Effects of different sutures on fibrosis and wound healing in a rabbit model of corneal wounds
- Authors:
- Published online on: September 14, 2016 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3703
- Pages: 2827-2834
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Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
It is generally acknowledged that, whenever indicated, wounds should be carefully sutured (1). The simple interrupted suture (SIS) and horizontal mattress suture (HMS) are two common wound closure methods. SIS is used as the wound is kept clean and smooth, and it aligns tissues well. HMS is chiefly used in big tension wounds, in repair of blood vessel rupture or in closing the peritoneum, to create a smooth inner wall (2,3). However, the differences in the resulting fibrotic processes of the two types of suture remain to be clarified. Thus, a self-comparison model was formed to examine the different fibrotic processes of the two sutures in corneal wound healing.
Since the cornea is transparent, avascular and composed of simple substances, it is an ideal site to investigate the process of wound healing (2). When the cornea is injured, the quiescent keratocytes in the wound stroma become apoptotic, and the keratocytes nearby are activated. The activated keratocytes proliferate and differentiate into spindle-shaped fibroblasts that migrate towards the wound area (4). After arriving at the wound edge, some of these cells enlarge and differentiate into myofibroblasts within the stroma (5). Myofibroblasts fill the wound in an interwoven and interconnected network pattern, and express filaments of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) to promote wound contraction (6). Myofibroblasts are less translucent than static keratocytes and they further decrease stromal transparency by altering the organization and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) (7). Vimentin is one of the many intermediate filaments of mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells (8). Vimentin is needed during tissue repair and its overexpression plays an unappreciated pathogenic role in corneal fibrotic conditions (9). Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts synthesize the ECM components, including collagen types I and III, and fibronectin (10). These proteins are involved in the fibrosis of wound healing.
In the present study, we utilized a rabbit model to test the hypothesis that the two types of sutures differ in the fibrotic processes they stimulate.
Materials and methods
Animals
In total, 45 healthy male New Zealand white rabbits (Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China), weighing 2.0–2.5 kg, were used in the present study. Five rabbits were sacrificed as normal controls. The remaining 40 rabbits were divided into 4 groups (n=10) and were sacrificed at 14 days, 21 days, 3 months and 6 months after the initial incision. The present study was conducted in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Peking University approved the animal protocol (permit no. LA2012–54).
Surgeries were performed under general and topical anesthesia. General anesthesia was induced with a muscle injection of ketamine HCl (0.1 ml/kg) and Su-Mian-Xin (0.1 ml/kg). Topical anesthesia was applied with Benoxil. Efforts were made to minimize suffering.
Animal surgery
The surgeries were randomized to the left or right eye of the rabbits, but surgery was performed to only one eye for each rabbit. The surgical procedure was as follows: After sterilization of the palpebrae and the conjunctival sac, the palpebrae were opened by use of a spatula, and the superior and inferior recti muscles were stabilized with 5–0 sutures. Two ‘I’-shaped incisions on each side of the cornea, parallel to the corneal median vertical line were made. The lengths of the top and bottom ends of the vertical wounds were 3 mm, the vertical length of the wound was 6 mm, and the incision depth was 1/2 of the corneal thickness. The vertical flaps to the left and right were separated 1.5 mm through the lamellar stroma. After washing the wounds with 0.9% normal saline, 0.2 ml of aqueous was aspirated from the anterior chamber with a 1.0 ml syringe at the vertical limbus position to reduce the corneal tension. The SIS wound was closed with five interrupted 8–0 silk sutures (Snake, Germany), while the HMS wound was closed with three interrupted horizontal mattress 8–0 silk sutures (Fig. 1E). After finishing the sutures, 0.5 ml tobramycin was injected into the subconjuctival space, and erythromycin ointment was applied to the conjunctival sac. Ofkoxacin eye drops were administered into the wounded eye 3 times per day for 1 month. Ten days after the surgery, the sutures were removed under anesthesia. The animals were sacrificed in a randomized manner on days 14 and 21, and months 3 and 6 after surgery.
Regular images
Photos were obtained at 14 and 21 days, and at 3 and 6 months after surgery under general and topical anesthesia. The regular images captured were obtained using a Topcon OMS 800 Surgery Microscope with an NC Video 1.0 system (Newcom Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China).
Tissue processing
In total, 50 corneas were harvested, including 40 corneas from the four treated groups (n=10), and 10 corneas from the five blank control rabbits once they were sacrificed. Half of the corneas in each group were used for detection of immunofluorescence, while the remaining 50% of the corneas were used for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. The corneas used for immunofluorescence were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) immediately after death. After 1 h, the corneas were harvested from the eyeballs and were placed in 4% PFA solution for 24 h at 4°C. After fixation, the corneas were washed twice in 1X phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 30 min. The corneas were then dehydrated in a 30% sucrose solution, embedded into OCT (Sakura Finetek, Torrance, CA, USA), frozen in liquid nitrogen for 3 min and preserved in a refrigerator at −80°C. The prepared samples were cut into 7 µm sections using a Leica Freezing Microtome (Nussloch, Germany) 1 day prior to the subsequent procedures. The frozen sections were immersed in ice-cold acetone for 10 min prior to drying in air for 15 min, and were kept in a −80°C refrigerator for immunofluorescence detection on the following day.
The central corneas of the eyeballs used for qPCR were marked with a 12-mm diameter trephine (Meisinger, Centennial, CO, USA) and excised with scissors to remove the rims. The obtained grafts were cut vertically in half and were preserved in labeled freezing tubes (Corning Inc., Acton, MA, USA) and kept at −80°C until mRNA assessment. The primers used to amplify the five genomic sequences are shown in Table I.
Immunofluorescence
Immunofluorescent staining was performed to detect α-SMA, vimentin, and collagen types I and III, which are markers of myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, and new ECM protein deposition, respectively. Frozen sections were air dried and washed three times in 1X PBS for 5 min. The sections were then blocked with goat serum for 1 h and repaired with 1X Frozen Sections Antigen Repair Agent (Beyotime Biotech, Jiangsu, China) for 5 min at room temperature. Subsequently, 1:100 primary antibodies were applied overnight in a moist chamber set at 4°C. The following day, 1:300 diluted anti-mouse IgG secondary antibodies, conjugated with fluorescein, were applied at room temperature for 1 h. After washing 3 times in PBS for 5 min, DAPI Fluoromount-G (SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, AL, USA) was mounted for staining of the nuclei and the samples were covered with coverslips. The primary antibodies used were: monoclonal α-SMA antibody (mouse anti-rabbit; dilution of 1:200; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA; cat. no. A5228), monoclonal vimentin antibody (mouse anti-rabbit, dilution of 1:500; Abcam, Cambridge, UK; cat. no. ab30436), collagen type I (monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit; dilution of 1:500; Abcam; cat. no. ab292), and collagen type III (monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit; Abcam; dilution of 1:500; cat. no. ab7778). The tissues were observed and photographed under a Leica fluorescence microscope camera (Leica DM3000). The negative controls were prepared using PBS, rather than primary antibodies.
Semi-quantitative PCR
The mRNA levels of a-SMA, collagen type I and III were analyzed by qPCR. Five corneal grafts of the rabbits that did not undergo surgery were used as negative controls to minimize the potentially confounding effects of natural variability in gene expression. Total RNA was extracted using an RNA purification kit (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Austin, TX, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. First-strand cDNA was synthesized using a synthesis kit (Avian Myeloblastosis Virus First-Strand cDNA Synthesis kit, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The cDNA samples were then divided into tubes containing a PCR reaction mixture (Applied Biosystems Life Technologies, Foster City, CA, USA) with specific primers (Table I). For each treatment, a PCR reaction mixture was prepared, containing 1 µl of cDNA, 10 µl of PCR master mix (SYBR-Green; Applied Biosystems Life Technologies), 1 µl of each primer and 7 µl of ddH20 in a total volume of 20 µl. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed with an StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems Life Technologies). The samples were assayed in triplicate. The cycling conditions were initiated at 95°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles consisting of a 10-sec melting interval at 95°C and a 40-sec interval for annealing at 60°C. Immediately after the amplification, melt curve protocols were performed to ensure that primer-dimers and other non-specific products were minimized or eliminated. For data analyses, the cycle threshold (CT) of each gene for the surgery corneal grafts was normalized to the corresponding value for the control cornea and this value was used to calculate the fold-change with the 2−ΔΔCT method. The results are presented as significant increases or decreases in mRNA detected in the experimental groups compared with their respective controls.
Statistical analysis
The corneal samples were analyzed individually (not pooled) ≥3 times. The individual data values from each corneal sample were statistically analyzed using SPSS statistical software package, version 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The paired t-test was used to compare mRNA values between the two differentially sutured groups. One-way ANOVA was used to compare mRNA values of different time points in each group. The statistical results with P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Morphology results
Clinical observations of wound healing following corneal incisions closed with SIS or HMS. Images of clinical signs of the wound-healing process were captured. Fig. 1E shows an image directly after the procedures. SIS closure is shown on the left wound, while HMS closure is shown on the right wound. The neovascularization of wounds reached a peak on day 14 (Fig. 1A) and began to fade away. At 3 months, neovascular vessels and scarring tissue had virtually disappeared (Fig. 1C). A comparison revealed that the scars of HMS wounds were denser than those of SIS wounds at month 3 (Fig. 1C). Fibrosis of the two sides were apparent on day 21 (Fig. 1B). The scars appeared to show no apparent disparities between the two sides at month 6 (Fig. 1D).
Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the HMS and SIS wounds following surgery
The two types of sutured wounds appeared more cellular than normal corneas. The epithelial cells of the wounds showed proliferation and multilayered morphology at days 14 and 21 (Fig. 2A1, A2, B1 and B2). At 3 and 6 months after surgery, the fibrotic cells in the wound area had almost disappeared (Fig. 2C1, D1 and C2, D2). Three months after surgery, the fibrotic cells in the wound area had almost disappeared (Fig. 2C1 and C2). However, the hypercellular interwoven tissues under the epithelium in HMS wounds were more abundant than in the SIS wounds on days 14 and 21 (Fig. 2A1, A2, B1 and B2). The wounds on the two sides showed signs of normal recovery to almost normal corneal tissues (Fig. 2C-E).
Immunofluorescence
The α-SMA-positive cells emerged in the wound areas on the two sutures and reached a peak at day 21 (Fig. 3B1 and B2). At 3 and 6 months, the α-SMA staining on HMS wounds was much more intense than that on the SIS wounds on 21 day (Fig. 3B1 and B2). At 3 months, the α-SMA-stained cells had nearly disappeared, except for the region immediately under the epithelium (Fig. 3C1, D1 and C2, D2). The analysis of control samples demonstrated this antibody reacts with stromal and endothelial cells in the normal cornea (Fig. 3E).
The number of vimentin-positive cells on both wounds was noted on days 14 and 21 (Fig. 4A1, A2, B1 and B2). At 3 and 6 months after surgery, the vimentin-positive cells were barely visible (Fig. 4C1, D1 and C2, D2). There was no positive staining in the normal cornea, indicating vimentin did not stain keratocytes (Fig. 4E). During the study, the peak of detection of the myofibroblast's marker α-SMA was on day 21 (Figs. 3B1, B2 and 5A), which was later than that of the fibroblast marker vimentin. Vimentin expression reached its peak on day 14 (Figs. 4A1, A2 and 5B).
Collagen type I was found in the entire cornea except in the fibrotic region, especially on day 21 (Fig. 6B1 and B2). At that point the expression pattern of collagen type I resembled that of a ring with the center region full of fibrotic tissue containing collagen type III and α-SMA. The normal cornea staining demonstrated collagen type I expression in the stroma (Fig. 6D).
The staining of collagen type III in HMS wounds was most intense on days 14 and 21 (Fig. 7A1, A2, B1 and B2). The expression of collagen type III was gradually decreased after 6 months (Fig. 7C1 and C2). Notably, the immunofluorescence of collagen type III in HMS wounds was much stronger than that in SIS wounds on day 21, and month 6 (Fig. 7A1-C1 and A2-C2). There was no positive staining of collagen type III in normal corneas in the present study (Fig. 7D).
In comparing the proteins, the positive expression of collagen type I in SIS wounds was gradually reduced to normal levels, as shown by immunofluorescence (Fig. 6C1 and C2), while the α-SMA gradually receded to the level of the subepithelial region (Fig. 3C1 and C2). Collagen type III was gradually replaced by collagen type I in the two types of sutured wounds after day 21 (Figs. 6 and 7).
qPCR results
Changes in the expression of four mRNAs from SIS and HMS wounds during the course of corneal wound healing were compared using semi-quantitative PCR. Each of the four mRNA expressions was high on days 14 and 21, but low on months 3 and 6 (Fig. 5). On day 21, the mRNA expression of α-SMA and collagen type I reached a peak (Fig. 5A and C). However, the highest expression for vimentin and collagen type III mRNAs was evident on day 14 (Fig. 5B and D). According to statistics, the difference in the mRNA expression of α-SMA, vimentin and collagen type III in SIS and HMS wounds was statistically significant (P<0.05). On day 14 (P=0.031) and 21 (P=0.05) as well as at 6 months (P=0.035), the HMS wounds produced increaesd α-SMA mRNA than the SIS wounds. As for vimentin, the HMS wounds generated increased mRNA than the SIS wounds on day 14 (P=0.023). For collagen type III, the HMS wounds produced more mRNA than the SIS wounds on days 14 (P=0.001) and 21 (P=0.039), and month 6 (P=0.006). However, for collagen type I, the mRNA expression between SIS and HMS wounds showed no distinct differences (Fig. 5C).
Discussion
The rabbit model of cornea
An opportunity to study the wound healing response in SIS and HMS. While corneal trauma is extremely common, human tissue appropriate for histologic analysis is difficult to obtain. Although patient specimens of penetrating keratoplasty are available, they are often combined with other corneal lesions and cannot be used to investigate normal wound-healing processes.
In the present study, a rabbit model of corneal wound healing was used to overcome these problems. This model correlates general imaging findings with histological and expression analyses at different time-points following a standardized surgical procedure and follow-up. The rabbits were used as the animal models, partly because their eyes are sufficiently large for practical surgical operations. However, the regenerative capacity of the rabbit endothelium is much better than that of humans. Therefore, 1/2 corneal thickness wounds were made in order to compensate for the differences between human and rabbit eyeballs.
The major potential problem of this rabbit model was the use of the same cornea to compare two wounds, as results were potentially confounding between the two wounds. To verify the spacing between two corneal wounds that would preclude interference from one healing process to the other, we initially created numerous corneal wounds and optimized these parameters in the model. It was verified by histological and immunofluorescence assays that no positive cells or proteins were stimulated in the intermediate region between the two selected wounds Additionally, our model design comparing two wounds in the same cornea avoids the discrepancies that are irremediably found using different corneas.
HMS wounds exhibit more fibrosis than SIS wounds in the early healing stages
We used immunofluorescence to mark fibrotic related proteins in the two wounds. The results show that the fluorescence intensities of HMS wounds are stronger than those of the SIS wounds during the early stages. Furthermore, results of qPCR show the mRNAs of these fibrotic proteins are abundantly expressed in HMS wounds during the early stage, supporting these findings. The findings of the images captured (Fig. 1) and the histological sections (Fig. 2) are in agreement with that HMS wounds cause more fibrosis than SIS wounds during the early steps of the wound-healing process.
It has previously been noted that some cells in the anterior stroma can simultaneously express vimentin and α-SMA (8). However, our results suggest that, the time of peak for vimentin expression is ~10–14 days after surgery while that of α-SMA is at around day 21. Thus, it is possible that the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts lasts ~5–7 days in this in vivo model, and accounts for this finding.
Scarring of the cornea is mainly due to improper deposition of ECM components (10). Collagen type III, a main component of early granulation tissue, is gradually decomposed and replaced by normal collagen tissues (6). However, its role in the wound-healing process is incompletely understood (11). Boote suggested that the upregulation of mRNA for collagen type III increased at 2 weeks and decreased at 4 weeks (12). Our results showed that the collagen type III protein and its related mRNA expression reached a peak on day 14 and decreased on day 21. Additionally, the positive expression of collagen type III gradually leveled to a pre-suture point, as indicated by the immunofluorescence. Furthermore, collagen type I, the normally existing collagen in the cornea, may fluctuate in the wound-healing process (6). We have found that the collagen type III may be gradually replaced by collagen type I in the two types of sutured wounds after day 21. In the remodeling phase, which can last for years, the ECM is remodeled into a structure approaching normal tissue (13).
It is generally accepted that the interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cells is crucial in abnormal wound repair (7). In our model, HMS evidently breaks the normal interaction of epithelium and matrix. The present results have shown how HMS artificially turned the cornea lamellar stroma out and thus generated more fibrosis than SIS at the beginning of the healing process. Nevertheless, although mattress sutures can produce surface scarring, early removal of these sutures can limit this damage (14). We hypothesize the reason for differences between SIS and HMS not becoming evident after 3 months may be the removal of the stitches at 10 days post-suturing. In our pilot study, the optimal time of stitch removal was on day 10. Stitches removed at a time earlier than day 9, resulted in a wound being unable to close adequately, while stitches removed after 10 days were starting to show corneal tissue degradation.
Methodological considerations
Our study was limited by a lack of protein quantitative analyses. This is due to the fact that these fibrotic proteins are not very abundant in a linear scar, and our attempts to identify them by western blot analysis repeatedly failed. However, based on the general imaging findings, histological analyses, immunofluorescence and qPCR results, enough evidence was provided to show a difference in the fibrotic tissues between HMS and SIS during the early stages of wound healing.
In conclusion, wounds in the cornea create scars that induce blurred vision. Good stitching can reduce scar formation. In our rabbit model of cornea wound healing, HMS produced increased fibrosis compared to SIS in the early stages of wound healing, albeit similar outcomes are yielded after 3 months. This observation suggests that it may be beneficial to select SIS over HMS, if only for the more benign initial healing process. A better understanding of wound closure methods may impact corneal wound healing and provide important insights for enhancing the vision of patients undergoing corneal injury suturing.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the technical support of Li Ying, who works for the Vision Repair and Rehabilitation lab of Peking University Third Hospital.
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