Carbon dioxide insufflation reduces residual gas in the gastrointestinal tract following colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection
- Authors:
- Published online on: January 17, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2018.1044
- Pages: 257-263
Abstract
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, and therefore effective and minimally invasive procedures are required to reduce the incidence rate of this malignancy (1,2). More recently, utilization of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) as a minimally invasive treatment for en bloc resection of large superficial neoplasms has become a favored method (3). However, the risk of complication is higher than in gastric ESD as the wall of the colon is thin and operability is limited. In addition, colorectal ESD generally requires a long procedure time due to its technical difficulty (4,5). Therefore, a high level of gas enters the colonic lumen. This is associated with aggravation of subjective symptoms, such as abdominal pain, discomfort and distention, and an increased risk of severe problems, including pneumoderma, pneumothorax, abdominal compartment syndrome and air embolism (6–14).
The safety and efficacy of CO2 insufflation during ESD for lesions of the esophagus and stomach have been demonstrated in several randomized controlled trials (15–21). A pilot study also reported that CO2 insufflation was safe and effective during colorectal ESD (15). As CO2 is absorbed faster than air and is rapidly eliminated through the lungs, CO2 insufflation is expected to reduce residual gas in both the small and large bowels following ESD, and consequently reduce the abdominal symptoms and complications associated with ESD (15,22–30). However, to the best of our knowledge, detailed and quantitative examinations evaluating the effects of CO2 insufflation on residual gas in the gastrointestinal tract following colorectal ESD have not been performed.
The aim of the present study was to assess whether CO2 insufflation could decrease the level of residual gas in the gastrointestinal tract following ESD in patients with colorectal neoplasms. All patients received an abdominal computed tomography (CT) examination immediately following colorectal ESD, and the level of residual gas in the gastrointestinal tract following ESD was objectively evaluated by measuring the axes of the cecal lumen and the diameter of the terminal ileum lumen. The safety of CO2 insufflation was also assessed by measuring the levels of transcutaneous CO2 tension (PtcCO2) and evaluating the development of ESD-related complications such as air leaks.
Materials and methods
Patients
Between January and December 2009, all consecutive patients undergoing colorectal ESD at Gifu University Hospital (Gifu, Japan), were screened for the present study. Colorectal ESD was indicated for lesions that required endoscopic en bloc resection, despite this technique being difficult to use for endoscopic mucosal resection or polypectomy.
Patients with one or more of the following conditions were excluded: (i) They exhibited chronic pulmonary dysfunction defined as a forced expiratory volume in 1.0 sec/forced vital capacity of <70% or a vital capacity of <80%; (ii) they were unable to understand the consent information required for participation; and/or (iii) they refused to participate in the study. The study protocol was approved by the institutional Ethics Committee of Gifu University Hospital (ethical approval no. 28-104). All eligible individuals provided written informed consent prior to study enrollment. Randomization was conducted using a random number list, and patients were divided into two groups, namely a CO2 insufflation group (CO2 group) and an air insufflation group (air group).
ESD procedures and examination schedule for study events prior to and following ESD
ESD was conducted in the afternoon on the day of admission. Prior to inserting the colonoscope, 5.0–10.0 mg diazepam (Cercine®; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), 7.5–15.0 mg pentazocine (Pentagin®; Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and 12.5–25.0 mg hydroxyzine (Atarax-P®; Phizer Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) were injected intravenously for induction of anesthesia and analgesia. As necessary, 5.0 mg diazepam or 7.5 mg pentazocine and 12.5 mg hydroxyzine were administered repeatedly for deep sedation; when patients opened their eyes or moved their body, the patients were considered to be out of deep sedation and received the additional injections. The ESD procedures were performed using a colonoscope and water jet (PCF-Q260J; Olympus Medical Systems; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The colorectal lesions were resected using either a DualKnife (KD-650Q) or FlexKnife (KD-630L; both from Olympus Corporation). A 0.4% high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid solution containing 0.001% epinephrine was injected into the submucosal layer to raise the lesion. The mucosal layer around the lesion was cut circumferentially; subsequently, the submucosal layer was directly dissected with the DualKnife or FlexKnife. If possible, the post-ESD ulcer was closed using clips; otherwise, exposed blood vessels were clipped to reduce the risk of active bleeding. Circulation vitals, including systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate and transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured with a bedside monitor (BSM-4101; Nihon Kohden Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at the start of the procedure, every 5 min during the procedure, and at the end of the procedure. On the second hospital day, blood tests for white blood cell (WBC) count and C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed, and the highest axillary temperature during the total hospital stay was recorded. WBC count was measured with an automated hematology analyzer (XE-2100; Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) and CRP was measured with an automatic biochemical analyzer (JCA-BM2250; JEOL, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with use of a CRP kit (CRP Latex X2 NX®; Denka Seiken Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
CO2 insufflation and transcutaneous gas analysis
CO2 was administered using a CO2 regulation unit (OLYMPUS UCRTM; Olympus Corporation). PtcCO2 was continuously measured from the time of insertion of the colonoscope until the end of the procedure by using a CO2 sensor kit (TOSCA measurement system and TOSCA 500 monitor; Linde Medical Sensors Ag, Basel, Switzerland). The low-flow gas tube (MAJ-1742, Olympus Corporation) of the UCR was used for CO2 insufflation, which was set at a constant rate of 1.4 l/min for all patients, as reported previously (31).
Evaluation of CT examination
CT examination of the abdomen and pelvis was performed immediately following ESD using a 16-MDCT device (LightSpeed 16; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Little Chalfont, UK) with a fixed tube voltage of 120 kVp and an automatic tube current modulation program (3D mA modulation; GE Healthcare Life Sciences). The operational parameters of the scanner were set to noise index, 10.0 HU at 5 mm slice thickness; collimation, 1.25 mm; detector configuration, 16×1.25 mm; table feed, 27.5 mm/rotation; pitch, 1.37:1; field of view, 32×32 cm; gantry rotation time, 0.5 sec; acquisition time, 12.7 sec. All transverse CT images were reconstructed at 5 mm section thickness with a standard reconstruction algorithm. CT images were analyzed using Advantage Workstation v4.6 software (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). To evaluate the amount of residual gas in the gastrointestinal tract following ESD, a scan was performed at the level of the ileocecal valve, and the major and minor axes of the cecal lumen and the diameter of the terminal ileum lumen were measured. A small level of focal free air close to the colonic wall of the resected lesion was defined as a transmural air leak and a high level of free air reaching the surface of the liver was defined as free air (32,33).
Definitions of outcome parameters and complications
The operation time was measured from the start of injection into the submucosal layer until the end of the procedure. A diagnosis of perforation was made by direct endoscopic observation during ESD. Post-procedure hemorrhage was diagnosed with clinical evidence of bleeding following ESD, as shown by repetitive bloody bowel discharges that required endoscopic treatment.
Statistical analysis
All the variables in the present study are described as the number of patients (%) or the median (range). Fisher's exact test was used to compare differences in categorical variables between the two groups when required, and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables. Two-sided P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistically significant differences for all tests. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP v12 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
Results
Patient and procedure characteristics
A total of 83 patients underwent colorectal ESD during the study period. Among them, 17 patients were excluded due to presentation of chronic pulmonary dysfunction; the remaining 66 patients were enrolled in the present study. The enrolled subjects were randomized into two groups: A total of 34 patients received CO2 insufflation (CO2 group) and 32 patients received air insufflation (air group; Fig. 1).
Baseline characteristics and related factors for each group are listed in Table I. The median age was 65.0 (34.0–87.0) years in the CO2 group and 65.5 (34.0–86.0) years in the air group. No significant differences in age, sex, en bloc resection rate, location of the colorectal lesion, histopathological type, tumor size, histological depth, resection size or histopathologically curative resection rate between the groups were identified. The median procedure time was 35 (10–163) and 30 (9–94) min and the rate of clip closure for the post-ESD ulcer was 44.1 and 53.1% in the CO2 and air groups, respectively; neither of these differed significantly between the groups.
Presence of residual gas in the gastrointestinal tract evaluated by CT examination
Representative CT images of patients in the two groups are presented in Fig. 2. In the air group, marked intestinal dilatation of the cecum and terminal ileum was observed compared with the CO2 group. The findings of the CT examination following ESD are summarized in Table II. The median major (21.8 vs. 56.3 mm, P<0.001) and minor (13.4 vs. 36.6 mm, P<0.001) axes of the cecal lumen at the level of the ileocecal valve were significantly lower in the CO2 group compared with the air group. In addition, the median diameter of the terminal ileum lumen was significantly lower in the CO2 group compared with that in the air group (5.0 vs. 16.4 mm, P<0.001). These findings demonstrated the effects of CO2 insufflation on the diminution of residual gas in the bowel following colorectal ESD.
The presence of free air was indicated in 1 patient (2.9%) in the CO2 group and 3 patients (9.4%) in the air group. Transmural air leak was also observed in 8 patients (23.5%) in the CO2 group and 2 patients (6.3%) in the air group; however, no significant differences were identified in the incidence rates of these air leaks between the groups.
PtcCO2 and vital signs prior to and following ESD
The PtcCO2 and vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate and SpO2) of patients recorded during ESD are listed in Table III. The median PtcCO2 prior to and following ESD was 38.5 (22.0–51.0) and 46.5 (30.0–58.0) mmHg in the CO2 group and 40.0 (27.0–48.0) and 47.0 (36.0–55.0) mmHg in the air group, respectively; no significant differences in these values between the groups were determined. The median peak PtcCO2 during ESD was 49.0 (34.0–111.0) mmHg in the CO2 group and 49.0 (40.0–55.0) mmHg in the air group; no significant difference was observed between these values.
Circulation vitals, including systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate prior to and following ESD, did not differ significantly between the groups. In addition, significant elevation or lowering of blood pressures and heart rate during ESD was not observed in either group. The median minimum SpO2 levels did not differ significantly between the groups, being 98.0 (94.0–100.0) % in the CO2 group and 98.5 (95.0–100.0) % in the air group (Table III).
Incidence of post-ESD complications and hospital stay
ESD-related complications and the length of hospital stay are summarized in Table IV. No significant differences were observed in body temperature, incidence of post-ESD hemorrhage or the length of stay between the CO2 and air groups. Furthermore, no significant differences were identified in serum CRP levels or WBC counts on day 1 after ESD. A patient in the CO2 group presented a complication of perforation during ESD, but the lesion was closed using clips. The patient did not require emergency surgery and was discharged 4 days after ESD. No cases of cardiopulmonary adverse events occurred in either group.
Discussion
ESD of colorectal tumors can provide clinical benefits as it enables en bloc resection of large superficial neoplasms (32,34). However, one of the problems with this procedure is the severe intraoperative and post-operative abdominal discomfort and distention caused by air infusion (15). CO2 is absorbed by the bowel mucosa approximately 100 times faster than air and is rapidly eliminated through the lungs (35). This may be associated with the superior recovery quality of CO2 insufflation compared with room air insufflation in colonoscopy (36). Therefore, when compared with air insufflation, CO2 insufflation is expected to reduce the volume of residual gas following ESD, which is a primary cause of patient discomfort associated with this procedure, and consequently prevent the development of abdominal symptoms and problems associated with ESD (5,22–30).
The results of the present randomized trial indicated that CO2 insufflation during colorectal ESD significantly reduced the volume of residual bowel gas compared with air insufflation. Several studies have reported the efficacy of CO2 insufflation during various types of endoscopic procedures (24,25,28,37,38). However, few studies have objectively evaluated the level of residual bowel gas following this procedure. Chen et al (39), observed that CO2 insufflation significantly reduced the volume of residual bowel gas compared with air insufflation following colonoscopy by using abdominal radiography. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to objectively evaluate the degree of bowel distention following colorectal ESD using CT examination. The present study identified the median major and minor axes of the cecal lumen at the level of the ileocecal valve to be significantly lower in the CO2 group than in the air group (P<0.001). In addition, the median diameter of the terminal ileum lumen was significantly lower in the CO2 group than in the air group (P<0.001). These findings suggest that CO2 insufflation significantly reduced the volume of residual bowel gas compared with air insufflation following colorectal ESD.
In the present study, there was no significant difference in the peak PtCO2, which is a useful marker for evaluating CO2 retention (40), between the CO2 and air insufflation groups. No marked adverse events, such as CO2 narcosis, air embolism, SpO2 depression or hemodynamic abnormality, occurred in either group. In addition, post-procedure CT demonstrated no significant difference in the incidence of free air or transmural air leak between the groups. As CO2 insufflation can reduce the volume of residual bowel gas, it may avoid an increase in intra-bowel pressure and improve patient safety. These results suggest that CO2 insufflation during colorectal ESD is a safer alternative to air insufflation.
In the present study, patients with chronic pulmonary dysfunction were excluded, as the safety of CO2 insufflation during colorectal ESD has not been established for such patients. However, a recent study demonstrated that CO2 insufflation during gastric ESD was safe for patients with pulmonary dysfunction under conscious sedation (31). CO2 insufflation during colorectal ESD is also safe for patients with obstructive ventilatory disturbance (41). The number of patients, particularly elderly patients, suffering from complications including chronic pulmonary dysfunction is increasing; therefore, a clinical trial that clarifies the safety and efficacy of CO2 insufflation during colorectal ESD in such patients should be conducted.
The present study had a number of limitations. First, the study was a single-center study with a relatively small sample size. Therefore, multi-center studies with larger sample sizes should be performed to confirm the present results. These studies may also be useful for assessing whether CO2 insufflation may reduce the risk of ESD-related complications, such as transmural air leak and perforation, compared with conventional air insufflation. It should be also verified in future studies whether CO2 insufflation relieved abdominal pain and improved the degree of patients satisfaction. Second, the volume of insufflated gas during the ESD procedure could not be measured. However, it is probable that there was not much difference in the volume of insufflated gas between the CO2 and air groups since the flow volume was the same (1.4 L/min) in both groups and no significant difference was observed in the median procedure time between the groups.
Despite these limitations, it should be emphasized that reduction of the patient's residual gastrointestinal gas following ESD can decrease abdominal fullness; this is associated with a high level of patient satisfaction (35). In conclusion, the present results suggest that CO2 insufflation during colorectal ESD is effective, as it may significantly reduce residual gas in the gastrointestinal tract and therefore increase the satisfaction and comfort of patients who have undergone ESD.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The analyzed data sets generated during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors contributions
TS and HA contributed to the study design, acquisition and interpretation of data, and in the writing of the manuscript; NO and JT acquired the data; MK and TI analyzed and interpreted the data; MS wrote the manuscript and approved the final contents of the manuscript. The final version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee of Gifu University Hospital (ethical approval code: 28-104). All eligible individuals provided written informed consent prior to study enrollment.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
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