Aberrant expression and function of death receptor-3 and death decoy receptor-3 in human cancer (Review)

Ge,Zhicheng; Sanders,Andrew  J.; Ye,Lin; Jiang,Wen   G.

doi:10.3892/etm.2011.206

Aberrant expression and function of death receptor-3 and death decoy receptor-3 in human cancer (Review)

Authors:
- Zhicheng Ge
- Andrew J. Sanders
- Lin Ye
- Wen G. Jiang
View Affiliations

Affiliations: Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
Published online on: January 20, 2011 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2011.206
Pages: 167-172

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

Abstract

Death receptor-3 (DR3) and death decoy receptor-3 (DcR3) are both members of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. The TNFR superfamily contains eight death domain-containing receptors, including TNFR1 (also called DR1), Fas (also called DR2), DR3, DR4, DR5, DR6, NGFR and EDAR. Upon the binding of these receptors with their corresponding ligands, the death domain recruits various proteins that mediate both the death and proliferation of cells. Receptor function is negatively regulated by decoy receptors (DcR1, DcR2, DcR3 and OPG). DR3/DcR3 are a pair of positive and negative players with which vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI) interacts. VEGI has been suggested to be a potential tumour suppressor. The inhibitory effects of VEGI on cancer are manifested in three main areas: a direct effect on cancer cells, an anti-angiogenic effect on endothelial cells, and the stimulation of dendritic cell maturation. A recent study indicated that DR3 may be a new receptor for E-selectin, which has been reported to be associated with cancer metastasis. DcR3 is a soluble receptor, highly expressed in various tumours, which lacks an apparent transmembrane segment, prevents cytokine response through ligand binding and neutralization, and is an inhibitor of apoptosis. DcR3 serves as a decoy receptor for FasL, LIGHT and VEGI. The cytokine LIGHT activates various anti-tumour functions and is expected to be a promising candidate for cancer therapy. Certain tumours may escape FasL-dependent immune-cytotoxic attack by expressing DcR3, which blocks FasL function. DR3/DcR3 play profound roles in regulating cell death and proliferation in cancer. The present review briefly discusses DR3/DcR3 and attempts to elucidate the role of these negative and positive players in cancer.

View Figures

View References

1.	Kitson J, Raven T, Jiang YP, et al: A death-domain-containing receptor that mediates apoptosis. Nature. 384:372–375. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
2.	Marsters SA, Sheridan JP, Donahue CJ, et al: Apo-3, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, contains a death domain and activates apoptosis and NF-kappa B. Curr Biol. 6:1669–1676. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
3.	Chinnaiyan AM, O'Rourke K, Yu GL, et al: Signal transduction by DR3, a death domain-containing receptor related to TNFR-1 and CD95. Science. 274:990–992. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
4.	Kaplan MJ, Ray D, Mo RR, Yung RL and Richardson BC: TRAIL (Apo2 ligand) and TWEAK (Apo3 ligand) mediate CD4⁺ T cell killing of antigen-presenting macrophages. J Immunol. 164:2897–2904. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
5.	Kaptein A, Jansen M, Dilaver G, et al: Studies on the interaction between TWEAK and the death receptor WSL-1/TRAMP (DR3). FEBS Lett. 485:135–141. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
6.	Nakayama M, Ishidoh K, Kayagaki N, et al: Multiple pathways of TWEAK-induced cell death. J Immunol. 168:734–743. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
7.	Zhai Y, Ni J, Jiang GW, et al: VEGI, a novel cytokine of the tumor necrosis factor family, is an angiogenesis inhibitor that suppresses the growth of colon carcinomas in vivo. FASEB J. 13:181–189. 1999.PubMed/NCBI
8.	Migone TS, Zhang J, Luo X, et al: TL1A is a TNF-like ligand for DR3 and TR6/DcR3 and functions as a T cell costimulator. Immunity. 16:479–492. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
9.	Parr C, Gan CH, Watkins G and Jiang WG: Reduced vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI) expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Angiogenesis. 9:73–81. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
10.	Locksley RM, Killeen N and Lenardo MJ: The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology. Cell. 104:487–501. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
11.	Muppidi JR, Tschopp J and Siegel RM: Life and death decisions: secondary complexes and lipid rafts in TNF receptor family signal transduction. Immunity. 21:461–465. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
12.	Wen L, Zhuang L, Luo X and Wei P: TL1A-induced NF-kappaB activation and c-IAP2 production prevent DR3-mediated apoptosis in TF-1 cells. J Biol Chem. 278:39251–39258. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
13.	Gout S, Morin C, Houle F and Huot J: Death receptor-3, a new E-selectin counter-receptor that confers migration and survival advantages to colon carcinoma cells by triggering p38 and ERK MAPK activation. Cancer Res. 66:9117–9124. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
14.	Pitti RM, Marsters SA, Lawrence DA, et al: Genomic amplification of a decoy receptor for Fas ligand in lung and colon cancer. Nature. 396:699–703. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
15.	Bai C, Connolly B, Metzker ML, et al: Overexpression of M68/DcR3 in human gastrointestinal tract tumors independent of gene amplification and its location in a four-gene cluster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:1230–1235. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
16.	Zhang J, Salcedo TW, Wan X, et al: Modulation of T-cell responses to alloantigens by TR6/DcR3. J Clin Invest. 107:1459–1468. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
17.	Wu Y, Han B, Sheng H, et al: Clinical significance of detecting elevated serum DcR3/TR6/M68 in malignant tumor patients. Int J Cancer. 105:724–732. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
18.	Hsu TL, Chang YC, Chen SJ, et al: Modulation of dendritic cell differentiation and maturation by decoy receptor 3. J Immunol. 168:4846–4853. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
19.	Hsu TL, Wu YY, Chang YC, et al: Attenuation of Th1 response in decoy receptor 3 transgenic mice. J Immunol. 175:5135–5145. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
20.	Hsu MJ, Lin WW, Tsao WC, et al: Enhanced adhesion of monocytes via reverse signaling triggered by decoy receptor 3. Exp Cell Res. 292:241–251. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
21.	Wu SF, Liu TM, Lin YC, et al: Immunomodulatory effect of decoy receptor 3 on the differentiation and function of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in nonobese diabetic mice: from regulatory mechanism to clinical implication. J Leukoc Biol. 75:293–306. 2004.
22.	Bodmer JL, Burns K, Schneider P, et al: TRAMP, a novel apoptosis-mediating receptor with sequence homology to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and Fas(Apo-1/CD95). Immunity. 6:79–88. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
23.	Tartaglia LA, Ayres TM, Wong GH and Goeddel DV: A novel domain within the 55 kd TNF receptor signals cell death. Cell. 74:845–853. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
24.	Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, et al: Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell. 89:309–319. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
25.	Tan KB, Harrop J, Reddy M, et al: Characterization of a novel TNF-like ligand and recently described TNF ligand and TNF receptor superfamily genes and their constitutive and inducible expression in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Gene. 204:35–46. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
26.	Haridas V, Shrivastava A, Su J, et al: VEGI, a new member of the TNF family activates nuclear factor-kappa B and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and modulates cell growth. Oncogene. 18:6496–6504. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
27.	Xiao Q, Hsu CY, Chen H, Ma X, Xu J and Lee JM: Characterization of cis-regulatory elements of the vascular endothelial growth inhibitor gene promoter. Biochem J. 388:913–920. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
28.	Zhai Y, Yu J, Iruela-Arispe L, et al: Inhibition of angiogenesis and breast cancer xenograft tumor growth by VEGI, a novel cytokine of the TNF superfamily. Int J Cancer. 82:131–136. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
29.	Chew LJ, Pan H, Yu J, et al: A novel secreted splice variant of vascular endothelial cell growth inhibitor. FASEB J. 16:742–744. 2002.PubMed/NCBI
30.	Lasky LA: Selectins: interpreters of cell-specific carbohydrate information during inflammation. Science. 258:964–969. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
31.	Higai K, Shimamura A and Matsumoto K: Amadori-modified glycated albumin predominantly induces E-selectin expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells through NADPH oxidase activation. Clin Chim Acta. 367:137–143. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar
32.	Collins T, Read MA, Neish AS, Whitley MZ, Thanos D and Maniatis T: Transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules: NF-kappa B and cytokine-inducible enhancers. FASEB J. 9:899–909. 1995.PubMed/NCBI
33.	Subramaniam M, Koedam JA and Wagner DD: Divergent fates of P- and E-selectins after their expression on the plasma membrane. Mol Biol Cell. 4:791–801. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
34.	Steegmaier M, Levinovitz A, Isenmann S, et al: The E-selectin-ligand ESL-1 is a variant of a receptor for fibroblast growth factor. Nature. 373:615–620. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
35.	Constantin G: PSGL-1 as a novel therapeutic target. Drug News Perspect. 17:579–586. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
36.	Romano SJ and Slee DH: Targeting selectins for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2:907–913. 2001.PubMed/NCBI
37.	Bock D, Philipp S and Wolff G: Therapeutic potential of selectin antagonists in psoriasis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 15:963–979. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
38.	Sfikakis PP and Mavrikakis M: Adhesion and lymphocyte costimulatory molecules in systemic rheumatic diseases. Clin Rheumatol. 18:317–327. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
39.	Witz IP: Tumor-microenvironment interactions: the selectin-selectin ligand axis in tumor-endothelium cross talk. Cancer Treat Res. 130:125–140. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
40.	Laferriere J, Houle F and Huot J: Regulation of the metastatic process by E-selectin and stress-activated protein kinase-2/p38. Ann NY Acad Sci. 973:562–572. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
41.	Witz IP: The involvement of selectins and their ligands in tumor-progression. Immunol Lett. 104:89–93. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
42.	Romano SJ: Selectin antagonists: therapeutic potential in asthma and COPD. Treat Respir Med. 4:85–94. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
43.	Mauri DN, Ebner R, Montgomery RI, et al: LIGHT, a new member of the TNF superfamily, and lymphotoxin alpha are ligands for herpesvirus entry mediator. Immunity. 8:21–30. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
44.	Harrop JA, McDonnell PC, Brigham-Burke M, et al: Herpesvirus entry mediator ligand (HVEM-L), a novel ligand for HVEM/TR2, stimulates proliferation of T cells and inhibits HT29 cell growth. J Biol Chem. 273:27548–27556. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
45.	Murphy M, Walter BN, Pike-Nobile L, et al: Expression of the lymphotoxin beta receptor on follicular stromal cells in human lymphoid tissues. Cell Death Differ. 5:497–505. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
46.	Stopfer P, Mannel DN and Hehlgans T: Lymphotoxin-beta receptor activation by activated T cells induces cytokine release from mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. J Immunol. 172:7459–7465. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
47.	Yu P, Lee Y, Liu W, et al: Priming of naive T cells inside tumors leads to eradication of established tumors. Nat Immunol. 5:141–149. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
48.	Tamada K, Shimozaki K, Chapoval AI, et al: LIGHT, a TNF-like molecule, costimulates T cell proliferation and is required for dendritic cell-mediated allogeneic T cell response. J Immunol. 164:4105–4110. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
49.	Yu P and Fu YX: Targeting tumors with LIGHT to generate metastasis-clearing immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 19:285–294. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
50.	Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A, et al: The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell. 66:233–243. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
51.	Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P and Nagata S: Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell. 75:1169–1178. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
52.	Van Parijs L and Abbas AK: Role of Fas-mediated cell death in the regulation of immune responses. Curr Opin Immunol. 8:355–361. 1996.PubMed/NCBI
53.	Griffith TS and Ferguson TA: The role of FasL-induced apoptosis in immune privilege. Immunol Today. 18:240–244. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
54.	Muschen M, Moers C, Warskulat U, Even J, Niederacher D and Beckmann MW: CD95 ligand expression as a mechanism of immune escape in breast cancer. Immunology. 99:69–77. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
55.	O'Connell J, Bennett MW, O'Sullivan GC, et al: Fas ligand expression in primary colon adenocarcinomas: evidence that the Fas counterattack is a prevalent mechanism of immune evasion in human colon cancer. J Pathol. 186:240–246. 1998.PubMed/NCBI
56.	Koyama S, Koike N and Adachi S: Fas receptor counterattack against tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in vivo as a mechanism of immune escape in gastric carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 127:20–26. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
57.	Bennett MW, O'Connell J, O'Sullivan GC, et al: The Fas counterattack in vivo: apoptotic depletion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes associated with Fas ligand expression by human esophageal carcinoma. J Immunol. 160:5669–5675. 1998.
58.	Reimer T, Herrnring C, Koczan D, et al: FasL:Fas ratio – a prognostic factor in breast carcinomas. Cancer Res. 60:822–828. 2000.
59.	Li W, Zhang C, Chen C and Zhuang G: Correlation between expression of DcR3 on tumor cells and sensitivity to FasL. Cell Mol Immunol. 4:455–460. 2007.PubMed/NCBI
60.	Bu R, Borysenko CW, Li Y, Cao L, Sabokbar A and Blair HC: Expression and function of TNF-family proteins and receptors in human osteoblasts. Bone. 33:760–770. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
61.	Screaton GR, Xu XN, Olsen AL, et al: LARD: a new lymphoid-specific death domain containing receptor regulated by alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:4615–4619. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
62.	Wang EC, Kitson J, Thern A, Williamson J, Farrow SN and Owen MJ: Genomic structure, expression, and chromosome mapping of the mouse homologue for the WSL-1 (DR3, Apo3, TRAMP, LARD, TR3, TNFRSF12) gene. Immunogenetics. 53:59–63. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
63.	Eggert A, Grotzer MA, Zuzak TJ, Ikegaki N, Zhao H and Brodeur GM: Expression of Apo-3 and Apo-3L in primitive neuroectodermal tumours of the central and peripheral nervous system. Eur J Cancer. 38:92–98. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
64.	Warzocha K, Ribeiro P, Charlot C, Renard N, Coiffier B and Salles G: A new death receptor 3 isoform: expression in human lymphoid cell lines and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 242:376–379. 1998.PubMed/NCBI
65.	Chen G and Luo D: Expression of decoy receptor 3 in liver tissue microarrays. Natl Med J India. 21:275–278. 2008.PubMed/NCBI
66.	Li L, Hu J, Zhao R and Yue Z: [Expression of DcR3 protein and its significance in laryngeal carcinoma]. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 21:537–539. 2007.
67.	Liang QL, Wang BR and Li GH: DcR3 and survivin are highly expressed in colorectal carcinoma and closely correlated to its clinicopathologic parameters. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 10:675–682. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
68.	Ho CH, Chen CL, Li WY and Chen CJ: Decoy receptor 3, upregulated by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1, enhances nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell migration and invasion. Carcinogenesis. 30:1443–1451. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
69.	Chen PH and Yang CR: Decoy receptor 3 expression in AsPC-1 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-, Akt-, and NF-kappa B-dependent pathway. J Immunol. 181:8441–8449. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar
70.	Macher-Goeppinger S, Aulmann S, Wagener N, et al: Decoy receptor 3 is a prognostic factor in renal cell cancer. Neoplasia. 10:1049–1056. 2008.PubMed/NCBI
71.	Li H, Zhang L, Lou H, et al: Overexpression of decoy receptor 3 in precancerous lesions and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Am J Clin Pathol. 124:282–287. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
72.	Simon I, Liu Y, Krall KL, et al: Evaluation of the novel serum markers B7-H4, Spondin 2, and DcR3 for diagnosis and early detection of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 106:112–118. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
73.	Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yang X and Lv Z: Lupeol, a dietary triterpene, inhibited growth, and induced apoptosis through down-regulation of DR3 in SMMC7721 cells. Cancer Invest. 27:163–170. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
74.	Hayashi S, Miura Y, Nishiyama T, et al: Decoy receptor 3 expressed in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts protects the cells against Fas-induced apoptosis. Arthritis Rheum. 56:1067–1075. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
75.	Prehn JL, Thomas LS, Landers CJ, Yu QT, Michelsen KS and Targan SR: The T cell costimulator TL1A is induced by FcgammaR signaling in human monocytes and dendritic cells. J Immunol. 178:4033–4038. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
76.	Wroblewski VJ, Witcher DR, Becker GW, et al: Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is proteolytically processed to a metabolic fragment having differential activities against Fas ligand and LIGHT. Biochem Pharmacol. 65:657–667. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
77.	Yu KY, Kwon B, Ni J, Zhai Y, Ebner R and Kwon BS: A newly identified member of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TR6) suppresses LIGHT-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 274:13733–13736. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
78.	Yang CR, Hsieh SL, Teng CM, Ho FM, Su WL and Lin WW: Soluble decoy receptor 3 induces angiogenesis by neutralization of TL1A, a cytokine belonging to tumor necrosis factor superfamily and exhibiting angiostatic action. Cancer Res. 64:1122–1129. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
79.	Tian F, Liang PH and Li LY: Inhibition of endothelial progenitor cell differentiation by VEGI. Blood. 113:5352–5360. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
80.	Murtaza I, Adhami VM, Hafeez BB, Saleem M and Mukhtar H: Fisetin, a natural flavonoid, targets chemoresistant human pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells through DR3-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB. Int J Cancer. 125:2465–2473. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
81.	Gill RM and Hunt JS: Soluble receptor (DcR3) and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-2 (cIAP-2) protect human cytotrophoblast cells against LIGHT-mediated apoptosis. Am J Pathol. 165:309–317. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
82.	Chen G and Luo D: Over-expression of decoy receptor 3 in gastric precancerous lesions and carcinoma. Ups J Med Sci. 113:297–304. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
83.	Wu YL, Yu JX, Shen HW, Han B and Gao SL: [Clinical significance and correlation between elevated serum TR6 and lympho-metastasis in gastric cancer]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 41:928–931. 2003.
84.	Wu Y, Guo E, Yu J and Xie Q: High DcR3 expression predicts stage pN2-3 in gastric cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 31:79–83. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
85.	Wu Y, Guo E, Yu J, Xie Q and Chen J: High DcR3 expression predicts stage pN2 in gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 54:2172–2176. 2007.PubMed/NCBI
86.	Roth W, Isenmann S, Nakamura M, et al: Soluble decoy receptor 3 is expressed by malignant gliomas and suppresses CD95 ligand-induced apoptosis and chemotaxis. Cancer Res. 61:2759–2765. 2001.PubMed/NCBI
87.	Shen HW, Gao SL, Wu YL and Peng SY: Overexpression of decoy receptor 3 in hepatocellular carcinoma and its association with resistance to Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis. World J Gastroenterol. 11:5926–5930. 2005.PubMed/NCBI
88.	Chen G, Luo DZ, Wang Y, Liao ZL and Zhang MY: [Relationship between expression of decoy receptor 3 and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 36:113–117. 2007.
89.	Chang YC, Hsu TL, Lin HH, et al: Modulation of macrophage differentiation and activation by decoy receptor 3. J Leukoc Biol. 75:486–494. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
90.	Shi G, Wu Y, Zhang J and Wu J: Death decoy receptor TR6/DcR3 inhibits T cell chemotaxis in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol. 171:3407–3414. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
91.	Tian F, Grimaldo S, Fujita M, Cutts J, Vujanovic NL and Li LY: The endothelial cell-produced antiangiogenic cytokine vascular endothelial growth inhibitor induces dendritic cell maturation. J Immunol. 179:3742–3751. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
92.	Morishige T, Yoshioka Y, Inakura H, et al: Creation of a LIGHT mutant with the capacity to evade the decoy receptor for cancer therapy. Biomaterials. 31:3357–3363. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
93.	Wu CF, Ma ZS, Wang XL, et al: [Preparation and identification of monoclonal antibodies against human DcR3]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 24:139–141. 2008.