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Introduction

In 1937, Meigs and Cass reported the resolution of hydrothorax and ascites after removal of a benign ovarian mass which attracted widespread attention (1). In 1954, Meigs proposed to restrict Meigs’ syndrome to a solid benign ovarian neoplasm such as fibroma or thecoma accompanied by ascites and hydrothorax; the ascites and hydrothorax must resolve fully after removal of the tumor (2). Pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome is often characterized by pleural effusion and ascites caused by a pelvic tumor other than an ovarian fibroma (such as struma ovarii tumors, mucinous or serous cystadenomas, germ cell tumors) or uterine leiomyoma (3). Uterine leiomyomas, which are benign tumors of myometrial origin, are the most common gynecological neoplasms, with an estimated prevalence of 25% in women older than 30 years (4). Leiomyoma variants include mitotically active, cellular and atypical leiomyomas. Cellular leiomyomas (CLs) represent a subgroup of leiomyoma variants and are defined by the World Health Organization as typical leiomyomas that exhibit hypercellularity. CLs are rare and do not account for >5% of leiomyomas (5). Patients with CLs have a risk of distant metastasis after hysterectomy (6). CA125 is one of the most common tumor markers for pelvic malignancy. Elevated serum CA125 is highly suggestive of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. We here present a case of pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome involving hemorrhagic necrosis and mucinous degeneration of a pedunculated subserosal CL associated with an elevated CA125 level.

Case report

A 37-year-old Chinese woman, gravida 3, para 1, was referred to the gynecology department of our hospital for complaining of right lower abdominal dull pain for 2 years and abdominal distension for 6 days. The patient had cholecystitis for 6 months, but did not seek professional internal medical assistance. Six days before admission, she presented with nausea and abdominal swelling and pain after consuming greasy food. Her condition did not improve after receiving antibiotics. Three days before admission, she came to the emergency room to receive anti-inflammatory, fluid replacement treatment. However, it was not effective. The patient was not taking any medications. She had a regular menstrual cycle and the last menstrual period was December 10. She had not been operated on previously and did not have a family history of breast or gynecologic cancers.

At physical examination she was cachectic, and a massive abdominal mass reaching to the umbilicus was palpated. The examination was difficult due to massive ascites. She had diffuse and rebound tenderness, particularly in the right lower quadrant. Gynecological examination revealed a mass in the right adnexal region with a normal-sized mobile uterus. Laboratory studies showed no abnormalities except for a serum CA125 level of 920.4 U/ml (normal <35 U/ml). Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound confirmed the presence of ascites and a 16×16 cm mixed mass at the upper right anterior of the fundus uteri. The mass was heterogeneous in echotexture showing flow signals. A computerized tomographic scan revealed a heterogeneous mass within the pelvis and lower abdomen associated with ascites (Fig. 1A) and massive bilateral hydrothorax resulting in nearly complete collapse of the right middle, right lower and left lower lung lobes (Fig. 1B).

Figure 1 (A) CT scan showed a large heterogeneous tumoral mass measuring 16×16 cm. (B) Nearly complete collapse of the right middle, right lower lung lobes and the left lower lung lobes due to pleural effusion on CT scan. (C) A pedunculated mass measured 20×18×10 cm in size. (D) On extraction of the mass, serous fluid poured from myometrial cysts with significant hemorrhage.

In order to alleviate the symptoms and aid diagnosis, paracentesis and thoracentesis were performed several times each. The first paracentesis yielded a hematic exudate of 2,900 ml found to be negative for malignant cells and mycobacterium tuberculosis. Five days later, a repeat paracentesis yielded 2,300 ml of straw-colored fluid containing reactive mesothelial cells without evidence of malignancy. Four days later, a third paracentesis yielded a hematic exudate of 2,900 ml. Thoracentesis was conducted to yield hematic fluid of 1,000 ml consistent with an exudative process. Two days after the thoracentesis, closed thoracic drainage yielded 2,350 ml of straw-colored fluid.

An exploratory laparotomy was arranged for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The patient was found to have ~1,000 ml of hematic ascites and a pedunculated mass protruding from the uterine fundus. The mass was irregular, firm, hemorrhagic, necrotic and dark red in appearance. The pedunculated mass measured 20×18×10 cm in size and the pedicle measured 5 cm in length and 5 cm in thickness (Fig. 1C and D). The uterus was found to be enlarged similar to a two-month pregnancy. There was no palpable pelvic or periaortic adenopathy, and the liver, diaphragm, bowel and omentum were grossly free of disease. A frozen section was suggestive of focal necrotic uterine leiomyoma without significant cell atypia. The patient subsequently underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and omentum sampling. Microscopic examination showed uterine CL with significant hemorrhage, necrosis and mucinous degeneration, adenomyosis, chronic cervicitis and normal omentum (Fig. 2A and B). Mitotic activity, cell atypia, as well as coagulative tumor cell necrosis, were absent. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged on day 13, post-operatively. The patient recovered quickly with no evidence of re-accumulation of the pleural effusions or ascites. At one month follow-up, she was clinically well, with no evidence of disease on physical examination and had a normal CA125 level. She remained disease-free both clinically and on repeat CT scan after a follow-up of >82 months.

Figure 2 (A) Light microscopy of cellular leiomyoma (hematoxylin and eosin staining). Low-power view shows a typical leiomyoma that exhibits hypercellularity. (B) Light microscopy of cellular leiomyoma (hematoxylin and eosin staining). High-power view shows a leiomyoma composed of abundant cells, lacking fibrous tissue and mitotic figures. (C) SMa-positive expression in muscle tissue. The strong expression of SMa indicates that the mass derived from the myometrium. (D) Desmin-positive expression in muscle tissue. Its positive expression implies that the mass originated in the myometrium. (E) CD10-negative tumor cells. CD10 strong positive expression indicates a malignant neoplasm, such as endometrial stromal sarcoma. (F) P16 focal slightly positive expression, indicating benign differentiation of the mass.

Discussion

CL with necrosis and mucinous degeneration presenting as pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome and highly elevated CA125 is a rare condition. CLs are one of the variant forms of leiomyoma with a favorable long-term prognosis. The most frequent symptoms of CLs are menstrual abnormalities, a pelvic mass, abdominal pain and pelvic pressure. Signs and symptoms of CLs are similar to those of leiomyosarcomas (LMSs), but abdominal pain or distension is much more common in women with LMS. Tumor growth or bleeding may accompany CLs, particularly in postmenopausal women, and these can be signs of a malignancy (7). The recurrence and re-operation rates after myomectomy (28.6 and 14.3%, respectively) in a CL group were found to be similar to those reported for cohorts of patients with ordinary leiomyomas (8). Based on various reports CLs were either the largest or the only uterine mass (9). CLs appear to have a distinct clinical phenotype compared with typical leiomyomas and have various characteristics that typically are associated with LMSs. Similarly to LMSs, CLs were either the largest or the only uterine mass (6).

The distinction of endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESSs) from CLs of the uterus can sometimes be problematic for even the experienced pathologist, since both can show a marked degree of architectural and cytologic similarity, particularly as ESSs can have smooth muscle-like differentiation and CLs, especially highly cellular leiomyomas (HCLs) can exhibit dense cellularity, prominent vascularity and irregular margins (5,10–12). Yet, accurate classification is of considerable importance due to the fact that CL, a benign neoplasm, and ESS, a low-grade malignant neoplasm, are different in clinical behavior and require dissimilar treatment (13).

Immunohistochemistry is currently an essential tool for biomarker detection even in clinical practice. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role for differentiating between CLs and malignant disease. The immunohistochemical detection of CD10, P16, SMA and the smooth muscle marker desmin can be useful for differentiating CLs from ESSs (13).

Interstitial accumulation of mucus within a leiomyoma is refered to as mucinous degeneration (Fig. 2A). Mucinous degeneration is often associated with the most common form of degeneration, hyaline change (14). CL is one of the variant forms of leiomyoma. Compared with surrounding myometrium, CL has an increased number of cells per unit area. The cells of CL have scanty cytoplasm and are closed packed, so the section is dark blue (Fig. 2B). As the immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated positivity for SMA and desmin and lack of CD10 and P16, CL was diagnosed (Fig. 2C–F). With mucinous degeneration, hemorrhage, focal necrosis and abundance of cells, alteration of the normal leiomyoma architecture undoubtedly increases the difficulties in definitive diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

The exact mechanisms of ascites and pleural effusions remain unclear. Potential explanations include: irritation of the peritoneum by the tumor, obstruction of the lymphatics, toxins and release of inflammatory products, hypoalbuminemia, and finally discrepancy between the arterial supply and venous and lymphatic drainage (15,16). Compression and subsequent congestion of the lymphatics and blood vessels throughout the tumor by the tumor itself followed by interstitial fluid secretion from the tumor surface have also been suggested as causes for the development of ascites (17). As for the mechanism of pleural effusions, dye tests have shown that these are likely to originate from the peritoneal fluid via a mechanical transfer through the diaphragmatic opening (15). The connection between uterine leiomyoma and ascites or hydrothorax has been confirmed by the rapid resolution of abdominal and pleural fluid after removal of the tumor.

CA125 is a cell-surface antigen associated with a high molecular weight glycoprotein. High levels of Ca125 are mostly noted in pelvic malignancies, such as ovarian cancer with dissemination. However, Ca125 does not have 100% specificity in the diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancers. Its elevation has also been noted in other malignancies and benign, physiological states, including pregnancy, endometriosis and menstruation (18). In pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome, Lin et al (19) and Timmerman et al (20) proposed that elevated CA125 levels are caused by mesothelial expression of Ca125 rather than by the fibroma. In addition, in pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome, it is the peritoneal inflammation not the leiomyoma that may be the primary cause of the elevated CA125 level.

Benign leiomyomas presenting with pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome and elevated CA125 are rare. Few cases of benign leiomyoma accompanied with pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome and elevated Ca125 have been described. We performed a systematic review of related literature in the PubMed database using a combination of free words and MeSH. The search was limited to English language literature. Eleven related case reports were found (Tables I and II). Here, we describe a twelfth case with leiomyoma presenting with pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome and elevated CA125 level.

Table I General characteristics of reported uterine leiomyomas associated with pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome and elevated CA125 level.

Table I

General characteristics of reported uterine leiomyomas associated with pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome and elevated CA125 level.

Authors (ref.)	Year	Age (years)	Tumor size (cm)	Ascites (ml)	Hydrothorax (ml)	CA125 U/ml)	Hydrothorax disappeared after surgery	Uterine weight (g)
Brown et al (21)	1998	31	17×11.5×8.5	NR	NR	83.0	NR	–
Domingo et al (22)	1998	46	20 in diameter	NR	NR	317.0	NR	NR
Dunn et al (23)	1998	46	30×18×15	1,600	3,300	254.0	4 months	3,094
Migishima et al (24)	2000	51	12.3×24.3×12.5	19,600	3,060	820.0	4 months	9,700
Amant et al (15)	2001	39	30×30×15	12,000	NR	785.0	7 weeks	7,840
Kebapci et al (25)	2002	38	9×10×10.5	NR	NR	281.0	6 months	NR
Weise et al (26)	2002	27	7×8×6	22,500	NR	1854.0	3 months	–
Weinrach et al (27)	2004	40	19×11×10	NR	NR	734.0	6 months	1,900
Ricci et al (28)	2009	35	15×10×8.5	2,000	–	231.4	–	NR
Yip et al (29)	2014	41	12×11×7.8	6,600	–	939.7	–	NR
Present study	–	37	20×18×10	9,100	3,900	920.4	1 month	NR

[i] NR, not reported.

Table II Clinical symptoms, characteristics and the treatment of reported uterine leiomyomas associated with pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome and elevated CA125 level.

Table II

Clinical symptoms, characteristics and the treatment of reported uterine leiomyomas associated with pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome and elevated CA125 level.

Authors (ref.)	Clinical symptoms	Pathology	Treatments
Brown et al (21)	Dyspnea, abdominal swelling, an intermittent difficulty in passing urine, weight loss	Broad ligament leiomyoma	Myoectomy
Domingo et al (22)	Respiratory arrest	Multinodular myoma	TAH, BSO
Dunn et al (23)	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea	A bilobate, pedunculated leiomyoma	TAH, BSO, omentectomy, lymph node sampling
Migishima et al (24)	Gradual abdominal distension, progressive dyspnea	Leiomyoma with myxoid degeneration and intercellular edema	TAH, BSO
Amant et al (15)	Abdomen swelling	A hydropic leiomyoma	TAH
Kebapci et al (25)	Low back pain, abdominal distension, weakness, loss of appetite	Pedunculated leiomyoma with parasitized blood supply from the omentum	Myoectomy, omentectomy, appendectomy
Weise et al (26)	Increasing abdominal girth for 2 months	Pedunculated fundal myoma attached to the bladder	Myomectomy
Weinrach et al (27)	Abdominal distension, shortness of breath	Uterine symplastic leiomyoma	TAH, BSO
Ricci et al (28)	Abdominal distension 2 days after a vaginal delivery	Leiomyoma in puerperium	Myoectomy
Yip et al (29)	Abdominal fullness and prolonged menstrual periods for 3 years	Pedunculated leiomyoma with parasitized blood supply from the adjacent tissues and organs	Myoectomy
Present	Right lower abdominal dull pain and abdominal distension	Cellular leiomyoma with necrosis and mucinous degeneration	TAH, omentum sampling

[i] TAH, total abdominal hysterectomy; BSO, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

Most of the uterine leiomyomas can easily be differentiated from other gynecologic or non-gynecologic pelvic mass lesions. However, degeneration, hemorrhage and focal necrosis may make the differential diagnosis difficult, and a degenerated leiomyoma, HCL, or leiomyoma with edema may not have typical imaging findings (30).

Our patient demonstrated several unusual features. Firstly, she presented with massive hematic ascites and pleural effusions. Secondly, microscopic examination showed CL with significant hemorrhage, necrosis and mucinous degeneration. Thirdly, we followed up the patient for >82 months and she remained disease-free both clinically and on repeat CT scan. A CL should be considered in differential diagnosis when a hypervascular, heterogeneous solid pelvic mass that shows no relation to the uterus is encountered in association with massive ascites, pleural effusion and elevated levels of serum CA125.

References