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Introduction

Glioma is the most common type of primary brain tumor that originates from glial cells, with an overall incidence of ~5/100,000 individuals per year worldwide (1,2). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) grading criteria, gliomas are categorized into low-grade gliomas (grade I and II) and high-grade gliomas (grade III and IV) (1). Glioma exhibits several malignant characteristics, such as strong invasiveness and a high recurrence rate (3,4). Despite considerable advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the median survival time of patients with glioma has only marginally improved (5). In particular, grade IV glioma, also known as glioblastoma, is the most aggressive form of glioma with a median survival of 12–15 months (6,7). Therefore, the identification of novel cancer-associated biomarkers may be beneficial for improving the prognosis of patients with glioma.

microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are a class of highly conserved small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally modulate the expression of mRNAs by binding to their 3′-untranslated region (UTR) (8). Studies have shown that miRNAs play a crucial role in various biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration (9,10). Aberrant miRNA expression is involved in the progression of various diseases, including cancer (11,12). To date, several miRNAs have been identified to function as oncogenes or suppressor genes in cancer development, such as miR-21 in colorectal cancer (13) and miR-338 in glioma (14), which suggests that they are potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers (15). Abnormal miR-665 expression has been reported in multiple human diseases, including cancer (16–18). For example, a recent study identified several glioma-associated miRNAs, including miR-665 (19). To the best of our knowledge, the clinical significance and functional role of miR-665 in glioma have not been investigated. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is upregulated in tumor tissues or cancer cell lines and contributes to the development of a variety of cancer types, such as gastric and colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (20–22). Previous studies have demonstrated an association between HMGB1 and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (23) and colorectal carcinoma (24). Accordingly, it was hypothesized the miR-665/HMGB1 axis may be involved in the progression of glioma through regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

The present study aimed to examine the expression of miR-665 in glioma using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-q)PCR and explore its clinical significance using Kaplan-Meier method. The functional role of miR-665 was also investigated using cellular experiments in vitro, demonstrating the role of the miR-665/HMGB1 axis in regulating the progression of glioma through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Materials and methods

Patients and tissue specimens

The present study was approved by The Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (approval no. SYXK Qin 2018-0006), and written informed consent was obtained from the patients with glioma. Paired fresh glioma tissue specimens and adjacent non-cancerous tissue specimens (3-cm away from glioma) were obtained from a total of 113 glioma patients who underwent resection at Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University between March 2010 and May 2014. Inclusion criteria were as follows: i) patients had not received anticancer treatment before surgical resection; ii) complete clinicopathological characteristic information; and iii) patients had no other diseases. All tissue specimens were made anonymous, confirmed by experienced pathologists independently and immediately snap-frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen until RNA extraction. Detailed clinicopathological characteristics of all the patients, including age, sex, tumor size, Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) and WHO grade (25,26), were obtained. For prognostic analyses, the 5-year overall survival information of patients was collected after surgery and recorded by telephone every 3 months during the first 2 years, every 6 months during the next 2 years and one year thereafter until death events occurred or the cut-off follow-up date. In the clinical analysis, glioma patients were divided into low miR-665 expression group and high miR-665 expression group according to the mean miR-665 expression level (0.2168) in glioma tissues.

Cell culture and transfection

The human glioma cell lines (U251MG, A172, LN18 and T98G) were purchased from The Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. All glioma cells were incubated in DMEM (Gibco; Thermo Scientific, Inc.) containing 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Normal human astrocytes (NHAs; cat. no. CC-2565) were purchased from Lonza Group, Ltd. and cultured in astrocyte growth media (Lonza Group, Ltd.) supplemented with 10% FBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). All cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2.

The miR-665 mimic (5′-ACCAGGAGGCUGAGGCCCCU-3′), miR-665 inhibitor (5′-AGGGGCCUCAGCCUCCUGGU-3′), mimic non-targeting negative control (NC; 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′), inhibitor non-targeting NC (5′-CAGUACUUUUGUGUAGUACAA-3′), pcDNA3.1 (negative control for pcDNA3.1-HMGB1) and pcDNA3.1-HMGB1 were synthesized by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. For cell transfection, 2×105 glioma cells were seeded into 6-well plates, and miR-665 mimic, mimic NC, miR-665 inhibitor, inhibitor NC, pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA3.1-HMGB1 were transfected into A172 and T98G cells using Lipofectamine® 3000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocols. After transfection for 48 h, the transfection efficiency was confirmed by RT-qPCR and transfected cells were collected for further analysis.

RNA extraction and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-q)PCR

Total RNA was extracted from glioma tissues and normal cells and glioma cells using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) following the manufacturer's instructions. Afterwards, the RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA using the PrimeScript™ RT Reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The miR-665 reverse transcription primer was 5′-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGAGTCGGCAATTCAGTTGAGAGGGGC-3′. Then, qPCR was performed using the SYBR-Green PCR kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) on an ABI 7900 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The thermocycling conditions for RT-qPCR were as follows: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of 95°C for 30 sec, 60°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 30 sec. The primers used were as follows: miR-665, forward: 5′-GCCGAGACCAGGAGGCTGAG-3′ and reverse: 5′-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGA-3′; U6, forward: 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′ and reverse: 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′; HMGB1, forward: 5′-TCCAGCAGTTTGTTGGGGTT-3′ and reverse: 5′-AACAAGGGCCTAAGCGAGTC-3′; β-actin, forward: 5′-AAGACGTACTCAGGCCATGTCC-3′ and reverse: 5′-GACCCAAATGTCGCAGTCAG-3′. Relative miR-665 and HMGB1 mRNA expression levels were analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCq method (27) and normalized to U6 and β-actin, respectively.

Cell proliferation assay

The cell proliferation rate was analyzed using a Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). A total of 2×103 transfected cells/well were seeded into 96-well plates and incubated for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h at 37°C before the addition of 10 µl CCK-8 reagent. Cells were incubated for a further 2 h, and optical density of each well was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).

Cell migration and invasion assay

The migration and invasion capabilities of glioma cells were evaluated using Transwell inserts (8-µm pores; BD Biosciences). In the invasion assays, the membranes were pre-coated with Matrigel (BD Biosciences) at 37°C for 1 h, while a non-Matrigel insert was used for the migration assays. After transfection, 5×104 transfected cells were re-suspended in FBS-free medium and placed into the upper chambers, while the medium with 10% FBS was added into the lower chambers. After 24 h, migratory and invasive cells in the lower membrane were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 20 min and stained with 0.1% crystal violet at 37°C for 15 min. Stained cells were counted from five random fields under a light microscope (magnification, ×200; Olympus Corporation).

Bioinformatics analysis and Dual-luciferase reporter assay

Bioinformatics analyses were performed using TargetScan (www.targetscan.org) and miRWalk (mirwalk.umm.uni-heidelberg.de/) to predict the potential target genes of miR-665. The predicted wild-type (wt) or mutant (mut) 3′-UTR of HMGB1 was amplified and cloned into a pmirGLO plasmid (Promega Corporation), generating the plasmids HMGB1 3′-UTR-wt and HMGB1 3′-UTR-mut, respectively. Then, the generated vectors were cotransfected with miR-665 mimic, mimic NC, miR-665 inhibitor or inhibitor NC into A172 cells using Lipofectamine® 3000 reagent as aforementioned. After 48 h of transfection, the firefly luciferase activity was determined using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay system (Promega Corporation) by normalizing to Renilla luciferase activity.

Western blotting

Transfected A172 cells were cultured and prepared in 6-well plates overnight. The cells were then harvested and washed twice with PBS and lysed with RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) to extract total protein. The protein concentration was determined using a BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). For western blot analysis, proteins were separated via 10% SDS-PAGE and then blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were blocked in 5% milk for 1 h at room temperature and were then incubated with primary antibodies against HMGB1 (cat. no. ab18256; 1:1,000 dilution), β-catenin (cat. no. ab32572; 1:1,000 dilution), cyclin D1 (cat. no. ab16663; 1:2,000 dilution), C-myc (cat. no. ab32072; 1:1,000 dilution) (all from Abcam) and β-actin (cat. no. sc-47778; 1:1,000 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) overnight at 4°C. After that, the membranes were incubated with corresponding secondary antibody goat anti-rabbit HRP (cat. no. ab205718; 1:5,000 dilution; Abcam) or goat anti-mouse HRP (cat. no. ab6789; 1:5,000 dilution; Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. The signals were visualized using an electrochemiluminescence kit (GE Healthcare) and protein levels were quantified by densitometry using ImageJ version (1.42 software; National Institutes of Health).

Statistical analysis

All experiments were repeated at least three times and data are presented as the mean ± SD, unless otherwise shown. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0 (IMB Corp.) and GraphPad Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software Inc.). χ2 tests were used to analyze the association between miR-665 expression and clinical characteristics of patients with glioma. Paired Student's t-tests were used to compare differences between tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues and one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey's post hoc test was performed to analyze the difference among three or more groups. Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank tests and Cox regression analysis were performed to investigate the prognostic significance of miR-665. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Decreased miR-665 expression in glioma tissues and cells

The expression of miR-665 in both glioma tissues and cell lines was detected using RT-qPCR. The results showed glioma tissues exhibited significantly decreased relative miR-665 expression compared with normal tissues (P<0.001; Fig. 1A). As demonstrated in Fig. 1B, miR-665 expression was significantly decreased in glioma cells, including U251MG, A172, LN18 and T98G cells, compared with expression in NHA cells (all P<0.001). These results suggested that miR-665 may be a tumor suppressor in glioma. Among these glioma cells, A172 and T98G exhibited the lowest miR-665 expression levels, therefore these cell lines were selected for further experiments.

Figure 1. Expression of miR-665 in glioma tissues and cell lines measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. (A) miR-665 expression was significantly lower in glioma tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. (B) Relative expression of miR-665 was downregulated in glioma cell lines (U251MG, A172, LN18 and T98G) compared with NHAs. ***P<0.001 vs. non-tumor or NHA. miR, microRNA; NHA, normal human astrocytes.

Association between miR-665 expression and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with glioma

Patients with glioma were classified into low (n=58) and high (n=55) miR-665 expression groups based on the mean miR-665 expression level in glioma tissues. The present study demonstrated that low miR-665 expression was significantly associated with KPS (P=0.031) and WHO grade (P=0.006) in patients with glioma; however, no significant association was observed between miR-665 expression and other parameters, including age, sex and tumor size (Table I). These results suggested that miR-665 expression may be involved in the development of glioma.

Table I. Association of high (n=55) and low (n=58) microRNA-665 with the clinicopathological features of 113 patients with glioma.

Table I.

Association of high (n=55) and low (n=58) microRNA-665 with the clinicopathological features of 113 patients with glioma.

		miR-665 expression, n
Features	No. of cases	Low	High	P-value
Age, years				0.383
≤50	52	29	23
>50	61	29	32
Sex				0.482
Female	49	27	22
Male	64	31	33
Tumor size, cm				0.636
≤5.0	57	28	29
>5.0	56	30	26
KPS				0.031
≤80	57	35	22
>80	56	23	33
WHO grade				0.006
I–II	59	23	36
III–IV	54	35	19

[i] WHO, World Health Organization; KPS, Karnofsky performance scale.

Furthermore, a Kaplan-Meier curve was constructed to analyze 5-year follow-up data (the average follow-up time was 39.36 months), which suggested that patients with a low expression level of miR-665 had a significantly shorter overall survival time compared with the high expression group (P=0.008; Fig. 2). Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the expression level of miR-665 and WHO grade were independent indicators for overall survival in patients with glioma (P<0.05; Table II). Overall, these results indicated that decreased miR-665 may be a prognostic biomarker in glioma.

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the association between miR-665 expression and overall survival time of patients with glioma. miR, microRNA; Cum, cumulative.

Table II. Multivariate Cox regression analysis for clinicopathological variables of patients with glioma.

Table II.

Multivariate Cox regression analysis for clinicopathological variables of patients with glioma.

	Multivariate analysis
Variables	HR	95% CI	P-value
miR-665, low vs. high expression	1.878	1.058-3.333	0.031
Age, ≤50 vs. >50 years	0.801	0.452-1.418	0.447
Sex, female vs. male	0.726	0.358-1.472	0.375
Tumor size, >5.0 vs. ≤5.0 cm	1.927	0.934-3.975	0.076
KPS, >80 vs. ≤ 80	0.564	0.317-1.006	0.052
WHO grade, III–IV vs. I–II	1.784	1.013-3.144	0.045

[i] WHO, World Health Organization; KPS, Karnofsky performance scale; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

miR-665 suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells

To further investigate the functional relevance of miR-665 in glioma, A172 and T98G cells were transfected with miR-665 mimic, mimic NC, miR-665 inhibitor or inhibitor NC and were analyzed using RT-qPCR. The relative expression of miR-665 was significantly increased in glioma cells following transfection with miR-665 mimic, and was significantly decreased following transfection with the miR-665 inhibitor, compared with untreated cells (P<0.001; Fig. 3A). The mimic NC and inhibitor NC group were not significantly different compared with the untreated group, therefore untreated cells were used as control comparisons. Cell proliferation was examined using CCK-8 assays, which revealed that overexpression of miR-665 significantly inhibited glioma cell proliferation, whereas knockdown of miR-665 significantly promoted cell proliferation, compared with untreated cells (P<0.05; Fig. 3B). Transwell migration and invasion assays revealed that upregulation of miR-665 significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of glioma cells, while inhibition of miR-665 attenuated these abilities, compared with untreated cells (P<0.01 or P<0.001; Fig. 4A-D). These results indicated that miR-665 may exert an tumor suppressive role in glioma through suppressing tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.

Figure 3. Effects of miR-665 on the proliferation of A172 and T98G cells. (A) Transfection efficiency was confirmed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in cells following transfection with miR-665 mimic, miR-665 inhibitor or respective NCs. (B) Overexpression of miR-665 suppressed cell proliferation, while knockdown of miR-665 promoted cell proliferation, compared with untreated cells. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. untreated control. miR, microRNA; NC, negative control; OD, optical density.

Figure 4. Effect of miR-665 on the migration and invasion of A172 and T98G cells using Transwell migration and invasion assays. (A) Representative migration images of A172 and T98G cells (magnification, ×200). (B) Upregulation of miR-665 inhibited cell migration. (C) Representative invasion images of A172 and T98G cells (magnification, ×200). (D) Upregulation of miR-665 inhibited invasion, while inhibition of miR-665 enhanced cell migration, compared with untreated cells. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. untreated cells. miR, microRNA; NC, negative control.

miR-665 directly targets HMGB1 in A172 cells

According to the bioinformatics prediction, the 3′-UTR region of the HMGB1 gene was complementary with the seed sequences of miR-665 (Fig. 5A). Firstly, HMGB1 mRNA and protein expression levels were quantified using RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively. The results showed that miR-665-overexpression inhibited both HMGB1 mRNA and protein levels, while knockdown of miR-665 promoted both HMGB1 mRNA and protein levels in A172 cells, compared with the untreated group (P<0.001; Fig. 5B and C). Subsequently, the luciferase reporter assay results revealed that enhanced expression of miR-665 significantly inhibited the luciferase activity of the HMGB1 3′-UTR wt, while downregulation of miR-665 promoted the luciferase activity of the HMGB1 3′-UTR wt, compared with the untreated group (P<0.05; Fig. 5D). Meanwhile, no significant changes were observed in the HMGB1 3′-UTR mut. These results revealed that miR-665 could directly target HMGB1 in A172 cells.

Figure 5. HMGB1 is a target of miR-665. (A) HMGB1 predicted as the target of miR-665 using TargetScan and miRWalk. (B) Overexpression of miR-665 in A172 cells inhibited the expression of HMGB1 mRNA levels. (C) Upregulation of miR-665 led to decreased expression of HMGB1 protein levels. (D) Luciferase activity of the HMGB1 3′-UTR wt was decreased by the miR-665 mimic but increased by the miR-665 inhibitor. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. untreated cells. HMGB1, high motility box group 1; hsa, homosapien; miR, microRNA; 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region; NC, negative control; wt, wild-type; mut, mutant.

Effects of miR-665 and HMGB1 on the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

A previous study reported that miR-665 inhibits tumorigenesis by directly targeting HMGB1 and inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in retinoblastoma (28). Thus, the present study investigated whether miR-665 and HMGB1 expression could affect the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in A172 cells. First, the transfection efficiency was measured using RT-qPCR and the results are shown in Fig. S1 (P<0.001 vs. untreated cells). The expression levels of the important molecules in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, including β-catenin, cyclin D1 and C-myc (29), were measured in A172 cells with the β-actin as internal reference following the altered expression of miR-665 and HMGB1. As presented in Fig. 6, overexpression of miR-665 significantly inhibited the protein levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and C-myc, while recovery of HMGB1 expression partially abrogated the inhibition of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and C-myc protein levels caused by miR-665 upregulation, compared with untreated group (P<0.05). These results suggested that miR-665 deactivated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in A172 cells through the negative mediation of HMGB1.

Figure 6. Effects of miR-665 and HMGB1 on the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Relative protein levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and C-myc were measured using western blotting. *P<0.05 vs. control, #P<0.05 vs. pcDNA3.1-HMGB1. HMGB1, high motility box group 1; miR, microRNA.

Discussion

Glioma, a malignant brain tumor, is one of the most common malignancies with high mortality rate in China, and there were ~61,000 brain cancer-associated deaths in 2015 (30). To find more effective treatments for glioma, there is a need to identify valuable cancer-related biomarkers. In the present study, it was observed that miR-665 expression was significantly decreased in glioma tissues and cell lines compared with normal tissues and NHAs, and miR-665 expression was associated with KPS and WHO grade. Low expression levels of miR-665 was associated with poor prognosis of patients with glioma. Besides, overexpression of miR-665 significantly inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells, while knockdown of miR-665 promoted these cellular behaviors by targeting HMGB1 through regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

In recent years, growing evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs function as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers in certain patients with cancer, such as colon cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (31,32). In glioma, studies have indicated aberrantly expressed miRNAs are correlated with clinical progression and patient survival, such as miR-3653 (33), miR-362-3p (34) and miR-526b-3p (35). The present study focused on the clinical significance and function of miR-665.

In the present study, miR-665 was significantly downregulated in glioma tissues compared with normal tissues, as well as in glioma cells compared with NHAs. Besides, downregulation of miR-665 was associated with KPS and WHO grade, which suggested that miR-665 acts as a negative regulator in the progression of glioma. Furthermore, the Kaplan-Meier survival analyses results showed that patients with low expression levels of miR-665 had a shorter overall survival time compared with those with high expression of miR-665. Of note, the multivariate analysis confirmed that miR-665 was an independent predictor of poor prognosis, suggesting that miR-665 may be a novel prognostic biomarker for patients with glioma.

Recent studies have shown that miRNA can exert an oncogenic or suppressor role in human cancer (36,37). For instance, miR-6852 expression is downregulated in glioma and suppresses cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (38). miR-454-3p exerts tumor-suppressive functions in glioblastoma, inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis by targeting nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 (39). Several studies have reported that miR-mediates disease progression in various types of cancer. For instance, Zhao et al (40) demonstrated that miR-665 expression is upregulated and associated with poor survival in patients with breast cancer, and promotes the progression of breast cancer by targeting nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3. Hu et al (41) reported that miR-665 expression is increased in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cells, and promotes tumor proliferation, migration and invasion, suggesting that miR-665 is a potential target for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. On the other hand, the suppressor effects of miR-665 have also been observed in several other types of cancer, such as retinoblastoma (28), cervical (42) and ovarian cancer (43). In ovarian cancer, miR-665 suppresses the proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells by targeting homeobox protein Hox-A10, which may act as a tumor-suppressing gene (43). These studies suggest that miR-665 may exert an oncogenic or suppressor role in cancer, depending on the cancer type.

In the present study, overexpression of miR-665 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells, while the opposite effects were observed following knockdown of miR-665. Taken together, the data suggested that miR-665 functioned as a tumor suppressor in glioma, which was consistent with the effects of miR-665 in previous studies (28,42,43). In retinoblastoma, miR-665 is markedly reduced and has as a tumor-suppressive role by targeting HMGB1, suggesting that miR-665 is a candidate prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for patients with retinoblastoma (28). The clinical role and oncogenic function role of HMGB1 have been reported in non-small cell lung cancer (44) and gastric cancer (45,46). In glioma, HMGB1 mediates tumor progression through promoting tumor cell proliferation and the invasion of glioma cells (47,48). In the present study, HMGB1 was predicted as a direct target of miR-665. Furthermore, the present study also focused on the effects of miR-665 and HMGB1 on the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which contributed to tumor progression. The results revealed that miR-665 inactivated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting HMGB1 in A172 cells.

However, there are still some limitiations in the present study. The design and fieldwork was conducted before publication of the study, thus, the primary limitiation may be the limited sample size. Besides, there are lack of some experimental studies, such as in vivo studies. In the future studies, more experimental verfication with large sample sizes are necessary to understand the molecular mechanism of miR-665 in glioma.

Taken together, the present study demonstrated that miR-665 was downregulated in glioma tissues and cell lines, and predicted poor prognosis of patients with glioma. Besides, miR-665 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells by targeting HMGB1 and thereby inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The present study suggested that miR-665 may be a novel prognostic biomarker and the miR-665/HMGB1 axis may provide a potential therapeutic target for glioma.

Supplementary Material

Supporting Data

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

HS and MX conceived and designed the experiments and contributed significantly to the analysis and manuscript preparation. HS, LX, HT and CY performed the experiments. HS, LX and HW performed the statistical analysis. HW and YZ the collected data and interpreted the results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by The Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (approval no. SYXK Qin 2018-0006), and written informed consent was obtained from the patients with glioma.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References