Open Access

Triptolide improves Alzheimer's disease by regulating the NF‑κB signaling pathway through the lncRNA NEAT1/microRNA 361‑3p/TRAF2 axis

  • Authors:
    • Li Zhou
    • Xuming Huang
    • Haiyan Li
    • Jihui Wang
    • Zhengqi Lu
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: August 1, 2023     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12139
  • Article Number: 440
  • Copyright: © Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and is a serious social and medical problem threatening human health. The present study investigated the effect and underlying action mechanism of triptolide (Tri) on AD progression. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting analysis were used to determine the changes in RNA expression and levels of NF‑κB signaling pathway proteins before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. Nucleocytoplasmic separation experiments determined the intracellular localization of long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1). A dual‑luciferase assay was used to analyze the binding between NEAT1 and microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑361 or tumor necrosis factor receptor‑associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and miR‑361‑3p and RNA pull‑down was used to analyze the binding between NEAT1 and miR‑361‑3p. Cell Counting Kit‑8, flow cytometry and ELISA were used to detect the effects of interaction between Tri and NEAT1/miR‑361‑3p/TRAF2 on cell viability, apoptosis and inflammatory factor levels, respectively. The results showed that LPS‑mediated human microglial clone 3 cell line (HMC3) viability decreased and apoptosis and inflammatory factors (IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑18 and TNF‑α) increased. Tri inhibited LPS‑mediated effects in a dose‑dependent manner by downregulating NEAT1 expression. NEAT1 is highly expressed in the cytoplasm and reduces the transcription and translation of downstream TRAF2 by acting as a competitive endogenous RNA that adsorbs miR‑361‑3p. LPS‑mediated HMC3 cell injury, inflammation and activation of NF‑κB signaling were partially reversed in presence of Tri. The miR‑361‑3p mimic promoted the Tri effect and overexpression of (ov)‑NEAT1 partially reversed the Tri‑miR‑361‑3p combined effect. The effects of ov‑NEAT1 were partially attenuated by small interfering (si)‑TRAF2. Overall, Tri inhibited the LPS‑induced decrease in viability, increase in apoptosis and inflammation and activation of NF‑κB signaling in HMC3 cells. Tri regulation affected the NEAT1/miR‑361‑3p/TRAF2 axis. These findings suggested a potential therapeutic role for Tri in the clinical management of AD by modulating this molecular axis.
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September-2023
Volume 26 Issue 3

Print ISSN: 1792-0981
Online ISSN:1792-1015

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Spandidos Publications style
Zhou L, Huang X, Li H, Wang J and Lu Z: Triptolide improves Alzheimer's disease by regulating the NF‑κB signaling pathway through the lncRNA NEAT1/microRNA 361‑3p/TRAF2 axis. Exp Ther Med 26: 440, 2023
APA
Zhou, L., Huang, X., Li, H., Wang, J., & Lu, Z. (2023). Triptolide improves Alzheimer's disease by regulating the NF‑κB signaling pathway through the lncRNA NEAT1/microRNA 361‑3p/TRAF2 axis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 26, 440. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12139
MLA
Zhou, L., Huang, X., Li, H., Wang, J., Lu, Z."Triptolide improves Alzheimer's disease by regulating the NF‑κB signaling pathway through the lncRNA NEAT1/microRNA 361‑3p/TRAF2 axis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26.3 (2023): 440.
Chicago
Zhou, L., Huang, X., Li, H., Wang, J., Lu, Z."Triptolide improves Alzheimer's disease by regulating the NF‑κB signaling pathway through the lncRNA NEAT1/microRNA 361‑3p/TRAF2 axis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26, no. 3 (2023): 440. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12139