required due to data being analyzed anonymously; therefore, informed consent was not required, but the patients or their guardians signed in informed consent for the surgery.
Patient consent for publication
All of the patients or their guardians signed informed consent for the publication of the present study.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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