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Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and has become a global health issue, with an increasing incidence worldwide (1,2), as HCC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage (3). Although various systemic therapies such as molecular-targeted agents have been developed for patients with unresectable HCC (u-HCC), few patients achieve durable benefits, and long-term survival rates remain unsatisfactory (4). Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment strategy for u-HCC, and remarkable changes have occurred in systemic treatment settings (5,6). After the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab (Atez/Bev) was established for u-HCC patients, durvalumab plus tremelimumab (Dur/Tre) was recently approved as a first-line therapy for dual ICIs (7).

The Single Tremelimumab Regular Interval Durvalumab (STRIDE) regimen is a combination immunotherapy with tremelimumab, an anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 inhibitor, and durvalumab, an anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 inhibitor (5). Based on the findings of the HIMALAYA phase 3 clinical trial, this first immunotherapy combination showed non-inferior progression-free survival (PFS) but improved overall survival (OS) compared to sorafenib (7) for patients with u-HCC. Following the results of this clinical trial, the STRIDE regimen has become the preferred first-line treatment along with Atez/Bev for u-HCC (8). Compared with other clinical trials for u-HCC, the STRIDE regimen is characterized by a longer observation period, where favorable results have been reported, with a 3-year survival rate of 30.7%. Furthermore, When compared to patients treated with sorafenib, patients treated with the STRIDE regimen had a lower relative risk of reduced quality of life (9). Several phase 3 trials have also reported the efficacy and safety of the STRIDE regimen in other cancers (10,11). However, ICIs largely affect all internal organs, and their use can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that require treatment with immunosuppressive medications in moderate to severe cases (12,13). In fact, the rate of cases with irAE requiring high-dose steroids (≥ prednisolone 40 mg/day) was 20.1% in the HIMALAYA phase 3 clinical trial. However, the efficacy and safety of Dur/Tre for u-HCC in real-world clinical practice remains unknown.

This study aimed to evaluate the overall therapeutic outcomes and safety with the initial use of Dur/Tre for u-HCC treatment.

Patients and methods

Study design and patients

The present retrospective study evaluated 139 patients who were treated with Dur/Tre between March 2023 and January 2024 at 16 Japanese institutions: Kurume University Hospital (Kurume, Japan), Yamaguchi University Hospital (Yamaguchi, Japan), Tokushima University Hospital (Tokushima, Japan), Nagoya University Hospital (Nagoya, Japan), Kagawa University Hospital (Kagawa, Japan), Okayama University Hospital (Okayama, Japan), Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital (Nagoya, Japan), Toyohashi Municipal Hospital (Aichi, Japan), Anjo Kosei Hospital (Anjo, Japan), National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center (Gunma, Japan), Gunma Saiseikai Maebashi Hospital (Gunma, Japan), Kawasaki Medical School (Okayama, Japan), Fukuyama City Hospital (Okayama, Japan), Fukuyama Medical Center (Okayama, Japan), Iwamoto Internal Medical Clinic (Kitakyushu, Japan), and Kurume Central Hospital (Kurume, Japan). The following eligibility criteria were used: i) age >18 years, ii) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) <3, and iii) available clinical data and followed-up until study cessation (January 2024) or death. The exclusion criteria were: i) Child-Pugh class C and ii) a history of autoimmune disease, and iii) Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0 or A. Therefore, 19 patients were excluded from the study. In total, 120 patients were enrolled in this study (Fig. S1). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kurume University School of Medicine (approval code: 23153), and an implementation permit was obtained from each of the 15 other institutions. An opt-out approach was used to obtain informed consent from patients. The cutoff date for this analysis was January 2024.

Durvalumab plus tremelimumab treatment and safety evaluation

The patients were administered tremelimumab for one dose of 300 mg intravenously and durvalumab at a dose of 1,500 mg once every 4 weeks. The treatment was continued until unacceptable AEs or progressive disease occurred. AEs were assessed using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 5.0).

Assessment of hepatic reserve function

Liver function was evaluated using Child-Pugh class (14) and albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) scores (15). ALBI score was calculated based on serum albumin and total bilirubin levels: ALBI score=[log10 bilirubin (µmol/l) ×0.66] + [albumin (g/l) × −0.085], and was graded as follows: ≤-2.60=ALBI grade 1; >-2.60 to ≤-1.39=ALBI grade 2; >-1.39=ALBI grade 3. Based on the ALBI score, we also assessed liver function using the modified ALBI grade (mALBI grade) (16). We evaluated the change in the ALBI score from baseline at 4, 8, and 12 weeks.

Assessment of therapeutic response

The therapeutic response of HCC was assessed at the time of best response using dynamic computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging every 4–8 weeks based on the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST v1.1) (17).

Statistical analysis

All categorical variables are presented as numbers or medians (ranges). Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed using the log-rank test. Continuous variables were compared using a one-way analysis of variance with Scheffe's post-hoc test, and categorical variables were compared between groups using χ2 test or Fisher's exact analysis. We also performed a decision tree analysis to identify factors associated with discontinuation owing to AEs. Statistical significance was defined as a two-tailed P-value of <0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP Pro® version 15 (SAS Institute Inc.).

Results

Clinical characteristics

Patient characteristics are presented in Table I. The median age was 73 years, 96 patients (80.0%) were men, and 100 patients (83.3%) had a performance status of 0. Child-Pugh classes A and B were observed in 110 (91.7%) and 10 (8.4%) patients, respectively. The median ALBI score was −2.27, and m-ALBI grade 1 was observed in 29 patients (24.1%). Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B was observed in 67 patients (55.8%). Macrovascular invasion and extrahepatic spread were observed in 22 (18.3%) and 36 (30.0 %) patients, respectively. Dur/Tre treatment was introduced as the 1st-line, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th treatment in 44 (36.6%), 36 (30.0%), 18 (15.0%), 11 (9.2%), 5 (4.2%), 5 (4.2%), and 1 (0.8 %) patients, respectively. The median follow-up was 5.6 (1.0–9.0) months.

Table I. Patient characteristics.

Table I.

Patient characteristics.

Characteristic	Value
N	120
Median age, years (range)	73 (42–92)
Sex, female/male	24/96
PS, 0/1/2	100/18/2
Median body mass index, kg/m2 (range)	23.3 (15.9–38.8)
Cause of HCC, HBV/HCV/Non-B,C	23/46/51
Child-Pugh class/score
A (5/6)	110 (54/56)
B (7/8)	10 (7/3)
Median AST, U/l (range)	34 (10–274)
Median ALT, U/l (range)	24 (4–208)
Median serum albumin, g/dl (range)	3.6 (2.4–4.6)
Median total bilirubin, mg/dl (range)	0.8 (0.3–2.0)
Median ALBI score (range)	−2.27
	(−3.19 to −1.04)
mALBI grade, 1/2a/2b/3	29/33/57/1
BCLC stage, B/C	67/53
Macrovascular invasion, yes/no	22/98
Extrahepatic spread, yes/no	36/84
Median AFP, ng/ml (range)	56.5
	(1.6–2580,000.0)
Treatment line
First-line	44
Later-line (2nd/3rd/4th/5th/6th/7th)	76
	(36/18/11/5/5/1)
Pre-ICI treatment, yes/no	67/53
HIMALAYA trial exclusion criteria, yes/no	82/38
Later-line	65
Later-line + Vp 4	3
Later-line + Child-Pugh class B	6
Later-line + Increased AST or ALT	2
Child-Pugh class B	4
Increased AST or ALT	2
Median follow-up duration, months (range)	5.6 (1.0–9.0)

[i] PS, performance status; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; mALBI, modified albumin-bilirubin; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; AFP, α-fetoprotein; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor.

Clinical therapeutic outcomes of durvalumab plus tremelimumab

The therapeutic responses are presented in Fig. 1A. Complete response (CR) was observed in three patients (2.5%), and partial response (PR) was observed in 16 patients (13.3%). The objective response rate (ORR) was 15.8%. Stable disease (SD) was observed in 45 patients (37.5%), and progressive disease (PD) was observed in 56 patients (46.7%). The overall disease control rate (DCR) was 53.3%. The median overall PFS was 3.9 months (Fig. 2A). There were no cases of pseudoprogression.

Figure 1. Therapeutic response to Dur/Tre using RECIST criteria. (A) Therapeutic response to Dur/Tre. (B) Therapeutic response to Dur/Tre in the first-line and later-line groups. Dur/Tre, durvalumab plus tremelimumab; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors; CR, complete response; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; ORR, objective response rate; DCR, disease control rate.

Figure 2. PFS in patients with HCC treated with Dur/Tre. (A) Kaplan-Meier curves for PFS of all patients. (B) Kaplan-Meier curves for PFS of the first-line and later-line groups. The red and blue lines indicate the first-line and later-line groups, respectively. PFS, progression-free survival; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma Dur/Tre, durvalumab plus tremelimumab.

Clinical safety

The AEs that occurred during Dur/Tre treatment are shown in Table II. The overall incidence rates of any grade and grade 3 or higher were 83.3 and 36.7%, respectively. Among them, 61 patients (50.8%) had increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, 45 (37.5%) had increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, 45 patients (37.5%) experienced rash, 27 (22.5%) experienced fever, 22 (18.3%) had diarrhea, 6 (5.0%) had pituitary or adrenal insufficiency and drug-induced pneumonia, 26 (21.6%) had fatigue, and 29 (24.1%) experienced decreased appetite. Grade 3 or higher AEs included elevated AST levels (13.3%), elevated ALT levels (10.8%), diarrhea (10.0%), and rash (8.3%). High-dose steroids were administered to 27 patients (22.5%).

Table II. Adverse events associated with Dur/Tre (n=120).

Table II.

Adverse events associated with Dur/Tre (n=120).

Adverse event	Any, n (%)	Grade 3 or higher, n (%)
Total adverse events	100 (83.3)	44 (36.7)
AST evaluation	61 (50.8)	16 (13.3)
ALT evaluation	45 (37.5)	13 (10.8)
Rash	45 (37.5)	10 (8.3)
Fever	27 (22.5)	1 (0.8)
Diarrhea	22 (18.3)	12 (10.0)
Abdominal pain	8 (6.7)	2 (1.6)
Pituitary or adrenal insufficiency	6 (5.0)	6 (5.0)
Drug-induced pneumonia	6 (5.0)	4 (3.3)
Pancreatitis	3 (2.4)	2 (1.6)
Infusion reaction	4 (3.3)	1 (0.8)
Other irAEs	8 (6.7)	4 (3.3)
Fatigue	26 (21.6)	5 (4.1)
Decreased appetite	29 (24.1)	1 (0.8)
Factors
Requiring high-dose steroid		27 (22.5)

[i] Dur/Tre, durvalumab plus tremelimumab; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; irAEs, immune-related adverse events.

Comparison of therapeutic outcomes and safety according to first or later lines of durvalumab plus tremelimumab

The therapeutic responses to the first or later lines are shown in Fig. 1B. Although there was no significant difference in the ORR between the first- or later-line treatment groups (ORR, 15.8 vs. 15.7%, P=0.986), there was a significant difference in the DCR between the two groups (65.8 vs. 45.9%, P=0.034). There was no significant difference in PFS between the two groups (PFS 4.5 vs. 3.6 months, P=0.213) (Fig. 2B). Differences in treatment-related AEs between the first- or later-line treatments are shown in Table III. There was no significant difference in the frequency of AEs between the first- and later-line treatment groups at any grade or grade 3 or higher (Table III).

Table III. The difference in adverse events associated with first-line and later-line groups.

Table III.

The difference in adverse events associated with first-line and later-line groups.

Characteristic	First-line group	Later-line group	P-value
n	44	76
Total
Any grade	37 (84.1%)	63 (82.8%)	0.865
Grade ≥3	15 (34.0%)	29 (38.1%)	0.655
AST evaluation
Any grade	22 (50.0%)	39 (51.3%)	0.889
Grade ≥3	5 (11.3%)	11 (14.4%)	0.625
ALT evaluation
Any grade	14 (31.8%)	31 (40.7%)	0.325
Grade ≥3	4 (9.1%)	9 (11.8%)	0.635
Rash
Any grade	17 (38.6%)	28 (36.8%)	0.619
Grade ≥3	5 (11.3%)	5 (6.5%)	0.368
Fever
Any grade	11 (25.0%)	16 (21.0%)	0.521
Grade ≥3	0 (0.0%)	1 (1.3%)	0.337
Diarrhea
Any grade	12 (27.2%)	10 (13.1%)	0.058
Grade ≥3	7 (15.9%)	5 (6.6%)	0.107
Abdominal pain
Any grade	2 (4.5%)	6 (7.8%)	0.466
Grade ≥3	1 (2.2%)	1 (1.3%)	0.698
Pituitary or adrenal insufficiency
Any grade	3 (6.8%)	3 (3.9%)	0.486
Grade ≥3	3 (6.8%)	3 (3.9%)	0.486
Drug-induced pneumonia
Any grade	2 (4.5%)	4 (5.2%)	0.862
Grade ≥3	1 (2.2%)	3 (3.9%)	0.612
Pancreatitis
Any grade	2 (4.5%)	1 (1.3%)	0.274
Grade ≥3	1 (2.2%)	1 (1.3%)	0.693
Infusion reaction
Any grade	2 (4.5%)	2 (2.6%)	0.580
Grade ≥3	1 (2.2%)	0 (0.0%)	0.186
Other irAEs
Any grade	4 (4.5%)	4 (2.6%)	0.623
Grade ≥3	2 (4.5%)	2 (2.6%)	0.580
Fatigue
Any grade	9 (20.4%)	17 (22.3%)	0.805
Grade ≥3	1 (2.2%)	4 (5.2%)	0.402
Decreased appetite
Any grade	10 (22.7%)	19 (25.0%)	0.779
Grade ≥3	0 (0.0%)	1 (1.3%)	0.429
High-dose steroid	12 (27.2%)	15 (19.8%)	0.340

[i] AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; irAEs, immune-related adverse events.

Analyses of changes in ALBI score using durvalumab plus tremelimumab

Fig. S2 shows the changes in ALBI scores at 4, 8, and 12 weeks from baseline after Dur/Tre treatment. The median ALBI scores at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after introducing Dur/Tre were −2.28, −2.10, −2.14, and −2.11, respectively. Although the deterioration of ALBI score was significant at 4 weeks compared to baseline (−2.28 vs. −2.10, P= 0.012), there were no significant differences at 8 weeks compared to baseline (−2.28 vs. −2.14, P=0.056). No deterioration in the ALBI score was observed during subsequent treatment.

Decision-tree analysis for discontinuation of durvalumab plus tremelimumab due to AEs

In this study, discontinuation due to AEs in all subjects was 31.8% at the time of study discontinuation (Fig. 3). The Child-Pugh score was identified as the first splitting variable for the rate of discontinuation owing to AEs. Although the discontinuation rate due to AEs was only 27.9% in patients in Child-Pugh class A, it was 63.2% in patients in Child-Pugh class B. The second splitting variable was age in Child-Pugh class A patients. In patients with Child-Pugh class A aged <70 years, the discontinuation rate due to AEs was only 16.5%.

Figure 3. Profiles associated with discontinuation due to AEs in patients with HCC treated with Dur/Tre. Decision-tree algorithm for discontinuation due to AEs. The pie graphs indicate the percentage of no discontinuation due to AEs (white)/ discontinuation due to AEs (black) in each group. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; Dur/Tre, durvalumab plus tremelimumab.

Comparison of safety according to Age or Child-Pugh classification

Differences in treatment-related AEs between the age <70 and age ≥70 groups are shown in Table IV. There was no significant difference in each frequency of AEs between age <70 and age ≥70 patients. Also, there was no significant difference in each frequency of AEs between Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh B (Table V).

Table IV. Differences in AEs associated with age.

Table IV.

Differences in AEs associated with age.

AE	Age <70	Age ≥70	P-value
n	38	82
Total
Any grade	32 (84.2%)	68 (82.9%)	0.860
Grade ≥3	17 (44.7%)	27 (32.9%)	0.211
AST evaluation
Any grade	20 (52.6%)	41 (50.0%)	0.788
Grade ≥3	7 (18.4%)	9 (10.9%)	0.264
ALT evaluation
Any grade	16 (42.1%)	29 (35.3%)	0.478
Grade ≥3	5 (13.1%)	8 (9.7%)	0.577
Rash
Any grade	14 (36.8%)	31 (37.8%)	0.919
Grade ≥3	4 (10.5%)	6 (7.3%)	0.554
Fever
Any grade	10 (26.3%)	17 (20.7%)	0.495
Grade ≥3	1 (2.6%)	0 (0.0%)	0.127
Diarrhea
Any grade	8 (21.1%)	14 (17.0%)	0.600
Grade ≥3	7 (18.4%)	5 (6.1%)	0.059
Abdominal pain
Any grade	3 (7.8%)	5 (6.1%)	0.717
Grade ≥3	1 (2.6%)	1 (1.2%)	0.574
Pituitary or adrenal insufficiency
Any grade	3 (7.8%)	3 (3.6%)	0.321
Grade ≥3	3 (7.8%)	3 (3.6%)	0.321
Drug-induced pneumonia
Any grade	0 (0.0%)	6 (7.3%)	0.087
Grade ≥3	0 (0.0%)	4 (4.8%)	0.161
Pancreatitis
Any grade	2 (5.2%)	1 (1.2%)	0.186
Grade ≥3	1 (2.6%)	1 (1.2%)	0.574
Infusion reaction
Any grade	3 (7.8%)	1 (1.2%)	0.070
Grade ≥3	1 (2.6%)	0 (0.0%)	0.140
Other irAEs
Any grade	3 (7.8%)	5 (6.1%)	0.717
Grade ≥3	0 (0.0%)	4 (4.8%)	0.161
Fatigue
Any grade	9 (23.6%)	17 (20.7%)	0.715
Grade ≥3	2 (5.2%)	3 (3.6%)	0.682
Decreased appetite
Any grade	10 (26.3%)	19 (22.3%)	0.709
Grade ≥3	1 (2.6%)	0 (0.0%)	0.140
High-dose steroid	12 (31.5%)	15 (18.2%)	0.117

[i] AE, adverse event; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; irAEs, immune-related adverse events.

Table V. Differences in AEs associated with Child-Pugh classification.

Table V.

Differences in AEs associated with Child-Pugh classification.

AE	Child-Pugh A (n=110)	Child-Pugh B (n=10)	P-value
Total
Any grade	92 (83.6%)	8 (80.0%)	0.767
Grade ≥3	39 (35.4%)	5 (50.0%)	0.360
High-dose steroid	23 (20.9%)	4 (40.0%)	0.166

[i] AE, adverse event.

Discussion

This multicenter study showed that Dur/Tre therapy was effective and safe for patients with u-HCC under real-world conditions. Patients who received durvalumab plus tremelimumab as 1st-line therapy had better disease control responses than those who received durvalumab plus tremelimumab as later lines. However, the STRIDE regimen should be carefully administered to patients with deteriorating hepatic function or advanced age.

The ORR, DCR, and PFS in the HIMALAYA study were 20.1%, 60.1%, and 3.78 months, respectively. Under real-world conditions in this study, the ORR, DCR, and PFS were 15.0%, 53.3%, and 3.7 months, respectively, similar to those observed in the HIMALAYA study (7). In this study, although 38.4% of patients received Dur/Tre treatment as first-line therapy, Dur/Tre treatment presented promising results. However, Dur/Tre treatment as first-line therapy had a better DCR than later-line therapy. A previous study reported that patients who received immunotherapy as first-line therapy had better clinical outcomes than those who received immunotherapy as a later-line therapy (18). Also, all patients in this study who received late-line therapy received anti-VEGF therapy including Atez/Bev during previous systemic treatment. Yang et al previously reported that discontinuation of anti-VEGF therapy promoted metastasis through a liver revascularization mechanism (19). Therefore, we cannot deny the possibility that these factors influenced the efficacy of patients with later-line therapy. However, it has been reported that patients who achieved DCR during Dur/Tre treatment had longer median survival (20). Thus, achieving DCR during immunotherapy is important for longer survival (21). Although there was no significant difference in PFS between the first-line and later-line therapies in this study, this result may change if the observation period is extended. Therefore, in the future, it will be necessary to establish biomarkers related to treatment responses in patients receiving Dur/Tre treatment.

Several phase 3 trials have also reported the efficacy and safety of the STRIDE regimen in other cancers (10,11). Currently, although patients with higher levels of tumor PD-L1 expression received a clinical benefit from anti-PD-L1 therapy, it has become considered that patients with a low PD-L1 expression or PD-L1 negative are resistant to anti-PD-L1 therapy (22). Thus, new therapeutic strategies with immunotherapy combinations are needed for these patients. Tremelimumab enhances the binding of CD80 and CD86 to CD28, and it causes diversified T-cell responses and leads to increased tumor infiltration (23,24). Given their mechanisms, the addition of tremelimumab to a durvalumab-based regimen is expected to overcome resistance to PD-L1 therapy. In this study, although even with the high prevalence of later-line, Dur/Tre therapy was effective and safe for patients with u-HCC, we should compare to durvalumab alone therapy to build a more robust of efficacy of Dur/Tre therapy in real-world practice.

In this study, liver injury was the most common AE, and irAEs caused by Dur/Tre treatment were more common than in the clinical trial results. The higher rate of liver function deterioration and later-line therapy included in this study compared with clinical trials might have increased the frequency of liver injury and other AEs. Deterioration of liver function has been reportedly associated with a higher prevalence of AEs (25). Moreover, patients with prior irAEs due to ICIs are considered at risk of irAEs, even with a different ICI (26,27). In fact, 88% (67/76) of patients who received late-line therapy received Atez/Bev therapy during previous systemic treatment. In immunotherapy, liver injury is thought to be caused by the infiltration of activated T cells (28,29). Most HCCs also develop due to chronic liver disease or cirrhosis (30), making them susceptible to liver injury. These factors may explain the high rate of AEs, including liver damage. However, regarding treatment safety with Dur/Tre, there were no significant differences in AEs, even for the later-line cases, compared with first-line therapy. Thus, a detailed analysis of the AEs that occur with Dur/Tre treatment requires data accumulation and a longer observation period.

Currently, sequential therapy involving switching across systemic therapies is the primary evidence-based treatment strategy for u-HCC patients (31). Preserved hepatic function is a significant independent factor for sequential therapy in HCC (32,33). Furthermore, discontinuation due to AEs should be avoided during sequential therapy (34). Discontinuation due to AEs hampers the uptake of subsequent lines of systemic treatment and is associated with poorer prognosis (35). In this study, we found that Child-Pugh Class was the initial splitting variable for discontinuation due to AEs in patients with HCC treated with Dur/Tre, followed by age in the decision tree analysis. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the frequency of AEs between Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh B or age <70 and age ≥70 patients, it results show that Child-Pugh and age are important factors related to discontinuation due to AEs. Particularly, it has been reported that advanced age is an independent factor that causes the discontinuation of AEs in systemic therapy (36). One reason for this may be that older patients are more vulnerable to the toxicity of anticancer drugs (37). Therefore, advanced age may be an important factor associated with treatment discontinuation due to AEs. However, discontinuation due to AEs in Dur/Tre treatment remains unclear. Therefore, Clinicians should be vigilant in monitoring AEs during treatment with Dur/Tre. Further studies are needed to establish a grading system, to predict discontinuation due to AEs.

This study had several limitations. First, this was a retrospective study. Second, although this was a multicenter study, the treatment observation period was relatively short and could not evaluate OS. Despite its limitations, to our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Dur/Tre for the treatment of unresectable HCC in real-world clinical practice. Additional studies with larger sample sizes and longer observation periods are needed to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of Dur/Tre.

In conclusion, we demonstrated that patients who received durvalumab plus tremelimumab as first-line therapy had a better tumor response than those who received durvalumab plus tremelimumab in later lines. Although there were no significant differences in AEs between the first- and later-line groups, this regimen should be carefully administered to patients with deteriorating hepatic function or advanced age to prevent discontinuation due to AEs.

Supplementary Material

Supporting Data

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Funding: No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The data generated in the present study may be requested from the corresponding author.

Authors' contributions

SS participated in study conception and design, data acquisition, data interpretation and manuscript drafting. SS and IS confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. IS, TeTo, TI, JT, YT, NY, TN, MT, SK, TH, KS, TeY, MS, HI, SI, TS, NT, TaY and AN participated in data acquisition. SN, MO, HK, TeTa, TaTa and TK participated in data analysis, data interpretation, and manuscript drafting. All authors participated in the critical revision of the manuscript, and read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kurume University School of Medicine (approval code: 23153), and an implementation permit was obtained from each of the 15 other institutions. An opt-out approach was used to obtain informed consent from the patients.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

References