Orally administered simvastatin partially preserves lumbar vertebral bone mass but not integrity of intervertebral discs in ovariectomized rats
- Authors:
- Published online on: January 13, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4043
- Pages: 877-884
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Copyright: © Tian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Lower back pain is responsible for a large amount of human suffering, high healthcare costs and significant socioeconomic losses. Furthermore, the burden of lower back pain on the individual and society is expected to increase markedly because of the aging population (1). Clinically, a large number of patients with persistent lower back pain attribute their symptoms to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (2). More than 90% of surgical spine surgeries are performed as a result of IVD degeneration (3). There is a great need for an oral prophylactic drug that is able to inhibit the pathogenesis of disc degeneration, and thereby improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the burden of lower back pain on individuals and society.
Although IVD degeneration has a multifactorial etiology, involving age, mechanical, genetic, systemic and toxic factors (4,5), increasing evidence suggests an association between changes in the vertebral body and IVD degeneration. Fabreguet et al (6) demonstrated that the prevalence of lumbar spine degeneration is high in osteoporotic men. Furthermore, relative estrogen deficiency may contribute to accelerated disc degeneration in postmenopausal females (7). In addition, our previous studies revealed a strong association between osteopenia and disc degeneration in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and intervention using an antiresorptive agent not only prevented osteopenia, but also inhibited IVD degeneration (8–10). Considering IVD degeneration most often occurs in elderly individuals, it is likely to be combined with other conditions to which the elderly are susceptible, such as osteoporosis and hyperlipidemia. It would be interesting if treatments for hyperlipidemia could also be effective for preventing osteoporosis and IVD degeneration.
Intriguingly, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, simvastatin, commonly prescribed as a cholesterol-lowering drug, has been reported to not only promote bone formation in both clinical and experimental studies (11–15), but also slow IVD degeneration in a rat model by intradisc injection (16). However, to date, it remains unknown whether orally administered simvastatin is able to inhibit the pathological process of IVD degeneration.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine if simvastatin could prevent bone loss while also inhibiting IVD degeneration in OVX rats.
Materials and methods
Experimental design
A total of 30 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (3 months old), with average weight of 260±15 g, obtained from Peking University Animal Center (Beijing, China) were used in this study. Rats were maintained in an environment maintained at a temperature of 22±2°C, a humidity level of 55–60% and a 12-h light/dark cycle. Rats had access to food and water ad libitum. Of these rats, 20 rats received bilateral ovariectomy (the OVX group), and the remaining 10 rats were used as controls, in which the ovaries were exteriorized but not removed (the sham group). At week 12, the OVX rats were randomly divided into two groups and orally administered: i) saline vehicle treatment (OVX + V group; n=10) or ii) simvastatin (Ruibang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wenzhou, China) treatment at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day (OVX + SIM group; n=10). At week 24, all animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of North China University of Science and Technology (Tangshan, China).
Bone mineral density (BMD) assessment
For all animals, BMD of L5, L6 and L5-6 was determined on the anteroposterior plane, by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry using a densitometer (QDR Discovery; Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) operating at high-resolution mode, and specialized software (version 13.3; Hologic, Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA) for small animals supplied by the equipment manufacturer.
Micro-computed tomography (CT) measurements
Three-dimensional (3D) analysis was performed on the trabeculae of the cancellous tissue of the L3 vertebra, using a SkyScan 1076 micro-CT scanner (Bruker MicroCT, Kontich, Belgium). The micro-CT equipment comprised a microfocus X-ray tube with a focal spot of 9 µm to produce a fan beam detected by a charge-coupled device array, and a turntable that could be shifted automatically in the axial direction. The energy and intensity were equal to 40 kVp and 250 µA, respectively. On the original 3D images, morphometric indices were directly determined from the volume of interest (VOI), which was restricted to an inner cylinder with 1.5 mm diameter and the entire vertebra, excluding the region 1 mm from the proximal and distal growth plate. The following 3D morphometric parameters were calculated to describe the bone mass and microstructure: Percentage of bone volume to total volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and structural model index (SMI).
Biomechanical testing
Using a mechanical strength analyzer (AG-IS 10kN; Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), the mechanical strength of the lumbar vertebra (L3) was measured by compression test (16). In this test, the planoparallel surfaces were obtained by removing the cranial and caudal ends of the vertebral specimen, thereby allowing for a uniform compression test to be performed on individual rodent vertebrae. From the vertebral body, a central cylinder with planoparallel ends and a height of ~5 mm was obtained. All compression tests were performed in the displacement-control mode at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min to eliminate any strain rate effects. Maximum load, yield stress, maximum stress, and elastic modulus were obtained from compression tests of the vertebral bodies.
Histological and histomorphometric evaluation
The L5-6 segments of the lumbar spine (including the intervertebral disc) were fixed in neutral-buffered 10% formalin, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Samples were then cut into 5-µm sections and stained with van Gieson's stain (VG) for light microscopic examination.
Degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs were observed and the degrees of change in the stained sections were scored independently by three individuals blinded to the experimental protocol, using the disc degeneration assessment scoring system (Table I) described by Wang et al (8).
Disc height measurements were taken from the caudal aspect of the growth plate of L5 to the cranial aspect of the growth plate of L6 on histological samples from the L5-6 segments. For each image, an average of three measurements made from three areas of the disc space for one section from each rat: One from the anterior, one from the central and one from the posterior side (17). The thickness of the endplate was measured from the cranial growth plate to the border between the nucleus pulposus and the endplate in the VG staining. The ratio of calcified area to the total endplate area was also determined. All measurements were performed using a digital image analysis system (Cell Sens; version 1.8; Olympus Soft Imaging solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany).
Immunohistochemical analysis
Tissue sections (5 µm) were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in a reverse-graded series of ethanol. Antigen retrieval was performed using 0.1 M sodium citrate (J&K Scientific Ltd., Beijing, China), endogenous peroxidase activity was suppressed by 0.3% H2O2 for 15 min, and then were blocked for 30 min using blocking solution (TSA kit; cat no. NEL749A001KT; PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) blocking of non-specific binding, sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with anti-rat collagen-II (Col-II; 1:100; cat no. 79013Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), aggrecan (AGG) or collagen-I (Col-I) antibodies (both 1:100; cat nos. bs-11655R and bs-0578R, respectively; BIOSS, Beijing, China). The remaining procedures were performed using an SABC-FITC kit (SA1066; Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, Ltd., Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and the color (brown) was developed by incubation in DAB (ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China). Sections were counter-stained with hematoxylin. All sections were observed by a light microscope (BX 53; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and semi-quantitatively analyzed using Image Pro Plus version 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) and the integrated optical density (IOD) was measured on the images at ×400 magnification.
Statistical analysis
All data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0 software (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA) and results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences between groups was estimated using one-way analysis of variance and Fisher's protected least significant difference test. The results of histological scores were analyzed using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Bone mineral density of L5-6 vertebrae
As shown in Table II, the BMD of L5, L6 and L5-6 in the rats of the OVX + V and OVX + SIM groups were all significantly lower compared with those of the sham group. Rats of the OVX + SIM group exhibited markedly higher BMDs than those of the OVX + V group (Table II).
Micro-CT analysis of L3 vertebrae
Changes in the 3D microarchitectural properties of the subchondral trabecular bone were visible in the representative 3D-reconstructed micro-CT images of the vertebral trabecular bone of the VOI from each group (Fig. 1). Quantification of 3D trabecular structures revealed that in the OVX + V and OVX + SIM groups, BV/TV and Tb.N were significantly decreased (P<0.05) and Tb.Sp was significantly higher (P<0.05), compared with their values in the sham group. OVX + SIM rats exhibited higher values of BV/TV and Tb.N, and lower values of Tb.Sp than did the OVX + V group, although the differences were not statistically significant (Table III).
Biomechanical properties of L3
As shown in Table IV, maximum load, yield stress, maximum stress and elastic modulus in the OVX + V group were significantly lower compared with those in the sham group (P<0.05). Furthermore, rats in the OVX + SIM group exhibited significantly higher values than those in the OVX + V group (P<0.05).
Histological and histomorphometric observations in L5-6 vertebral discs
The sham group exhibited mild degeneration, with partial calcification of the cartilage endplates and a few doublets of chondrocyte-like cells within the nucleus pulposus at the rear side. In addition to diminished disc height, the OVX + V and OVX + SIM groups experienced more serious degeneration of the endplate, annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. Mineralized tissue was more evident in the deep zone of the middle cartilage endplate. In the nucleus pulposus, notochordal cells exhibited a significant loss of cellularity and were replaced by chondrocyte-like cells. Mucoid degeneration was visible, which eroded the nucleus pulposus and formed an apparent cleft. Loss of collagen, proliferation of fibrocartilaginous tissue and disruption of the nuclear-annular border were observed at the annulus fibrosus. Accordingly, the histological scores of disc degeneration in the OVX + V and OVX + SIM groups were significantly higher compared with the histological score in the sham group (P<0.05; Fig. 2).
Disc height in the OVX + V (1.09±0.09 mm) and OVX + SIM (1.10±0.08 mm) groups was significantly lower compared with that in the sham group (1.25±0.08 mm; P<0.05). Endplate thickness in the OVX + V (198.9±32.0 µm) and OVX + SIM (182.5±22.7 µm) groups was significantly lower compared with that in the sham group (141.8±22.8 µm; P<0.05), and the same trends were found in the ratio of calcified area to endplate area of the endplate of L5-6 discs (33.5±5.9 and 31.7±4.8 vs. 20.8±3.5%; P<0.05; Fig. 3).
Immunohistochemical staining
Immunohistochemical staining and IOD analysis showed that the protein expression of Col-II in the annulus fibrosis in the OVX + V group was lower than that in both the sham and OVX + SIM groups (P<0.05), while in the nucleus pulposus, Col-II expression was significantly higher in the OVX + V and OVX + SIM groups than in the sham group, while the opposite was observed in the endplate (P<0.05; Fig. 4).
The protein expression levels of AGG in the annulus fibrosis and endplate in the OVX + V and OVX + SIM groups were markedly lower than in the sham group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between any two groups in nucleus pulposus (Fig. 5).
The protein expression levels of col-I in the annulus fibrosis and endplate in the OVX + V and OVX + SIM groups were markedly higher compared with the expression level in the sham group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between any two groups in the nucleus pulposus (Fig. 6).
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of simvastatin on bone loss and IVD degeneration in OVX rats. Based on the analysis of bone mass and biomechanical properties of the vertebrae, in addition to the histological, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses of the IVD, the results of this study demonstrated that osteopenia and IVD degeneration occurred in rats at 6 months after OVX. The results also showed that under the dosage and timescale used in this study, orally administered simvastatin partially preserved the bone mass and biomechanical properties of the lumbar vertebrae. However, there were no protective effects of simvastatin on IVD degeneration in this model.
The OVX rat has been widely used as an estrogen-deficient model for the research study of post-menopausal bone loss (8–11,13,14,18–20). In addition to bone loss and the deterioration of biomechanical properties, IVD degeneration is also observed in this model. This includes histological degeneration shown by VG staining, and histomorphometric findings, such as loss of disc height, thickening of the endplate and an increased ratio of calcified endplate area to total endplate area in the present; all of these changes were similar to those observed in our previous studies (8–10).
The IVD is composed of three distinct tissues: Annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus and cartilage endplates (21). Extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism in the three distinct tissues plays a key role in the integrity and function of the IVD. Col-II and AGG content are crucial to proper disc function. During degeneration, the synthesis of ECM components changes, leading to an increase in the synthesis of col-I and decreased production of AGG (22). In the present study, immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased expression levels of col-II and AGG, as well as increased expression levels of col-I in the annulus fibrosus and cartilage endplates, confirming the degenerative changes in the ECM. However, contrasting results were found in the nucleus pulposus, which may be explained by the differences of cell type between the different groups. In fact, the histological findings suggest that cell types in the nucleus pulposus changed as IVD degeneration developed, whereby notochordal cells were replaced by chondrocyte-like cells. These different cell types would likely lead to higher expression levels of col-II in the OVX + V group compared with the sham group.
Our previous studies demonstrated that alendronate and calcitonin had a dual effect in inhibiting bone loss and reducing IVD degeneration in the OVX rat model (9,10). Simvastatin, a commonly used lipid-lowering drug, has also been shown to be effective for promoting bone formation (12–15), preventing injury-induced IVD degeneration by local injection (16) and promoting chondrogenesis of IVD cells (23). Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that orally administered simvastatin could retard the pathological process of IVD degeneration (24). However, the positive effect of simvastatin was only observed on the vertebrae and not on the IVD, which could be attributed to the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the latter and the anatomical characteristics. Orally administered simvastatin is highly lipophilic and undergoes first-pass metabolism, resulting in the bioavailability of this lipophilic statin being very low at <5% (25–27). By contrast, as the largest avascular tissue without penetrating blood vessels, the IVD obtains nutrients mostly from and expels waste (lactate) into the adjacent vertebral body via permeable vertebral endplates by diffusion of blood (28); thus, the supply of simvastatin to the IVD would be lower than that to the vertebral body. These factors suggest that the probability of simvastatin reaching therapeutic levels in the IVD is very low following oral administration, which may explain the lack of effect on the IVD in this study. To address this, a much higher dose of oral simvastatin may be required to reach an effective threshold concentration for the inhibition of IVD degeneration. However, it remains unknown whether greater benefit can be attained with higher dosages of simvastatin. High-dose statins could even lead to the death of disc cells and should be confirmed to be safe prior to use (16). Further study is also necessary to determine the optimal oral dosage of simvastatin to prevent IVD degeneration. Finally, although there is a lack of direct evidence, simvastatin may be effective in preventing IVD degeneration if administered earlier. In this study, rats received simvastatin at 3 months after OVX was performed, when IVD degeneration had already occurred (10). Future studies should examine whether simvastatin treatment at earlier time points post-OVX is able inhibit IVD degeneration.
It is notable that, in the present study, simvastatin treatment resulted in partial preservation of vertebral BMD and non-significant improvement of trabecular bone volume. However, it remains to be addressed why simvastatin demonstrated a greater benefit on total vertebrae than trabecular bone. It may be hypothesized that the BMD results reflect the effects of simvastatin on the total vertebrae, which was due to the combined effects of simvastatin on both cortical bone and trabecular bone. These factors are additive to each other but may not be significant alone. Furthermore, in comparison with the values from the sham group, the comparable biomechanical properties were unexpected considering the partial preservation of vertebral BMD. The more notable improvement of bone biomechanical properties compared with BMD was also difficult to explain, although similar results have been reported in a previous study (29), where after 3 weeks of simvastatin treatment, the biomechanical parameters of tibias improved but the BMD was not significantly different from that of the control group.
In summary, under the dosage and intervention period used in the present study, orally administered simvastatin partially prevented bone loss and the deterioration of biomechanical properties of lumbar vertebrae, but did not produce a significant preventive effect on the progression of IVD degeneration in OVX rats. Therefore, systemic administration of simvastatin to treat IVD degeneration should be considered with caution. Further study is necessary to exploit the bone- and joint-related ancillary effects of simvastatin by systemic administration, in contrast to local application or tissue-specific non-invasive delivery systems (30,31), before it is finally able to benefit osteoporotic patients with IVD degeneration.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (H2013209255) and the Scientific Research Project of Hebei Universities and Colleges (QN20131007).
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