Clinical features and prognosis of breast cancer with gastric metastasis
- Authors:
- Published online on: November 23, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.9754
- Pages: 1833-1841
Abstract
Introduction
Breast cancer had one of the highest incidence rates and was a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide in 2016, and its incidence is continuously increasing (1). Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising luminal type A, luminal type B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive and basal-like breast cancer. Clinical features, treatment and prognosis differ depending on the subtype (2). The most common metastatic sites of breast cancer are the bone, brain, liver and lung, however, patterns of metastasis are affected by the breast cancer subtype (3–5). By contrast, breast cancer rarely metastasizes to the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, and few studies and case reports concerning gastric metastasis from breast cancer can be found (6–16). Chemokines and their receptors, including CXCR4 and CCR7, are critical for regulating the location of metastasis. Their respective ligands CXCL12/SDF-1α and CCL21/6Ckine demonstrate peak levels of expression in the primary organs of breast cancer metastasis (17). Low incidence of metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract may be due to low expression of chemokine receptor ligands at this location. Due to its rarity, breast cancer with gastric metastasis is occasionally confused with a primary malignancy in the stomach. However, discriminating characteristic features with clinical implications may exist. Depending on whether it is primary or secondary, the treatment and prognosis are different. The current study aimed to identify the clinical features and prognosis of breast cancer with gastric metastasis. A total of 13 patients with breast cancer and gastric metastasis were analyzed. Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) or luminal-type breast cancer tends to metastasize to the stomach at a higher frequency compared with other types of breast cancer. In addition, the stomach was one of the first metastatic lesion locations in the patients in the present study. These patients had a more favorable prognosis compared with patients with primary gastric cancer.
Materials and methods
Study population
The present study was a retrospective, single-center study. Between January 1994 and October 2016 in Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea), 21,716 patients with breast cancer underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) prior to or following breast cancer diagnosis. Among them, 66 patients with breast cancer had gastric carcinoma according to the pathology reports from the biopsies. A total of 13 patients (median age, 45 years; range, 38–65 years) with breast cancer presented with gastric metastasis and 47 had double primary cancer. A total of 2 patients had a previous gastric malignancy prior to breast cancer diagnosis. It was not possible to determine whether 4 patients had double primary cancer or breast cancer with gastric metastasis (Fig. 1). Pathology specialists in the hospital determined whether a gastric lesion was primary or secondary.
Out of the 13 patients, 11 were determined to have breast cancer with gastric metastasis according to pathological analysis using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining with the following biomarkers: Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15), cytokeratin 7, GATA-binding protein 3 and E-cadherin. Only 2 patients underwent staining for GATA-3 and 1 patient underwent staining for E-cadherin, therefore, these data are not shown. An additional 2 patients with breast cancer, who had gastric carcinoma at EGD, were also included into this group clinically, as their gastric lesions responded to subsequent breast cancer chemotherapy. The samples obtained from these 2 patients were assessed by EGD without IHC staining.
Data collection
Clinicopathological data from the electronic medical records were collected. The variables considered for the sample collection of the present study were the following: Age, sex, stage according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system (18), pathology, hormone receptor status of breast cancer, HER2 status, treatment modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy for breast cancer, time interval to other metastasis and gastric metastasis, gastric symptoms, endoscopy results according to Borrmann's classification (19), pathology and hormone receptor status of metastasis, other IHC staining markers of gastric metastasis, including GCDFP-15, treatment for gastric metastasis and follow-up data.
IHC staining
Breast and gastric tissue samples were embedded in paraffin and fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution for 24–48 h at room temperature. Each sample was cut into 5-mm thick sections. In contrast with the samples of breast cancer, not all samples of gastric metastasis underwent IHC staining with anti-ER (1:200, catalog no. 6F11; Novocastra Laboratories Ltd., Newcastle upon Tyne, UK), anti-PR (1:100; clone 16, Novocastra Laboratories Ltd.), anti-HER2 (pre-diluted; clone 4B5; Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA) or anti-GCDFP-15 (pre-diluted; clone EP1582Y; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) as not all samples were originally considered to be metastasis. A total of 11 out of 13 samples underwent IHC staining for ER. A total of 10, 9 and 10 samples underwent staining for PR, HER2 and GCDFP-15, respectively. Slides were incubated with anti-ER and anti-PR primary antibodies at room temperature for 15 min or at 37°C for 32 min with anti-HER2 and anti-GCDFP-15 primary antibodies. Subsequently, Bond Polymer Refine Detection kit (Leica Biosystems, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) was used to detect ER and PR, and ultraView Universal DAB Detection kit (Ventana Medical Systems, Inc.) was used to detect HER2 and GCDFP-15. Stained slides were evaluated using a light microscope (magnification, ×100-200). A cut-off value of ≥1% stained tumor nuclei was used to determine samples as ER-positive or PR-positive. Samples were considered as HER2 positive if samples exhibited IHC 3+ positive staining or a positive silver in situ hybridization (SISH) result. A diffuse intense circumferential membrane ‘chicken-wire’ staining pattern in >10% of the tumor was scored as IHC 3+. Tumors with circumferential membrane staining demonstrating a thin pattern of staining and/or heterogeneity in staining distribution in ≤10% of tumor cells were scored as IHC 2+. Tumors with absent or weak membrane staining were scored as 0 or IHC 1+ (20). If samples exhibited IHC 2+ staining, HER2 gene status was evaluated by HER2 SISH. HER2 SISH was considered as positive if the average HER2/CEP17 ratio was ≥2.0 or the average HER2 copy number was ≥6.0 signals/cell. For GCDFP-15, any cytoplasmic staining was considered as positive.
Statistical analysis
Kaplan-Meier curves were used to measure overall survival rate and time following gastric metastasis, and significant differences were identified by a log-rank test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 24; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Data are presented as the median ± standard deviation.
Ethical considerations
The present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center (approval no. 2017-11-097-002). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.
Results
Patient characteristics
Characteristics of the 13 patients with breast cancer are presented in Table I. The median age of these patients at the time of breast cancer diagnosis was 45 years. A total of 7 (53.8%) patients presented with ILC and 6 (46.2%) with invasive ductal carcinoma. Positivity in tissue cancer samples was 92.3% for ER and 76.9% for PR. All samples were negative for HER2. Out of the 13 tumors, 11 (84.6%) were stage I–III and 2 patients (15.4%) had stage IV gastric metastasis at initial breast cancer diagnosis based on the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging system. All patients with de novo stage I–III breast cancer underwent surgery, consisting of a mastectomy in 9 (81.8%) patients and breast-conserving surgery in 2 (18.2%) patients. 2 patients with stage IV breast cancer received chemotherapy initially instead of surgery.
Characteristics of the gastric metastasis
Characteristics of the gastric metastasis from breast cancer are presented in Table II. The stomach was the first metastatic lesion location in 6 (54.5%) out of the 11 patients with de novo stage I–III cancer. The median time between breast cancer and gastric metastasis was 104 months for these patients. For the 6 patients where gastric metastasis was the initial metastatic lesion, the median time to gastric metastasis was 77.5 months. For the other 5 patients, the median time between other initial distant metastasis and gastric metastasis was 42 months, where initial metastatic lesion location differed among patients. One of these 5 patients had initial lung and bone metastasis following gastric metastasis, while another patient also had bone metastasis initially, following gastric metastasis. The third patient had liver metastasis initially, followed by gastric metastasis and the fourth patient had bone metastasis initially, followed by metastasis in each ovary and then gastric metastasis. The last of these 5 patients had pancreatic metastasis, followed by metastasis of the ureter and finally gastric metastasis. A time graph for breast cancer and gastric metastasis is presented in Fig. 2. Of the 11 patients for whom details regarding any related symptoms were retrieved by electronic medical records, 7 (63.6%) had symptoms, including melena, hematemesis, vomiting, poor oral intake, dyspepsia and abdominal pain, while 4 (36.4%) patients exhibited no symptoms. A total of 7 out of 13 patients underwent EGD due to the aforementioned symptoms, 3 underwent EGD for routine check-ups without symptoms and 1 underwent EGD as gastric malignancy was suspected at follow-up abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan for disease evaluation of chemotherapy. The remaining 2 patients underwent EGD at other hospitals for unknown reasons; therefore information regarding their symptoms could not be collected. A total of 9 (81.8%) patients with gastric cancer had tumors that were ER-positive, and 5 out of 10 (50%) had tumors that were PR-positive. Among the nine gastric tumor samples that underwent IHC staining for HER2, all tumors were HER2-negative. Among the 10 patients who underwent GCDFP-15 staining, 6 (60%) exhibited positive results.
Treatment modalities of the breast cancer
The treatment of the breast cancer, including surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, adjuvant radiotherapy, hormone therapy, palliative chemotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate is presented in Table III. In addition, Table III also presents the treatment of the gastric metastasis, including palliative chemotherapy, intrathecal methotrexate, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and whole-brain radiotherapy.
Prognosis of gastric metastasis
Kaplan-Meier curves are presented in Fig. 3. The 3-year survival rate was 79.1%, and the estimated mean survival time was 35.1 months. A total of 2 patients succumbed to their disease, and 8 patients remained alive with the disease at follow-up. When comparing 6 patients who had initial gastric metastasis with 5 patients who had subsequent gastric metastasis following initial other distant metastasis, the 3-year survival rate of the former was 100%, while that of the latter was 53.3%. However, there was no significant difference (P=0.138) between the two, due to the small number of cases. Further extensive follow-up is required to confirm the 5-year survival rate and events.
A patient with gastric metastasis as the initial metastasis
Among the 13 patients with breast cancer and gastric metastasis, only 1 had sole gastric metastasis as the initial metastasis. Even though the stomach lesion was a sole cancer lesion in this patient, it was determined not to be primary, but metastatic, following thorough review and discussion with a pathology specialist. Therefore, rather than surgery or endoscopic treatment, this patient was treated with 2,000 mg capecitabine (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) every 3 weeks for 4 cycles and a reduced dose of 1,500 mg due to diarrhea every 3 weeks for 3 cycles. The last noted response was partial. Another patient had gastric metastasis with regional lymph node metastasis at the initial metastasis (Figs. 4 and 5). Treatment consisted of letrozole (Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland), exemestane (Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA) plus everolimus (Novartis International), weekly paclitaxel (Hospira; Pfizer, Inc.), doxorubicin (Boryung, Seoul, Korea) plus cyclophosphamide (Baxter Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA), and capecitabine (Roche Diagnostics) until the last follow-up. The remaining patients had other distant metastasis in addition to that of the stomach. These patients did not undergo stomach surgery, but instead received chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy or no treatment (Table III).
EGD results of gastric metastases
EGD results of patients with gastric metastasis were diverse in terms of location, size, number, shape, and presence or absence of bleeding, erosion or ulceration (Fig. 6). Fig. 6A presents white discolored mucosal lesion with speculated edge, Fig. 6B presents round polypoid lesions with or without ulceration, Fig. 6C presents diffuse infiltrative lesion with spontaneous bleeding and fold thickening mimicking Bormann type IV, and Fig. 6D presents deep ulcerative lesion with yellowish exudate and spontaneous bleeding. Gastric metastasis can be located anywhere from the fundus to the antrum, even in the lesser curvature and posterior wall side of the remnant stomach. One of the patients underwent a Whipple procedure for pancreatic metastasis prior to gastric metastasis. A gastric lesion was suspected subsequent to a follow-up abdominal CT scan for disease evaluation of chemotherapy. EGD was performed and a gastric lesion in the remnant stomach was found (Fig. 7). Sizes ranged between 0.5 and 10 cm. While 9 patients (69.2%) presented with solitary lesions, the other patients (30.8%) presented with 2 or multiple lesions that increased the suspicion of metastasis. Shapes were diverse, including elevated mucosal lesions or polyps, with or without erosion or ulceration, and infiltrative or ulcerative lesions, which can mimic early gastric cancer to advanced gastric cancer. In terms of bleeding, 1 patient had a mucosal elevated lesion with oozing bleeding, and another patient had an ill-defined nodular lesion with spontaneous bleeding. In addition, 1 patient who presented with melena received hypertonic saline mixed with epinephrine and argon plasma coagulation for spontaneous bleeding. There were no specific EGD results to diagnose gastric metastasis. It is difficult to consider gastric metastasis, particularly in the setting of a solitary gastric lesion. Taking the aforementioned into consideration, clinical suspicion and obtaining a full history of patients in addition to an adequate biopsy of the gastric lesion are crucial.
Undetermined patients
A total of 4 patients had undetermined status, as data were not available. Terminal-stage breast cancer was indicated in 3 patients who were diagnosed with gastric carcinoma as they had gastric symptoms. Since the patients were diagnosed with terminal-stage breast cancer, further evaluation and management was deferred, and they succumbed in the following months.
Discussion
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. In the present study, it was not possible to precisely discern which type of breast cancer metastasized most often to the stomach. However, luminal type A or B breast cancer tended to commonly metastasize to the stomach. Furthermore, ILC metastasis to the stomach was more frequent when considering pathological type.
There are several case reports including only a few cases due to low incidence of breast cancer with gastric metastasis (6–16). Taal et al (21) reported 51 cases of breast cancer with gastric metastasis, and 36 of the 51 patients had ILC. In contrast with a favorable outcome in the current study, median survival was 10 months and the 2-year survival rate was 23% in Taal et al study. This may be due to advancements in breast cancer treatment as enrollment of patients was between 1977 and 1997, and cancer treatment was administered prior to 2000. Xu et al (22) also reported 78 cases of metastatic gastric cancer from breast carcinoma from a literature search, which included Taal et al study. Of the 78 cases, 51 had ILC and positive IHC staining for ER, PR and HER-2 was 94.0, 68.3 and 5.9%, respectively. This result is very similar to the current study, in which positive IHC staining for ER, PR and HER-2 was 81.8, 50, and 0%, respectively. However, in contrast with Xu et al's study, which comprised a broad spectrum of patients regarding study time and medical centers, the current study only collected data from a single center and in a shorter time period.
Among the 66 patients diagnosed with gastric carcinoma by biopsy pathology, 47 had double primary cancer based on clinical situation or pathology reports. Out of the 47 patients with double primary cancer, 38 had no evidence of breast or gastric cancer recurrence according to their follow-up. Among these 38 patients, 34 underwent gastrectomy and 4 underwent endoscopic resection. Certain patients who had double primary cancer may have had breast cancer with gastric metastasis, which may have not been identified due to lack of attention to patient history regarding breast cancer at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, only 2 out of 47 patients with double primary cancer had stomach samples with ER/PR IHC staining, and 3 had stomach samples with GCDFP-15 IHC staining. These results were in contrast with those of the 13 patients with breast cancer and gastric metastasis, 11 of whom had IHC staining results for ER, 10 for PR, 9 for HER2 and 10 for GCDFP-15. HER2 IHC staining was performed for samples from 37 patients, as HER2 is a routine IHC examination for gastric cancer. Nevertheless, 38 out of 47 patients had no evidence of recurrence. Even if recurrence following gastrectomy occurred, pathological stage was higher than stage III. In summary, a number of indications may be considered at the time of IHC staining, particularly the results of ER/PR and GCDFP-15 IHC staining. The stomach was the first metastatic lesion location in 6 (54.5%) out of 11 patients with breast cancer de novo stage I–III cancer, and the median time interval from breast cancer diagnosis to gastric metastasis was 77.5 months. This interval of >5 years may be long enough to consider a gastric malignancy as a primary cancer. The results of the present study suggests that clinical suspicion and thorough pathological review are required.
The 3-year survival rate following gastric metastasis was 79.1% and the estimated mean survival time was 35.1 months. The 13 patients with breast cancer with gastric metastases had a more favorable outcome compared with patients with gastric cancer stage IV (23). A total of 2 patients succumbed, emphasizing that classifying gastric malignancy as primary or secondary is important for deciding adequate treatment without unnecessary surgery in addition to estimating prognosis.
Limitations of the present study included that it was small, retrospective and based in a single center. Due to these limitations, it was not possible to demonstrate the associations among markers associated with breast cancer, including receptor status, tumor grade and survival. Additional cases are required to strengthen the present study. Secondly, information was incomplete. For example, certain IHC staining results were missing. With cautious suspicion, the number of cases of breast cancer with gastric metastasis may increase, and additional information may be gathered. The number of patients with double primary cancer may have been underestimated in the present study. As gastric cancer was the variable searched for in pathology reports, data on gastric lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, gastric neuroendocrine tumors and other types of carcinoma may have been missed. However, as the proportion of the aforementioned types of cancer was low and the aim of the present study was to analyze breast cancer with gastric metastasis, patients may not have been missed from the analysis process after all. Further translational research for gastric metastases from breast cancer to elucidate the underlying biological mechanism is required.
The present study concluded that breast cancer with gastric metastasis is rare. Luminal-type breast cancer or ILC tended to metastasize to the stomach more than other types of breast cancer. The stomach was one of the first metastatic lesion locations among patients with breast cancer and gastric metastasis, and these patients had a more favorable prognosis compared with patients with primary gastric cancer. Since gastric metastasis from breast cancer is rare, a thorough pathology review and greater clinical suspicion are required.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
JH gathered, analyzed and interpreted the patient data and wrote the article. YK, JC, SWL, SEP, HKK and HL gathered and analyzed the patient data. SYC analyzed and interpreted the pathology of the patients. JK, JSA, YHI and YHP analyzed and interpreted the patient data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center (approval no. 2017-11-097-002), and the requirement for informed consent was waived.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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