Clinical value of early laparoscopic therapy in the management of tubo‑ovarian or pelvic abscess
- Authors:
- Published online on: June 21, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7699
- Pages: 1115-1122
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Copyright: © Jiang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a well-known life-threatening complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and occurs in 10–15% of females affected by PID (1). Every year, ~70,000 females, accounting for 1/3 of females hospitalized with PID, are treated for TOA in the USA (2). In TOA, abscess and tissue necrosis form in the fallopian tubes and/or ovaries, which significantly reduces the pregnancy rate (2), which has become an important clinical issue. It is generally thought that TOA is mainly caused by infection of the lower genital tract, as well as direct spread of infection from the diverticulum, appendix and intestinal tract (3). The common pathogenic bacteria of TOA include Bacteroides, E. coli and Peptococcus (4).
With the development of antibiotics, TOA and pelvic abscesses are now treated by broad-spectrum antibiotics as the first-line treatment, and the success rate of treatment is 34–88% (1,5), while the failure rate of antibiotic therapy is higher in patients with larger abscesses (6). Surgical treatment is also necessary if patients exhibit no clinical response after antibiotic therapy for at least 72 h or ruptured abscess. Compared with patients who underwent antibiotic therapy in combination with image-guided drainage, part of the patients who received antibiotic therapy alone required image-guided drainage or surgical treatment eventually (5,7,8). There are still no standardized guidelines as to when either antibiotic therapy, drainage or surgery is the most suitable primary option for patients with TOA or pelvic abscess. The risk factors for antibiotic therapy failure and ideal subsequent clinical treatment strategies are worthy of further investigation. Risk factors for adverse clinical prognosis are various among previous studies; however, they generally comprise parameters including abscess diameter, initial inflammatory biomarkers, age and smoking status (9,10).
In recent years, aggressive surgical treatment has been considered to be required in a proportion of patients with TOA. In particular, the development of minimally invasive techniques has greatly advanced the surgical treatment of TOA (11). However, whether patients benefit from early laparoscopic surgery remains controversial (12). The present study aimed to retrospectively analyze patients diagnosed with TOA or pelvic abscess to further explore whether early laparoscopic treatment provides a benefit.
Materials and methods
Study design and patients
The present study was a retrospective study of patients who were initially diagnosed with TOA or pelvic abscess at the Department of Gynecology, Xuzhou City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Xuzhou, China) between April 2014 and June 2015. The inclusion criteria were as follows: i) Symptoms of infection, including fever and pelvic pain; ii) ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination revealed a pelvic mass ≥3 cm; iii) cervical motion tenderness, uterine tenderness or adnexal tenderness, abdominal tenderness, and peritoneal signs, including rebound tenderness and guarding on physical examination. The clinical and imaging diagnostic standards were according to the sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines (13). Patients with combined malignant diseases were excluded from the present study.
Grouping
After definite diagnosis, all patients were informed of the treatment management options, including conservative antibiotic therapy, early laparoscopic treatment and late laparoscopic treatment), and they freely selected one of the therapeutic methods after consulting with the doctors. According to the guidelines (13), conservative treatment failure was defined as patients receiving conservative treatment with little or no clinical response (oral temperature ≥38°C, no decrease in abscess diameter and pelvic pain) after 72 h of antibiotic treatment. Patients who failed to respond to the antibiotic regimen were given laparoscopic treatment and those who completed initial antibiotic treatment but with recurrence during follow-up also received laparoscopic treatment.
Treatment strategies
During laparoscopy, patients received general anesthesia and were placed in a lithotomy position. All surgical procedures were performed by two surgeons, who had >10 years of relevant surgical experience. Patients in the early laparoscopic treatment group received immediate surgical treatment. Patients in the conservative treatment group received levofloxacin 500 mg intravenously (i.v.) once daily or cefuroxime 1,500 mg i.v. twice daily plus metronidazole 500 mg i.v. three times daily for 72 h, as recommended by the Chinese Medical Association (14). The effects of the conservative treatment were evaluated based on symptoms, serum white blood cell (WBC) count, and abscess size (which was determined on ultrasound or MRI). Patients who responded to the antibiotic treatment continued this treatment to a total of 10–14 days. Conservative treatment failure was defined as patients who received conservative treatment with little or no clinical response (oral temperature ≥38°C, no decrease in abscess diameter, and pelvic pain) after 72 h of antibiotic treatment (13). Patients who failed to respond to the antibiotic regimen were subjected to laparoscopic treatment and those who completed the initial antibiotic treatment but with recurrence during follow-up also received laparoscopic treatment.
Follow-up
All patients were invited for follow-up visits by gynecological examination and ultrasound examination at the 3rd, 6th, 12th and 24th month after treatment at the outpatient clinic. Thereafter, patients were followed up by telephone every 6–12 months for two years. All follow-ups were performed by the same gynecologist. All patients were required to provide their own telephone number and the number of a contact person to be used during active follow-up, and none of the patients was lost to follow-up within 2 years.
Data collection
Data from the medical records of the patients, including age, para, aborta, number of dilation and curettage procedures, caesarean delivery, smoking status, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, serum WBC count, body temperature, abscess diameter, menopause, smoking status, presence of an intrauterine device (IUD), duration of IUD placement and previous pelvic operation, were collected. The association between these variables and the clinical prognosis of patients with TOA and pelvic abscess were evaluated. The location of abscesses, different operation types, operation time, blood loss volume, duration of temperature ≥38°C, length of hospitalization and isolated microorganisms were also recorded in patients who underwent laparoscopic treatment. Bacterial culture of pyogenic fluids and drug sensitivity tests were performed for all patients who received laparoscopic treatment.
Statistical analysis
The distribution of continuous data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normally distributed continuous data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and compared using the Student's t-test. Non-normally distributed data were presented as median (range) and analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Categorical data were presented as a proportion and analyzed with the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the cut-off value of abscess size for antibiotic treatment failure. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to explore the association between clinical variables and antibiotic therapy failure in the conservative treatment group. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 19.0 software (IBM Corp.). P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results
Patient characteristics
A total of 100 patients initially diagnosed with TOA or pelvic abscess were included in the present study. Of these, six cases (including three menopausal females) were excluded due to malignant diseases. Eventually, the data of 94 patients were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 41 years (range, 26–60 years). A total of 53 patients opted for early laparoscopic treatment within 6–12 h of diagnosis (early laparoscopic treatment group), while 41 patients received conservative antibiotic therapy (conservative treatment group). Among the patients receiving antibiotic therapy, 29 cases were responsive to the 72 h conservative therapy, of which 9 patients received late laparoscopic therapy due to chronic pain (n=3), recurrent abscess (n=4) and persistent pelvic inflammatory mass (n=2). Therefore, 20 patients achieved successful antibiotic therapy (successful antibiotic therapy group). Furthermore, 12 patients failed to respond to the antibiotic therapy within 72 h, and they received late laparoscopic therapy. Thus, a total of 21 patients underwent late laparoscopic therapy (late laparoscopic treatment group). The flow chart of the study is presented in Fig. 1. The baseline characteristics of patients in the early laparoscopic treatment group and conservative treatment group are listed in Table I. The duration of elevated temperature >38°C and length of hospitalization were significantly longer in the conservative treatment group than those in the early laparoscopic treatment group (all P<0.001). Regarding the other documented variables, no significant differences were observed between the two groups (all P>0.05). The patients were followed up for 32.5±4.2 and 33.8±3.4 months in the early laparoscopic treatment group and conservative treatment group, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.101).
 | Table I.Comparison of patients' characteristics between early laparoscopic treatment group and conservative treatment group. |
Comparison of the clinical characteristics between the late laparoscopic group and successful antibiotic treatment group
Of all the patients who underwent conservative antibiotic treatment, 21 (51.2%) received laparoscopic exploration (late laparoscopic treatment group), including 12 cases lacking a response to antibiotics (no reduced mass size or persistent fever after 72 h), two patients with persistent pelvic inflammatory mass (one in the third month and one in the fifth month, respectively), three cases with chronic pain (persisting until the fourth month in two patients and until the sixth month in one patient) and four cases with recurrent abscess (one in the third month, two in the fifth month and one in the sixth month). All of them received laparoscopic exploration between 3 days and 6 months after initiation of antibiotic treatment. The abscess size of the patients in the late laparoscopic treatment group was significantly larger than that in the successful antibiotic therapy group (6.2±1.8 cm vs. 4.8±1.4 cm, P=0.008).
Diagnosis, surgical details and vaginal culture results of the patients who received early and late laparoscopic treatment
Regarding the specific diagnosis, the patients in the early laparoscopic treatment group comprised 19 cases (35.8%) of TOA, 26 cases (49.1%) of pyosalpinx, 4 cases (7.5%) of pelvic abscess, 2 cases (3.8%) of appendicitis and 2 cases (3.8%) of endometriosis cyst rupture complicated with infection, while the late laparoscopic treatment group included 12 cases (57.1%) of TOA and 9 cases (42.9%) of pyosalpinx. The types of surgeries did not demonstrate significant difference between the two groups. No organ injury was observed in either group. The results of vaginal cultures indicated that 34 patients in the early laparoscopic treatment group and 11 patients in the late laparoscopic treatment group were positive. A higher proportion of bilateral adhesion was observed in the late laparoscopic group (35.8% vs. 61.9%, P=0.041). The results are provided in Table II.
| Table II.Diagnosis, surgical details and vaginal culture results of the patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery. |
Risk factors of antibiotic failure
ROC curve analysis was performed to determine the best cut-off value of abscess diameter in order to further explore the risk of antibiotic failure. The area under the curve was 0.862 (95% CI: 0.742–0.923), and an abscess diameter of 5.5 cm was obtained as the cut-off of antibiotic failure (Fig. 2). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of antibiotic failure were 81, 85, 85 and 81%, respectively, and the Youden index was 0.66. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to investigate the independent risk factors for failure of antibiotic therapy (Table III). Age, diameter of the abscess, serum WBC count, serum CRP, presence of an IUD, smoking status, bilaterality, menopause, caesarean delivery and previous pelvic inflammation were considered as dependent variants. The results suggested that only abscess diameter ≥5.5 cm was an independent risk factor of parenteral antibiotic therapy failure [odds ratio (OR) = 5.742; 95%CI: 2.025–16.182, P=0.001].
| Table III.Multivariate logistic regression model for clinical characteristics affecting antibiotic therapy failure in conservative treatment group. |
Discussion
In the present study, the clinical value of early laparoscopic treatment for TOA and pelvic abscess was investigated. The results demonstrated that patients may benefit from early laparoscopic treatment. An abscess diameter of >5.5 cm was a significant factor associated with failure of antibiotic treatment for pelvic abscess. The present study also suggested that patients in the early laparoscopic group achieved more rapid recovery. Compared with the patients in the conservative treatment group, the duration of body temperature ≥38°C and length of hospitalization were reduced in the early laparoscopic treatment group. Furthermore, a relatively shorter operation time and reduced blood loss volume were observed in patients of the early laparoscopic treatment group. These significant differences may be associated with less severe adhesions in the early laparoscopic treatment group. A previous study indicated that antibiotic therapy resulted in prolonged time of exposure of the adnexa around purulent material (15).
It is generally recognized that the TOA and pelvic abscess may be attributed to ascending bacterial infection from the lower genital tract, causing abscess formation in the fallopian tubes, uterus and peritoneal cavity (16). TOA formation may lead to severe complications, including TOA rupture, if not treated without delay. Commonly detected bacteria from abscess aspiration or cavities are E. coli, Bacteriodes fragilis, Bacteriodes species, Peptostreptococcus, Peptococcus, and aerobic Streptococcus (17,18). As the first-line medical treatment for TOA and pelvic abscess treatment, i.v. broad-spectrum antibiotics covering N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis and anaerobic bacteria is recommended (13,19). However, in patients diagnosed with TOA and pelvic abscess, antibiotic therapy has been reported to have a failure rate of 12–76% (20,21). Surgical treatments are necessary when patients exhibit no response or persistent mass after standard antibiotic therapy for 48–72 h. A study by Topcu et al (9) suggested that 79.8% (87/109) of patients who were managed surgically or discharged after 7 days of antibiotic therapy had a poor prognosis. The results of the present study indicated that 51.2% (21/41) of patients in the conservative treatment group finally received late laparoscopic surgery due to the poor response to antibiotics or chronic pain, persistent pelvic inflammatory mass or abscess recurrence.
The potential benefit of early laparoscopic treatment for patients with TOA or pelvic abscess has remained controversial. Immediate laparoscopic treatment was recommended by Roberts and Dockery (22), since it achieved a response rate of 90–100% as opposed to 20–87% in patients with conservative therapy comprising broad-spectrum antibiotics. A previous study also demonstrated that, compared with surgical intervention, the recurrence rate of TOA in patients who received antibiotic therapy was higher (23). For patients with TOA and pelvic abscess, the widely-recognized risk factor for surgical treatment after antibiotic therapy failure is abscess size, which may be considered an objective predictive parameter (9,24–26). In these studies, only an abscess diameter of ≥5-6.5 cm (lower limit) was considered a significant risk factor for poor response to antibiotic therapy. This may be due to the limited penetration of antibiotics into the abscess cavity (14,27). The present study identified an abscess diameter of ≥5.5 cm as the independent risk factor of parenteral antibiotic therapy failure (OR=5.742; 95%CI: 2.025–16.182, P=0.001), with 81% sensitivity and 85% specificity.
Menopause is a surgical indication, as in post-menopausal females, TOA and pelvic abscess may accompany a malignant tumor (19,28). Protopapas et al (29) reported a malignancy rate of 8/17 (47%) in post-menopausal patients with TOA and 1/76 (1.3%) in pre-menopausal patients. In the population of the present study, 7 post-menopausal patients were diagnosed with pelvic abscess, 3 of which (42.9%) were combined with malignant tumor. However, other studies reported inconsistent results, including a Norwegian study that observed no elevated malignancy risk in post-menopausal patients and only 1 case among 16 post-menopausal patients was diagnosed with pelvic malignancy (30).
In patients who desire to maintain fertility, early laparoscopic treatment should also be considered. An extensive review of the published literature and MEDLINE was performed to investigate reasonable management options for TOA patients. Rates of responders, pregnancies and complications associated with various management strategies were compared (2). For patients with no suspected rupture, the pregnancy rates were 4–15% when treated with antibiotic therapy alone; however, the pregnancy rate reached 32–63% if treated with antibiotics in combination with laparoscopic drainage within 24 h. The reason for this higher pregnancy rate in patients treated by antibiotics in combination with immediate laparoscopic drainage may be associated with less adhesion around uterine adnexa, and this was also verified in a population of patients who underwent second-look laparoscopy (2). Unfortunately, the number of available studies on pregnancy outcomes after different treatments for TOA and pelvic abscess is small. While the pregnancy rate was not assessed in the present study, it indicated that more cases of bilateral adhesion were present in the late laparoscopic group.
Previous studies have investigated the risk factors of TOA and its poor outcomes, and the potential factors associated with high risk of failure of conservative treatment included age (10,31,32), parity (4,24,31), high levels of serum inflammatory biomarkers, e.g. WBC and CRP (8,10,25,31) and smoking status (10). On the contrary, the results of other studies indicated that age, levels of WBC and CRP, gravida, parity, body temperature and smoking status were not associated with antibiotic therapy failure (9,27). The present study also demonstrated that there were no obvious differences in age, serum inflammatory biomarker levels, body temperature, presence of IUD, smoking status, caesarean delivery and previous pelvic inflammation between the late laparoscopic treatment group and the successful antibiotic therapy group. Certain studies reported that patients diagnosed with endometrial cyst concomitant with TOA tended to exhibit a poor response to therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics and a higher rate of late surgical treatment than those diagnosed as simple pelvic abscess (33,34). However, these results were not consistent with those of another study, which suggested that endometrial cysts did not influence the antibiotic treatment (27). Thus, the risk factors influencing antibiotic therapy failure in TOA patients require further exploration.
Abscess tissues may be easily sampled for exact diagnosis through laparoscopic exploration. In the present study, the positive rate of pus bacterial culture was 60.8% (45/74). The commonly detected bacteria were Escherichia coli and Peptostreptococci, which was consistent with the results of a previous study (35). Appendicitis may be another differential diagnosis for patients with suspected TOA or pelvic abscess, which gynecologists should be aware of (36). In the present study, two cases of appendicitis abscess and two cases of endometriosis cyst rupture were included, and the patients received appendectomy and ovarian cystectomy, respectively.
The surrounding tissues, including bowel, omentum majus, uterus or bladder, may adhere tightly to the abdominal wall, and these tissues may become fragile due to the presence of inflammation. However, the reported occurrence rate of bowel injuries during laparoscopic surgery is relatively low (0.13%), which may also be repaired by laparotomy exploration (37). No bowel, bladder or urethral injury was observed in the patients of the present study. In those patients who had PID or a history of abdominal surgery, the first trocar was placed 4 cm above the umbilicus in order to avoid potential bowel adhesion. Furthermore, in recent years, MRI has been able to clearly display the organs adhering to the abdominal wall prior to surgery (38). In the present study, extensive adhesion of the intestinal canal prior to laparoscopic treatment was observed in four patients; the puncture point was located in the right upper quadrant and the adhesion was verified under direct vision.
The present study was not without any limitations. First, the sample size of the patients was limited and this was only a single-center study. The results require further verification in a multi-center study with a larger number of patients. Furthermore, the study design was retrospective with inherent bias, and data collection may not have been sufficient to include all relevant information, including late recurrence and late complications. Finally, the follow-up period was relatively short and the data collection and comparisons of pregnancy rate and fertility problems between conservative therapy and early laparoscopic groups were not performed and evaluated.
In conclusion, early laparoscopic treatment may be associated with better clinical prognosis than conservative treatment and late laparoscopy for patients with TOA or pelvic abscess, particularly for those with an abscess diameter of ≥5.5 cm.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The dataset supporting the results of the present study are included within the article.
Authors' contributions
HZ conceived and supervised the study; XJ, KZ and HZ performed the experiments; XJ, MS, MS and HY analyzed the data; XJ and KZ wrote the manuscript; HZ and KZ revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the clinical ethics committee of Xuzhou City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Xuzhou, China; no. 20140305) and individual informed consent was waived for retrospective analysis.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
All authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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