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Introduction

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most prevalent type of malignancy of the thyroid gland and the endocrine system (1). PTC incidence is increased in the female population during the reproductive phase of development (1). Although PTC typically has a good prognosis, there is a group of patients (<10%) that present with tumours exhibiting aggressive characteristics (1). Therefore, numerous previous studies have investigated the parameters that have the potential to be independent prognostic factors of PTC (1–5). In the World Health Organisation Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs, the prognosis of PTC depends on whether a patient may be in the ‘risk group’, which is defined by the following parameters: a) The patient being <45 years; b) the size of the tumour is >4 cm; c) the presence of extrathyroidal extension; d) the effectiveness of the surgery; e) the presence of distant metastases (1). The tall cell and columnar cell histological subtypes of PTC have a poor prognosis compared with classical PTC (1). The diffuse sclerosing variant of PTC may present with prominent regional lymph node and lung metastases in <25% of patients compared with the classical type of PTC, which also may present with regional lymph node metastases in 25% of patients, but not lung metastases (1). Toniato et al (2) examined various factors that potentially influenced tumour recurrence and the survival rate in a group of 950 patients with PTC, with an average follow-up time of 7.8 years. This previous study hypothesised that age at the time of diagnosis (>45 years), an advanced disease stage (T4; distant metastases; stage IV), the extent of thyroid surgery (subtotal thyroid surgery) and the lack of administration of radioiodine 131-I therapy were effective and independent prognostic factors for the recurrence of disease (2). Spriano et al (3) studied the pattern of regional lymph node metastases and potential prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. This previous study included 72 patients with PTC with regional lymph node metastases, of which 18% developed recurrence after 6 years of disease-free survival (3). The results from this previous study identified that nodal metastases have a significant prognostic impact, particularly nodal extracapsular spread, which was established to be a potential predictive factor for distant metastasis and the regional recurrence of PTC (3). Another previous study performed on 6,015 patients with PTC demonstrated that a tumour size >4 cm, the presence of large extrathyroid extension, an age of ≥55, being of the male gender and the presence of lymph node metastasis in the lateral compartment are independent prognostic factors for reduced tumour-specific survival (4). Jung et al (5) investigated the clinical features and prognostic factors associated with survival in patients with poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma and with aggressive variants of PTC, including the tall cell, columnar cell, solid and diffuse sclerosing variants of PTC. The results identified that an age of >45 years, a tumour size >4 cm, extrathyroidal invasion, cervical lymph node metastases, distant metastasis, the absence of high-dose radioactive iodine therapy and the tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) classification of malignant tumour stages II, III and IV were significantly associated with poor prognostic factors for survival using univariate analysis (5).

The variant of PTC identified as ‘papillary microcarcinoma’ is defined as a tumour that is <1 cm in diameter (1) and these tumours are frequently identified incidentally. Within this type of tumour there is a subgroup that presents with cervical lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis (1). These tumour tissues typically have specific immunohistochemical features compared with incidentally identified microcarcinoma, which include a loss of p27 and upregulation of cyclin D1 expression levels reflecting a variation in biological characteristics and indicating distinct clinical behaviour (1).

The non-metastatic expressed/non-metastatic 23 (nm23) gene has been established to be included in a group of tumour suppressor genes (6). The non-metastatic expressed/non-metastatic 23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 (nm23-H1) was the first identified member of the nm23 gene family and its role in tumour suppression has been examined in numerous types of malignant tumour (7–10). However, the results from previous studies have not elucidated its role in thyroid carcinogenesis (11–15). Although a number of previous studies have indicated that high levels of nm23-H1 expression in the advanced stages of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma are indicative of its role in proliferation (11,12), there are previous studies that have presented contrasting results (13–15). Notably, to the best of our knowledge there are no studies demonstrating a statistically significant correlation between nm23-H1 expression levels and the biological characteristics of PTC, including the presence of lymph node metastases (13–17).

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 and 2 [also termed cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2] are key enzymes in the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid (18). The COX-1 enzyme is encoded by the gene located on chromosome 9 at q33.2, and it is constitutively expressed in almost all tissues (19,20). The COX-2 enzyme is encoded by the gene located on chromosome 1 at q31.1 and is an inducible isozyme primarily expressed at sites of inflammation (21). The increased expression of COX-2 has been detected in numerous types of carcinoma (22,23). A number of studies demonstrated that COX-2 expression is increased in the elderly (without papillary cancer) but decreased in follicular variant of papillary cancer. By contrast, other studies have detected increased expression of COX-2 in papillary cancer tissues compared with normal tissues without significant statistical differences. However, the sample sizes in these studies were small. COX-2 expression is decreased in patients with papillary cancer, large tumor masses and advanced stage (24–33). A number of previous studies have demonstrated that COX-2 expression levels were significantly increased in malignant nodular changes of the thyroid compared with benign nodular changes of the thyroid (24–26). The results of this previous study indicated that COX-2 may not be an effective diagnostic marker of thyroid malignancy (28). Concordant with other previous studies, the upregulation of COX-2 expression may significantly contribute to the progression of PTC, particularly in early stages of the disease (28–31). Previous studies have also established that the expression levels of COX-2 in PTC and inflammatory thyroid disease may provide a bridge for an association between carcinogenesis and inflammation in the thyroid gland (28,32,33). Due to the contradictory results in previous studies, the role of COX-2 in papillary cancer remains to be elucidated.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells have been established to be an optimal model for investigating the association between nm23-H1 and COX-2 (34). A previous study using these cells suggested that COX-2 expression was promoted by the induction of nm23-H1 expression via the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway (34). Therefore, the current study investigated the role of the expression levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 proteins in 130 samples of PTC, including 75 PTC cases and 55 microcarcinoma tumours.

Materials and methods

Patient information and tissue samples

The archived tissue samples from patients with PTC were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, stained with haematoxylin and eosin and archived at the Department of Pathology (University Hospital for Tumours, Zagreb, Croatia) as described below. The tissues were from 130 patients who underwent partial or total thyroidectomy with paratracheal lymph node dissection at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery at the University Hospital for Tumours between January 2000 and December 2007. These samples were subclassified using the World Health Organisation classification (1) were classified as follows: 67 papillary; 32 follicular; 13 sclerosing; 10 oxyphilic histological subtype; 8 classified as ‘other’ (1 macrofollicular, 1 insular, 1 clear-cell, 1 tall-cell and 4 tumours with combined classification types, including 2 sclerosing-oxyphilic, 1 follicular-insular and 1 follicular-oxyphilic) (1).

All samples were subsequently analysed for the following four parameters: a) The presence of lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate; b) the presence of intraglandular dissemination; c) any additional benign changes in the thyroid gland tissue; d) the presence of metastases in lymph nodes.

Tissue blocks were cut into 4 µm sections and were dried onto slides for 12–24 h at >60°C. Tissue sections were deparaffinised in xylene and rehydrated using graded alcohol and deionised H2O. The sections were heated in a microwave in a 0.3% citrate buffer, pH 6.0 (cat. no. S1699; Target Retrieval Solution; DAKO; Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) 4 times for 5 min each and washed with PBS twice for 5 min. Slides were incubated with mouse monoclonal COX-2 (dilution, 1:100; cat. no. sc-58344; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) and mouse monoclonal nm23-H1 (dilution, 1:200; cat. no. sc-56928; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) antibodies for 30 min at room temperature. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with a Dako Autostainer using the EnVision+ horseradish peroxidase 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine system (cat. no. K8000 Envision Flex; Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc.), which includes secondary antibody (30 min at room temperature) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Subsequently, the sections were washed in H2O for 10 min, counterstained with Meyer's haematoxylin for 15–60 sec and washed. The images were captured with a ZEISS Axiostar plus microscope (Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Paraffin blocks of colorectal cancer established as being positive for COX-2 expression and ductal invasive breast cancer established as being positive for nm23-H1 expression were used as a positive control. The archived tissue samples from patients with colorectal and breast cancer were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, stained with haematoxylin and eosin and archived at Department of Pathology (University Hospital for Tumours, Zagreb, Croatia) (35–39).

Immunoreactivity scores (IRS) were obtained by multiplying the scores (MS, multiplied score) of staining intensity and the size of immunoreactive area. The intensity of stain was scored as follows: 0, absent; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, strong. The immunoreactive area was scored as follows: 0, negative; 1, <10%; 2, 10–50%; 3, >50% of cells stained. The IRS scores were collated as follows: 0, MS 0; 1, MS 1–3; 2, MS 4 or 6; 3, MS 9.

Statistical analysis

Quantitative variables were presented as median values and corresponding interquartile ranges and categorical variables were presented as absolute frequencies and corresponding percentages. The variation in IRS values for nm23-H1 and COX-2 expression levels and clinical (age, gender, tumour size and presence of lymph node metastases) and histological variables (histological subtype of tumour, lymphocytic infiltration and presence of additional benign thyroid diseases) was assessed with the χ2 test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine statistically significant differences between the median age, tumour size and nm23-H1 and COX-2 IRS values. SPSS Statistics for Windows version 21 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for all statistical tests. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

The present study examined samples from 130 patients with PTC with the following data: Age, gender, localization and size of the tumour, histological subtype, the presence of lymphocytic infiltration and additional benign changes in the thyroid gland, intraglandular spread of the tumour and the presence of lymph node metastases.

In the current study, PTCs occurred in female patients (107/130) that were aged between 20 and 80 years (median, 49.5) and primarily in the right lobe (74/130). The size of the tumour varied from 0.3–6.5 cm (median, 1.2 cm) and 55 of the tumours were ≤1 cm in diameter. From examining the tumour morphology the following classifications were made: 67 papillary; 32 follicular; 13 diffuse sclerosing; 10 oxyphilic subtype; 8 classified as ‘other’. The latter group consisted of 1 macrofollicular, 1 insular, 1 clear-cell, 1 tall-cell; 4 of combination subtypes, including 2 sclerosing-oxyphilic, 1 follicular-insular and 1 follicular-sclerosing PTC tumour. Lymphocytic infiltration was present in 39/130 of tumour samples. Intraglandular dissemination was identified in 37 samples and lymph node metastases were present in 27 patients. Additional benign changes in the surrounding tissue of the thyroid gland, including follicular adenoma, lymphocytic thyroiditis, Hashimoto thyroiditis and goitre were present in 65 patients. The most frequent type of benign change was thyroiditis, which included Hashimoto and lymphocytic thyroiditis and was present in 33 patients.

Immunohistochemical results (Table I) indicated that there was moderate-strong to strong cytoplasmic staining for nm23-H1 and COX-2 (Figs. 1 and 2) in 118/130 and 88/130 of the samples, respectively. COX-2 and nm23-H1 were coexpressed in all but two tumours (P<0.001; Table II).

Figure 1. Immunohistochemical stain of the expression of non-metastatic expressed/non-metastatic 23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 in the cytoplasm of papillary carcinoma cells classified as ‘strong’. Magnification, ×200.

Figure 2. Immunohistochemical stain of the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in cytoplasm of papillary carcinoma cells classified as ‘strong’. Magnification, ×200.

Table I. Distribution of patients with papillary carcinoma.

Table I.

Distribution of patients with papillary carcinoma.

		nm23-H1		COX-2
Characteristics	Total	Score 0, 1	Score 2, 3	Score 0, 1	Score 2, 3
Age, years
≤45	49	4	45	12	37
>45	81	8	73	30	51
Gender
Male	23	2	21	8	15
Female	107	10	97	34	73
Localization
Right lobe	74	7	67	21	53
Left lobe	47	5	42	19	28
Isthmus	9	0	9	2	7
Tumour size, cm
≤1	55	5	50	19	36
>1	75	7	68	23	52
Histological type
Classical	67	6	61	21	46
Follicular	32	1	31	6	26
Sclerosing	13	3	10	8	5
Oxyphilic	10	1	9	4	6
Other	8	1	7	3	5
Lymphocytic infiltration
Present	39	5	34	13	26
Absent	91	7	84	29	62
Benign changes
Present	65	5	60	25	40
Absent	65	7	58	17	48
Intraglandular spread
Present	37	4	33	11	26
Absent	93	8	85	31	62
Lymph node metastasis
Present	27	1	26	7	20
Absent	103	11	92	35	68

[i] nm23-H1, non-metastatic expressed/non-metastatic 23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2.

Table II. Coexpression of nm23-H1 and COX-2.

Table II.

Coexpression of nm23-H1 and COX-2.

		nm23-H1 score
		1, 2	3, 4	Total
COX-2 score
1, 2	n	11	31	42
	%	26.2	73.8	100
3, 4	n	1	87	88
	%	1.1	98.9	100
Total
	n	12	118	130
	%	9.2	90.8	100

[i] χ² test=21.300, degrees of freedom=1, P<0.001. nm23-H1, non-metastatic expressed/non-metastatic 23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; n, number of samples.

In the present study, the expression levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 were not associated with the patient's age, gender, intraglandular dissemination of the tumour, tumour diameter and the presence of metastatic regional lymph nodes. However, statistically significant differences were identified between histological subtypes. The nm23-H1 median expression levels were significantly increased in the classical and follicular histological subtype compared with other histological subtypes (P=0.038). The COX-2 median expression levels were significantly increased in patients with follicular histological subtype and decreased in the diffuse-sclerosing subtype compared with patients with follicular, papillary, oxyphilic and sclerosing papillary cancer (P=0.006; Table III). The subgroup ‘others’ was not included in this analysis as it represents a number of distinct histological subtypes. The presence of lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in the tumour was significantly associated with thyroiditis in the surrounding non-tumorous tissue (P<0.001; Table IV), but this did not associate with the expression levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 in the tumour tissues (P=0.677 and P=0.649, respectively).

Table III. nm23-H1, COX-2 and histological subtype.

Table III.

nm23-H1, COX-2 and histological subtype.

					Median
	Histological subtype	n	Min.	Max.	25th	50th	75th	P-value
nm23-H1	Follicular	32	1	3	2	3	3	0.038
	Classical	67	0	3	2	3	3
	Oxyphilic	10	1	3	2	2	3
	Sclerosing	13	0	3	1.5	2	3
COX-2	Follicular	32	0	3	2	3	3	0.006
	Classical	67	0	3	1	2	2
	Oxyphilic	10	1	3	1	2	3
	Sclerosing	13	0	3	1	1	2

[i] Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine statistical significance. nm23-H1, non-metastatic expressed/non-metastatic 23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; n, number of samples; min., minimum score; max., maximum score; 25th, 25th percentile score; 50th, 50th percentile score; 75th, 75th percentile score.

Table IV. Lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in tumour and thyroiditis in surrounding thyroid tissue.

Table IV.

Lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in tumour and thyroiditis in surrounding thyroid tissue.

		Lymphocytic infiltration
		Absent	Present	Total
Thyroiditis
Absent	n	76	21	97
	%	78.4	21.6	100
Present	n	15	18	33
	%	45.5	54.5	100
Total	n	91	39	130
	%	70	30	100

[i] χ² test=12.688, degrees of freedom=1; P<0.001. n, number of samples.

No single tumour was negative for nm23-H1 and COX-2. However, a total of nine tumours were negative for one of the proteins (nm23-H1, n=2; COX-2, n=7). The characteristics of these tumours are presented in Table V. From the nine samples, it may be hypothesized that the regulation of COX-2 expression is complex and that, in the present study, a direct link between nm23-H1 and COX-2 was not able to be elucidated. It is also of note that the tumours from patients #83, #87 and #115 exhibited the highest score for nm23-H1 expression levels, but were negative for COX-2 expression.

Table V. Characteristics of tumours negative for COX-2 and nm23-H1 protein.

Table V.

Characteristics of tumours negative for COX-2 and nm23-H1 protein.

#	Gender	Age, years	Lobe	Histological subtype	Diameter, cm	Intraglandular dissemination	Lymph node	Other changes	Lymphocyte	nm23.H1 IRS	COX.2 IRS
12	F	31	Left	Classical	1.4	No	+	n/a	−	2	0
23	F	43	Right	Sclerosing	1.2	No	−	cht.	+	0	1
41	F	40	Right	Classical	0.9	No	−	n/a	−	1	0
44	F	78	Right	Follicular	2	No	−	n/a	−	1	0
50	F	64	Right	Classical	1	Yes	−	n/a	−	0	3
83	F	54	Isthmus	Sclerosing	0.5	No	−	Goitre	−	3	0
87	F	44	Right	Classical	1	No	−	Goitre	−	3	0
115	F	53	Left	Sclerosing-oxyphilic	1	Yes	−	n/a	−	3	0
127	F	32	Right	Classical	1	No	−	Hash.	+	1	0

[i] #, patient identification number; cht., chronic thyroiditis; Hash., Hashimoto's thyroiditis; IRS, immunoreativity score; F, female; n/a, not applicable; nm23-H1, non-metastatic expressed/non-metastatic 23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2.

The current study divided the tumour samples into two groups depending on the tumour size (n=55, papillary microcarcinoma; n=75, papillary carcinoma) and no statistically significant difference was found in the expression levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 between the groups (P=0.924 and P=0.432). The group of tumours with a diameter of ≤1 cm (microcarcinoma) were divided into two distinct groups, which was due to the presence or absence of lymph node metastases (n=9 and n=46, respectively). The results of the current study indicated that papillary microcarcinoma with lymph node metastases exhibited increased expression levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 (Tables VI and VII), but a statistically significant difference was only established for the levels of COX-2 expression (P=0.017).

Table VI. Expression of nm23-H1 in papillary microcarcinoma with or without lymph node metastasis.

Table VI.

Expression of nm23-H1 in papillary microcarcinoma with or without lymph node metastasis.

		nm23-H1 score
		0, 1	2, 3	Total
Lymph node metastasis
Absent	n	5	41	46
	%	10.9	89.1	100
Present	n	0	9	9
	%	0	100	100
Total	n	5	50	55
	%	9.1	90.9	100

[i] χ² test=1.076, degrees of freedom=1; P=0.300. n, number of samples; nm23-H1, non-metastatic expressed/non-metastatic 23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1.

Table VII. Expression of COX-2 in papillary microcarcinoma with or without lymph node metastasis.

Table VII.

Expression of COX-2 in papillary microcarcinoma with or without lymph node metastasis.

		COX-2 score
		0, 1	2, 3	Total
Lymph node metastasis
Absent	n	19	27	46
	%	41.3	58.7	100
Present	n	0	9	9
	%	0	100	100
Total	n	19	36	55
	%	34.5	65.5	100

[i] χ² test=5.679, degrees of freedom=1; P=0.017. n, number of samples; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2.

Discussion

COX-2 is an enzyme that is expressed at sites of inflammation and in numerous types of carcinoma, and this may be associated with their aggressive characteristics (22,23). COX-2 is also expressed in benign and malignant thyroid tumours, particularly in papillary carcinoma; however, the underlying mechanistic role and potential association with distinct tumour characteristics have yet to be been elucidated (24–33). Russell et al (39) demonstrated that cells containing the oncogenic fusion protein RET/protein phosphatase 2C homolog 3 (PTC3) have increased nuclear NF-κB activity, which promotes the secretion of myeloid growth and chemotactic factors. RET/PTC3 thyrocytes are able to promote the production of inflammatory mediators, including COX-2 (40).

The nm23-H1 kinase is established as a tumour suppressor gene (6) and has been indicated to have a tumour-suppressing function in a number of types of malignant tumour; however the results of previous studies evaluating the role of nm23-H1 in thyroid cancer are contradictory and remain unclear (7–17).

A direct association between nm23-H1 and COX-2 has been identified in EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cells (34). It was identified that COX-2 transcription may be promoted by nm23-H1 via the NF-κB signalling pathway (34). The proteins nm23-H1 and COX-2 have each been investigated separately in a number of previous studies, which included <110 PTC specimens. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first investigation of the coexpression levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 in PTC tumours. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyse the levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 protein expression in 130 PTC samples. Increased expression levels of nm23-H1 were identified in 90% of the tumour tissues (118/130). The proportion of tumours with increased expression levels of COX-2 was lower at 67.6% (88/130) and 87 of the tumour samples also exhibited an increased level of expression of nm23-H1 (P<0.001). Although these results are not able to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this observation, these data are concordant with previous results from EBV-infected cells (34).

There was no statistically significant difference between the expression levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 according to the age or the gender of the patients. Siironen et al (27) used immunohistochemistry to analyse COX-2 protein expression levels in 108 samples from patients with PTC, of which 49 were >45 years. The results revealed an increase in the expression levels of COX-2 in this group of patients, compared with the group of patients that were <45 (P=0.002) (27). Due to the results of this previous study, the current study used two groups: Patients who were <45 and patients who were >45 years at the time of surgery. However the present study did not identify a statistically significant difference in the expression levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 between these two age groups. Erdem et al (40) analysed the expression levels of COX-2 in 79 PTC tissues using immunohistochemistry and demonstrated increased COX-2 staining in the group of patients who were >55 years old (P=0.05). In this previous study, patients were divided into three age groups as follows: <35 years; 35–55 years; >55 years (40). García-González et al (41) analysed COX-2 expression levels in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic follicular cells of the thyroid gland from 174 patients using immunohistochemistry. The results did not detect an association between COX-2 expression levels and the patient age or the presence of lymph node metastases in 39 patients with PTC (41). Notably, it was identified that there was a significant increase in the percentage of cases of papillary microcarcinoma that exhibited an upregulation of COX-2 compared with all the other types of PTC (41). Kim et al (30) analysed the COX-2 immunohistochemical expression levels in 223 thyroid cancer samples, and they compared the expression levels of COX-2 from clinical data of 168 cases (57 follicular carcinoma, 94 PTC and 17 anaplastic carcinoma). The PTC group included 14 cases of papillary microcarcinoma (30). There was no significant correlation identified between patient age, gender, presence of distant metastasis and the expression levels of COX-2 (30). A positive expression level of COX-2 was inversely associated with tumour size, with papillary microcarcinoma exhibiting the highest expression levels of COX-2 among the types of thyroid cancer examined in this previous study (P=0.048) (30). Of the 168 thyroid cancer samples, the tumours with lymph node metastases exhibited reduced COX-2 staining compared with tumours that did not metastasise to the lymph node, but there was no statistically significant difference identified (30).

To investigate the potential association between nm23-H1/COX-2 expression levels and specific types of biological characteristic (primarily the metastatic potential), the current study divided the tumour samples into two groups depending on the tumour size. There was no statistically significant difference in the expression levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 between the groups (P=0.924 and P=0.432). The 55 papillary microcarcinoma samples were divided into metastatic and non-metastatic (n=9 and n=46, respectively). The current study revealed that the COX-2 expression levels were significantly increased in microcarcinoma tumours that occurred with metastases (P=0.017), compared with those that occurred without metastases. This result is concordant with the hypothesis of a potential role for COX-2 in the aggressive characteristics of papillary microcarcinoma. A previous study indicated that the increased expression levels of COX-2 and reduced expression levels of KAI-1/cluster of differentiation 68 in primary cultures, tumour cell lines and tumour samples of PTC are associated with an increase in the invasiveness of tumours (31).

In the present study, the median expression levels of nm23-H1 were significantly increased in the classical and follicular histological subtypes of papillary carcinoma compared with all other histological subtypes (P=0.038). The median expression levels of COX-2 were significantly increased in the follicular histological subtype, but were significantly decreased in the diffuse-sclerosing subtype of PTC tumour (P=0.006). The presence of lung metastases at the time of diagnosis is typical of the diffuse-sclerosing subtype of PTC and this may be associated with the tumour possessing aggressive characteristics (1). In the present study, 13 of the cases were of this histological subtype and there were no lung metastases present in the patients at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, these results are not able to elucidate the role of COX-2 expression and the pathogenicity of this subtype of PTC.

The association between chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis via activation of COX-2 has been established previously (42). In the present study, the presence of lymphocyte inflammatory infiltrate in the tumour was associated with the presence of thyroiditis in the tissues surrounding the tumour (P<0.001), but it was not associated with the expression levels of nm23-H1 and COX-2 in the tumour tissue.

The results presented in the current study demonstrate that the presence of COX-2 may be an important diagnostic marker of thyroid papillary microcarcinoma, as its expression levels demonstrated an association with lymph node metastasis. The results also indicated that coexpression of COX-2 and nm23-H1 may be associated, with this coexpression being associated with a distinct histological subtype of PTC. Although the underlying mechanisms of the role of COX-2 and nm23-H1 in thyroid carcinogenesis have yet to be elucidated, the results presented in the current study may inform further investigations into the origin and progression of thyroid papillary carcinoma and microcarcinoma.

In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that coexpression of nm23-H1 and COX-2 is typical of papillary thyroid carcinoma. However, the levels of their expression may not be associated with commonly examined clinical parameters, including age, gender and the metastatic potential of the tumour. However, the results identified a statistically significant increase in the median expression levels of nm23-H1 in the classical and follicular subtypes of PTC tissues compared with other tumours subtypes. The median expression levels of COX-2 were also significantly increased in follicular subtypes and decreased in diffuse-sclerosing subtypes. Although the latter result demonstrated statistical significance, there were only 13 tumours of this histological subtype and therefore this trend requires further study.

References