Open Access

Nutrient insufficiencies and deficiencies involved in the pathogenesis of bruxism (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ioannis A. Pavlou
    • Demetrios A. Spandidos
    • Vassilis Zoumpourlis
    • Maria Adamaki
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  • Published online on: October 19, 2023     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12262
  • Article Number: 563
  • Copyright: © Pavlou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Stress has been well‑documented to have a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of bruxism. Activation of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis (HPA) and subsequent release of corticosteroids lead to increased muscle activity. Neurological studies have demonstrated that chronic stress exposure induces neurodegeneration of important neuronal structures and destabilization of the mesocortical dopaminergic pathway. These disruptions impair the abilities to counteract the overactivity of the HPA axis and disinhibit involuntary muscle activity, while at the same time, there is activation of the amygdala. Recent evidence shows that overactivation of the amygdala under stressful stimuli causes rhythmic jaw muscle activity by over activating the mesencephalic and motor trigeminal nuclei. The present review aimed to discuss the negative effects of certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as vitamin D, magnesium, and omega‑3 fatty acids, on the central nervous system. It provides evidence on how such insufficiencies may increase stress sensitivity and neuromuscular excitability and thereby reduce the ability to effectively respond to the overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, and also how stress can in turn lead to these insufficiencies. Finally, the positive effects of individualized supplementation are discussed in the context of diminishing anxiety and oxidative stress, neuroprotection and in the reversal of neurodegeneration, and also in alleviating/reducing neuromuscular symptoms.
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December-2023
Volume 26 Issue 6

Print ISSN: 1792-0981
Online ISSN:1792-1015

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Spandidos Publications style
Pavlou IA, Spandidos DA, Zoumpourlis V and Adamaki M: Nutrient insufficiencies and deficiencies involved in the pathogenesis of bruxism (Review). Exp Ther Med 26: 563, 2023.
APA
Pavlou, I.A., Spandidos, D.A., Zoumpourlis, V., & Adamaki, M. (2023). Nutrient insufficiencies and deficiencies involved in the pathogenesis of bruxism (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 26, 563. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12262
MLA
Pavlou, I. A., Spandidos, D. A., Zoumpourlis, V., Adamaki, M."Nutrient insufficiencies and deficiencies involved in the pathogenesis of bruxism (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26.6 (2023): 563.
Chicago
Pavlou, I. A., Spandidos, D. A., Zoumpourlis, V., Adamaki, M."Nutrient insufficiencies and deficiencies involved in the pathogenesis of bruxism (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 26, no. 6 (2023): 563. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12262