MicroRNA‑301a‑3p increases oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in ox‑LDL‑induced HUVECs by targeting KLF7
- Authors:
- Published online on: March 29, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10001
- Article Number: 569
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Copyright: © Jiang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a chronic common inflammatory disease mediated by the immune response, and is closely associated with cytokine imbalance and inflammatory cell activation (1). ASCVD-associated mortalities account for >40% of all household disease mortalities, and are one of the most important factors in the global morbidity and mortality of different diseases (2). ASCVD is caused by atherosclerosis, a complex disease associated with several risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes inflammation and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3). Currently, the molecular mechanism underlying atherosclerosis remains unclear, and is considered to be associated with multiple factors, such as migration of smooth muscle cells to the intima, blood lamina activation, endothelial dysfunction and abnormal production of inflammatory factors (4), among which vascular endothelial cells have important value in maintaining the normal structure and function of blood vessels (5). Thus, understanding how to protect vascular endothelial cells is important to improve atherosclerosis, thereby decreasing the risk of ASCVD.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are non-coding RNA molecules that are involved in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis plaques by regulating endothelial cell inflammation to activate the phenotypic transformation of macrophages (6). In RAW264.7 cells, miR-301a-3p affected p65 activity by regulating the expression of NF-κB repressing factor (NKRF), thus regulating the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (7). High levels of inflammatory factors impair vascular endothelial function and promote vascular endothelial cells to secrete adhesion factors, resulting in the development of atherosclerosis (7). Notoginsenoside R1 suppresses the NF-κB pathway to alleviate inflammatory injury of ATDC5 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by downregulating miR-301a expression (8). Overexpression of miR-301a-3p, induced by the Japanese encephalitis virus, promotes the inflammatory response by inhibiting NKRF production (9). Inhibition of miR-301a-3p relieved LPS-induced chondrogenic cell injury by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway (10). Thus, it was speculated that miR-301a-3p may also affect inflammation in atherosclerosis.
In the present study, the StarBase database (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn/index.php) identified the ubiquitous Krueppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) as a target of miR-301a-3p. KLF7 is highly expressed in several human tissues (11). The present study aimed to determine whether miR-301a-3p promoted oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by decreasing KLF7 expression, aiming to provide the theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of ASCVD.
Materials and methods
Cell culture and cell induction
HUVECs were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 g/ml streptomycin and 100 U/ml penicillin (all from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37˚C in 5% CO2 and relative saturated humidity. Cells were cultured until fusion and subsequently passaged at a 1:3 ratio. Cells were used for experiments once they reached the logarithmic growth phase. HUVECs were treated with ox-LDL (Bioss) at different concentrations (10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 mg/l) for 24 h.
Cell transfection
Following treatment of ox-LDL for 24 h, ox-LDL-induced HUVECs were inoculated into six-well plates until 80% confluence. HUVECs were respectively transfected with miRNA inhibitor-negative control (NC; 5 nM; cat. no. miR2N0000001-1-5; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.), miR-301a-3p inhibitor (5 nM; cat. no. miR20000688-1-5; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.), miRNA mimic-NC (5 nM; cat. no. miR1N0000001-1-5; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.), miR-301a-3p mimic (5 nM; cat. no. miR10000688-1-5; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.), small interfering RNA (si) R-NC (5 nM; cat. no. siN0000002-1-5; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.) and siKLF7 (5 nM; cat. no. siG000008609A-1-5; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.) using Lipofectamine® 2000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 48 h at 37˚C. Subsequent experiments were conducted 48 h after transfection.
Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR
Following treatment of ox-LDL for 24 h, total RNA was extracted from HUVECs using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Total RNA (1 µg) was reverse transcribed into cDNA with the Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Roche Molecular Diagnostics) at 42˚C for 30 min (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). qPCR was subsequently performed using SYBR Green Master Mix (Beyotime). The following thermocycling conditions were used for the qPCR: Initial denaturation at 95˚C for 30 sec; followed by 35 cycles of 95˚C for 20 sec, 60˚C for 30 sec and 72˚C for 40 sec. The following primer pairs were used for the qPCR: miR-301a-3p forward, 5'-ACACTCCAGCTGGGCAGTGCAATAGTATTGTC-3' and reverse, 5'-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGA-3'; U6 forward, 5'-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3' and reverse 5'-AACGCT TCACGAATTTGCGT-3'; KLF7 forward, 5'-TTCCTGGCA GTCATCTGCAC-3' and reverse, 5'-GGGTCTGTTTGTTTG TCAGTCTGTC-3' and GAPDH forward, 5'-CCACAGTCC ATGCCATCAC-3' and reverse, 5'-GCTTCACCACCT TCTTGATG-3'. Relative expression levels were calculated using the 2-ΔΔCq method (12) and normalized to the internal reference gene GAPDH and U6.
Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
Following treatment of ox-LDL for 24 h, HUVECs were seeded into 96-well plates (5x104 cells/well) and incubated with 10 µl CCK-8 solution (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) at 37˚C for 4 h. The blank control well was zeroed, and the absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage
Following ox-LDL induction or transfection for 24 h, HUVECs were seeded into 96-well plates (5x104 cells/well) and LDH leakage was assessed using the LDH assay kit (cat. no. C0016; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The supernatant was collected, and the absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm using a Thermomax microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The LDH leakage rate was calculated as follows: LDH leakage (%) = (ODtreatment - ODcontrol)/(ODstandard - ODblank).
Detection of MCP-1 and IL-6
Following ox-LDL induction or transfection for 24 h, the supernatant was collected, and MCP-1 and IL-6 secretion were measured using MCP-1 (cat. no DCP00) and IL-6 (cat. no. D6050) ELISA kits (both purchased from R&D Systems, Inc.).
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity
Intracellular generation of ROS was assessed via the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). HUVECs were incubated with DCFH-DA at 37˚C for 30 min in the dark. Fluorescence was subsequently measured using a fluorescence microplate reader.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity
HUVECs maintained in PBS were centrifuged at 1,500 x g for 10 min at 4˚C. SOD activity in the supernatant was subsequently detected using the SOD assay kit (cat. no. S0086; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) at a wavelength of 450 nm using a Thermomax microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).
Flow cytometric analysis
Following ox-LDL induction or transfection for 24 h, HUVECs were digested using trypsin (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and subsequently adjusted to 1x106 cells/ml using ice pre-cooled PBS. The cell suspension (1 ml) was centrifuged at 1,500 x g for 10 min at 4˚C and the cell precipitate was collected, which was added to 200 µl binding buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), 5 µl Annexin V-FITC (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and 5 µl propidium iodide (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) at room temperature for 15 min. Binding buffer (300 µl) was added to each flow tube. A flow cytometry software (BD FACSDiva software v6.1.3; BD Biosciences) and CYTOMICS FC 500 flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, Inc.) were used to detect cell apoptosis within 1 h.
Western blotting
Following ox-LDL induction or transfection for 24 h, HUVECs were treated with RIPA lysate (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), which were centrifuged at 1,500 x g for 10 min at 4˚C to extract total protein. Total protein was quantified using a BCA kit (cat. no. P0012S; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). A total of 30 µg protein/lane was separated by 10% SDS-PAGE. The separated proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes and blocked with 5% skim milk powder for 1 h at room temperature. The membranes were incubated with primary antibodies against: IL-6 (cat. no. ab233706; 1:1,000; Abcam), MCP-1 (cat. no. ab214819; 1:1,000; Abcam), Bcl2 (cat. no. ab182858; 1:2,000; Abcam), Bax (cat. no. ab32503; 1:1,000; Abcam), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP; cat. no. ab191217; 1:1,000; Abcam), cleaved PARP (cat. no. ab32064; 1:1,000; Abcam), pro-caspase3 (cat. no. ab32150; 1:1,000; Abcam), cleaved caspase-3 (cat. no. ab32042; 1:500; Abcam) and GAPDH (cat. no. ab8245; 1:1,000; Abcam) overnight at 4˚C. Membranes were washed with PBS three times and subsequently incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (cat. no. 7074; 1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) at room temperature for 1 h. Protein bands were visualized using ECL reagent (EMD Millipore) and imaged on a Chemiluminescence Imaging system (Tanon Science and Technology Co., Ltd.). Image-Pro Plus software (version 6.0; Media Cybernetics, Inc.) was used for densitometry.
Dual-luciferase reporter assay
HUVECs were co-transfected with pGL3-KLF7 3'-untranslated region (UTR) plasmid (containing mutant KLF7 3'-UTR or wild-type KLF7 3'-UTR) and miR-301a-3p mimic or miR-NC vector (Biovector NTCC Inc.) using Lipofectamine® 2000 reagent. Following incubation for 48 h at 37˚C, a Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay system (Promega Corporation) was used to detect relative luciferase activities, which was normalized to Renilla luciferase activity.
Statistical analysis
Three separate experiments were repeated for each experiment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 software (IBM Corp.). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Unpaired Student's t-test was used to compare differences between two groups, while one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to compare differences between multiple groups. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
miR-301a-3p is highly expressed in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs
Following treatment with ox-LDL at different concentrations, the viability of HUVECs gradually decreased upon decreasing ox-LDL concentration (10-200 mg/l; Fig. 1A). Furthermore, miR-301a-3p expression gradually increased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs treated with 10-100 mg/l ox-LDL (Fig. 1B). No significant differences were observed in cell viability and miR-301a-3p expression between 100 mg/l ox-LDL-induced HUVECs and 200 mg/l ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. Hence, 100 mg/l ox-LDL was selected for subsequent experimentation. miR-301a-3p expression level was notably decreased in HUVECs transfected with miR-301a-3p inhibitor (Fig. 1C). As presented in Fig. 1D, miR-301a-3p expression significantly increased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs compared with controls, while transfection with miR-301a-3p inhibitor significantly downregulated miR-301a-3p expression in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs.
miR-301a-3p knockdown inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress in ox-LDL- induced HUVECs
ox-LDL significantly promoted the protein expression levels of IL-6 and MCP-1, the effects of which were reversed following miR-301a-3p knockdown (Fig. 2A). Similarly, IL-6 and MCP-1 expression levels increased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs, the effects of which were reversed following miR-301a-3p knockdown (Fig. 2B). In addition, ROS and SOD levels were upregulated in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs, the effects of which were reversed following miR-301a-3p knockdown (Fig. 2C and D).
miR-301a-3p knockdown inhibits apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs
LDH leakage was increased and cell viability was decreased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs compared with the control group (Fig. 3A and B). In addition, the expression levels of Bax, cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3 was increased while Bcl-2 expression was decreased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs (Fig. 3C). The apoptosis ratio of ox-LDL-induced HUVECs was increased compared with controls (Fig.3D and E). In addition, miR-301a-3p knockdown reversed the aforementioned changes in HUVECs induced by ox-LDL.
miR-301a-3p targets KLF7 in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs
Both mRNA and protein levels of KLF7 were significantly decreased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs compared with controls (Fig. 4A and B). Following transfection with miR-301a-3p mimic, miR-301a-3p expression significantly increased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs compared with the miR-NC group (Fig. 4C). In addition, overexpression of miR-301a-3p suppressed KLF7 expression in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs (Fig. 4D and E). The binding sites between miR-301a-3p and KLF7 are presented in Fig. 4F. Relative luciferase activity significantly decreased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs co-transfected with miR-301a-3p mimic and KLF7-WT (Fig. 4G).
Inhibition of KLF7 weakens the inhibitory effects of miR-301a-3p inhibition on inflammation and oxidative stress in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs
KLF7 expression decreased following transfection of ox-LDL-induced HUVECs with siKLF7 (Fig. 5A and B). miR-301a-3p knockdown downregulated the protein expression levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs (Fig. 5C and D). In addition, miR-301a-3p knockdown downregulated ROS expression and upregulated SOD expression in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs (Fig. 5E-G). Collectively, these results suggested that inhibition of KLF7 may reverse the inhibitory effects of miR-301a-3p on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs.
Inhibition of KLF7 weakens the inhibitory effects of miR-301a-3p inhibition on apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs
miR-301a-3p knockdown decreased LDH leakage and increased cell viability in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs (Fig. 6A and B). In addition, the expression levels of Bax, cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3 was decreased, while Bcl-2 expression was increased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs transfected with miR-301a-3p inhibitor (Fig. 6C), and inhibition of miR-301a-3p suppressed the ratio of apoptosis of ox-LDL-induced HUVECs (Fig. 6D and E). In addition, inhibition of KLF7 could reverse the aforementioned changes in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs caused by miR-301a-3p inhibition.
Discussion
In the present study, an ox-LDL-induced HUVEC model was used to simulate atherosclerosis that leads to ASCVD. It was found that inhibition of miR-301a-3p suppressed oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced HUVEC, which was reversed by KLF7 inhibition. Studies have demonstrated that >50% of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, are inextricably associated with genetics (13,14). miRNAs are involved in regulating several physiological and pathological mechanisms, including inflammation and cardiovascular disease (15).
Several studies have suggested that miRNAs play an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis and inflammatory response. For example, miR-21 expression is significantly increased in the miRNA expression profile of atherosclerosis (16). miR-21 is abundantly expressed in macrophages, the lack of which aggravates the progression of atherosclerosis (17). miR-21 decreased IL-6 expression via the Toll-like receptor 4 and NF-κB pathways, while increasing IL-10 expression to decrease LPS-induced lipid deposition in macrophages. Hence, miR-21 may reverse the bacterial infection-induced pathological process of atherosclerosis (18). In addition, severe burns inhibit miR-301a-3p expression, which suppresses the apoptosis of HUVECs and stabilizes endothelial barrier permeability (19). miR-301a-3p expression is upregulated in obesity-related inflammation, and miR-301a decreases the production of proinflammatory cytokines in 3T3-L1 cells (20). miR-301a-3p boosts intestinal mucosal inflammation by increasing the expression levels of IL-17A and TNF-α in inflammatory bowel disease (21). The results of the present study demonstrated that miR-301a-3p expression was increased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs, and inhibition of miR-301a-3p suppressed oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs.
Macrophages participate in the immune response of the vascular wall, and thus promote the formation and development of atherosclerosis (22). KLF7 expression is downregulated in some injury diseases, thus KLF7 may inhibit disease progression. Inhibition of KLF7 notably suppressed the proliferation and migration of Schwann cells (23). Adult corticospinal tract (CST) neurons failed to promote KLF7 expression due to axon injury, while overexpression of VP16-KLF7 in vivo promoted both sprouting and regenerative axon growth in the CST of adult mice (24). The results of the present study demonstrated that KLF7 expression decreased in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs, and inhibition of KLF7 reversed the effect of inhibition of miR-301a-3p and promoted oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs.
In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that miR-301a-3p expression was upregulated and KLF7 expression was downregulated in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. In addition, miR-301a-3p induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs by decreasing KLF7 expression. However, the present study only performed cell experiments. In vivo experiments will be conducted in the future to support the present results.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
Funding: This study was supported by the Fujian Provincial Health and Family Planning Project Funding Plan for Rural and Urban Communities to Promote Appropriate Technology in 2018 (grant no. 2018025).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
JL designed the experiments. HJ performed the experiments and collected the data. HJ analyzed the experimental data and drafted the manuscript. JL revised the manuscript. JL and HJ confirm the authenticity of the raw data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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