Biological mechanisms underlying depression, epigenetics and their interplay (Review)
- Authors:
- Thanasis Mitsis
- Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Dimitrios Vlachakis
-
Affiliations: Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece - Published online on: June 7, 2023 https://doi.org/10.3892/ije.2023.17
- Article Number: 3
-
Copyright : © Mitsis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
American Psychiatric A, American Psychiatric Association DSMTF (eds): Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA, 2013. | |
Chand SP and Arif H: Depression. StatPearls (Internet): StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL, 2022. | |
Mekonen T, Chan GCK, Connor JP, Hides L and Leung J: Estimating the global treatment rates for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 295:1234–1242. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 398:1700–1712. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Proudman D, Greenberg P and Nellesen D: The growing burden of major depressive disorders (MDD): Implications for researchers and policy makers. Pharmacoeconomics. 39:619–625. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Marasine NR, Sankhi S, Lamichhane R, Marasini NR and Dangi NB: Use of antidepressants among patients diagnosed with depression: A scoping review. Biomed Res Int. 2021(6699028)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Karrouri R, Hammani Z, Benjelloun R and Otheman Y: Major depressive disorder: Validated treatments and future challenges. World J Clin Cases. 9:9350–9367. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Roden DM, McLeod HL, Relling MV, Williams MS, Mensah GA, Peterson JF and Van Driest SL: Pharmacogenomics. Lancet. 394:521–532. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Zhou J, Li M, Wang X, He Y, Xia Y, Sweeney JA, Kopp RF, Liu C and Chen C: Drug response-related DNA methylation changes in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Front Neurosci. 15(674273)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Boku S, Nakagawa S, Toda H and Hishimoto A: Neural basis of major depressive disorder: Beyond monoamine hypothesis. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 72:3–12. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Shadrina M, Bondarenko EA and Slominsky PA: Genetics factors in major depression disease. Front Psychiatry. 9(334)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Boas GR, de Lacerda RB, Paes MM, Gubert P, da Cruz AWL, Rescia VC, de Carvalho PMG, de Carvalho AAV and Oesterreich SA: Molecular aspects of depression: A review from neurobiology to treatment. Eur J Pharmacol. 851:99–121. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Marathe SV, D'Almeida PL, Virmani G, Bathini P and Alberi L: Effects of monoamines and antidepressants on astrocyte physiology: Implications for monoamine hypothesis of depression. J Exp Neurosci. 12(1179069518789149)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Tian H, Hu Z, Xu J and Wang C: The molecular pathophysiology of depression and the new therapeutics. MedComm (2020). 3(e156)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Chávez-Castillo M, Núñez V, Nava M, Ortega Á, Rojas M, Bermúdez V and Rojas-Quintero J: Depression as a neuroendocrine disorder: Emerging neuropsychopharmacological approaches beyond monoamines. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2019(7943481)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Richter-Levin G and Xu L: How could stress lead to major depressive disorder? IBRO Rep. 4:38–43. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Tsigos C, Kyrou I, Kassi E and Chrousos GP: Stress: Endocrine physiology and pathophysiology. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, et al., (eds). Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. Copyright© 2000-2023, MDText.com, Inc.; 2020. | |
Menke A: Is the HPA axis as target for depression outdated, or is there a new hope? Front Psychiatry. 10(101)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Nicolaides NC, Pavlaki AN, Maria Alexandra MA, Chrousos GP, Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, et al: Glucocorticoid therapy and adrenal suppression. Copyright © 2000-2023, MDText.com, Inc.; 2018. | |
Chen H, Amazit L, Lombès M and Le Menuet D: Crosstalk between glucocorticoid receptor and early-growth response protein 1 accounts for repression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcript 4 expression. Neuroscience. 399:12–27. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Budziñski ML, Sokn C, Gobbini R, Ugo B, Antunica-Noguerol M, Senin S, Bajaj T, Gassen NC, Rein T, Schmidt MV, et al: Tricyclic antidepressants target FKBP51 SUMOylation to restore glucocorticoid receptor activity. Mol Psychiatry. 27:2533–2545. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ronaldson A, Carvalho LA, Kostich K, Lazzarino AI, Urbanova L and Steptoe A: The effects of six-day SSRI administration on diurnal cortisol secretion in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 235:3415–3422. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Roohi E, Jaafari N and Hashemian F: On inflammatory hypothesis of depression: What is the role of IL-6 in the middle of the chaos? J Neuroinflammation. 18(45)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Miller AH and Raison CL: The role of inflammation in depression: From evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Rev Immunol. 16:22–34. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Innes S, Pariante CM and Borsini A: Microglial-driven changes in synaptic plasticity: A possible role in major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 102:236–247. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Schramm E and Waisman A: Microglia as central protagonists in the chronic stress response. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 9(e200023)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Arčan IS, Kouter K and Paska AV: Depressive disorder and antidepressants from an epigenetic point of view. World J Psychiatry. 12:1150–1168. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Grygiel-Górniak B, Limphaibool N and Puszczewicz M: Cytokine secretion and the risk of depression development in patients with connective tissue diseases. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 73:302–316. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Chockalingam R, Gott BM and Conway CR: Tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Are they too old for a new look? Handb Exp Pharmacol. 250:37–48. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Moraczewski J and Aedma KK: Tricyclic Antidepressants. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright©. 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2022. | |
Andersen J, Stuhr-Hansen N, Zachariassen L, Toubro S, Hansen SM, Eildal JN, Bond AD, Bøgesø KP, Bang-Andersen B, Kristensen AS and Strømgaard K: Molecular determinants for selective recognition of antidepressants in the human serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108:12137–12142. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Cottingham C, Percival S, Birky T and Wang Q: Tricyclic antidepressants exhibit variable pharmacological profiles at the α(2A) adrenergic receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 451:461–466. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Laban TS and Saadabadi A: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright ©. 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2022. | |
Edinoff AN, Akuly HA, Hanna TA, Ochoa CO, Patti SJ, Ghaffar YA, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I, Boyer AG, et al: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and adverse effects: A narrative review. Neurol Int. 13:387–401. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Fuentes AV, Pineda MD and Venkata KCN: Comprehension of top 200 prescribed drugs in the US as a resource for pharmacy teaching, training and practice. Pharmacy (Basel). 6(43)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Chu A and Wadhwa R: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Statpearls. treasure island (FL): StatPearls publishing copyright©. 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2022. | |
Takano A, Halldin C and Farde L: SERT and NET occupancy by venlafaxine and milnacipran in nonhuman primates: A PET study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 226:147–153. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Fanelli D, Weller G and Liu H: New serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and their anesthetic and analgesic considerations. Neurol Int. 13:497–509. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Li J, Lu C, Gao Z, Feng Y, Luo H, Lu T, Sun X, Hu J and Luo Y: SNRIs achieve faster antidepressant effects than SSRIs by elevating the concentrations of dopamine in the forebrain. Neuropharmacology. 177(108237)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Haller E, Geier M and Finley P: Antidepressants, pharmacology of. In: Aminoff MJ, Daroff RB, editors. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition). Oxford: Academic Press; 2014. p. 219-23. | |
Onaolapo AY and Onaolapo OJ: Glutamate and depression: Reflecting a deepening knowledge of the gut and brain effects of a ubiquitous molecule. World J Psychiatry. 11:297–315. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Pal MM: Glutamate: The master neurotransmitter and its implications in chronic stress and mood disorders. Front Hum Neurosci. 15(722323)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Pochwat B, Nowak G and Szewczyk B: An update on NMDA antagonists in depression. Expert Rev Neurother. 19:1055–1067. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Li Y: Modern epigenetics methods in biological research. Methods. 187:104–113. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Sun L, Zhang H and Gao P: Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications on the path to cancer. Protein Cell. 13:877–919. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Gougousis S, Petanidis S, Poutoglidis A, Tsetsos N, Vrochidis P, Skoumpas I, Argyriou N, Katopodi T and Domvri K: Epigenetic editing and tumor-dependent immunosuppressive signaling in head and neck malignancies. Oncol Lett. 23(196)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Dawson MA and Kouzarides T: Cancer epigenetics: From mechanism to therapy. Cell. 150:12–27. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ling C and Rönn T: Epigenetics in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 29:1028–1044. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Surace AEA and Hedrich CM: The role of epigenetics in autoimmune/inflammatory disease. Front Immunol. 10(1525)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Menke A, Klengel T and Binder EB: Epigenetics, depression and antidepressant treatment. Curr Pharm Des. 18:5879–5889. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Fardi M, Solali S and Hagh MF: Epigenetic mechanisms as a new approach in cancer treatment: An updated review. Genes Dis. 5:304–311. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Singh KP, Miaskowski C, Dhruva AA, Flowers E and Kober KM: Mechanisms and measurement of changes in gene expression. Biol Res Nurs. 20:369–382. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Corbett AH: Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and human disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 52:96–104. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Landini A, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Navarro P, Tsepilov YA, Sharapov SZ, Vučković F, Polašek O, Hayward C, Petrović T, Vilaj M, et al: Genetic regulation of post-translational modification of two distinct proteins. Nat Commun. 13(1586)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Li X, Zhao Q, Wei W, Lin Q, Magnan C, Emami MR, Wearick-Silva LE, Viola TW, Marshall PR, Yin J, et al: The DNA modification N6-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine (m6dA) drives activity-induced gene expression and is required for fear extinction. Nat Neurosci. 22:534–544. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Kiselev IS, Kulakova OG, Boyko AN and Favorova OO: DNA methylation as an epigenetic mechanism in the development of multiple sclerosis. Acta Naturae. 13:45–57. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Dhar GA, Saha S, Mitra P and Chaudhuri RN: DNA methylation and regulation of gene expression: Guardian of our health. Nucleus (Calcutta). 64:259–270. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lee YS: Are we studying non-coding RNAs correctly? Lessons from nc886. Int J Mol Sci. 23(4251)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Diamantopoulos MA, Tsiakanikas P and Scorilas A: Non-coding RNAs: The riddle of the transcriptome and their perspectives in cancer. Ann Transl Med. 6(241)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Kumar S, Gonzalez EA, Rameshwar P and Etchegaray JP: Non-Coding RNAs as mediators of epigenetic changes in malignancies. Cancers (Basel). 12(3657)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Padda IS, Mahtani AU and Parmar M: Small interfering RNA (siRNA) based therapy. StatPearls. Treasure island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright ©. 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2022. | |
Zhang X, Wang W, Zhu W, Dong J, Cheng Y, Yin Z and Shen F: Mechanisms and functions of long non-coding RNAs at multiple regulatory levels. Int J Mol Sci. 20(5573)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Chen JJ, Stermer D and Tanny JC: Decoding histone ubiquitylation. Front Cell Devel Biol. 10(968398)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Miller JL and Grant PA: The role of DNA methylation and histone modifications in transcriptional regulation in humans. Subcell Biochem. 61:289–317. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Zhang Y, Sun Z, Jia J, Du T, Zhang N, Tang Y, Fang Y and Fang D: Overview of histone modification. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1283:1–16. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Alhamwe BA, Khalaila R, Wolf J, von Bülow V, Harb H, Alhamdan F, Hii CS, Prescott SL, Ferrante A, Renz H, et al: Histone modifications and their role in epigenetics of atopy and allergic diseases. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 14(39)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Barnes CE, English DM and Cowley SM: Acetylation & Co: An expanding repertoire of histone acylations regulates chromatin and transcription. Essays Biochem. 63:97–107. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Sekiguchi M and Matsushita N: DNA damage response regulation by histone ubiquitination. Int J Mol Sci. 23(8187)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Wang J, Qiu Z and Wu Y: Ubiquitin regulation: The histone modifying Enzyme's story. Cells. 7(118)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Penner-Goeke S and Binder EB: Epigenetics and depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 21:397–405. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Menke A and Binder EB: Epigenetic alterations in depression and antidepressant treatment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 16:395–404. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Wankerl M, Miller R, Kirschbaum C, Hennig J, Stalder T and Alexander N: Effects of genetic and early environmental risk factors for depression on serotonin transporter expression and methylation profiles. Transl Psychiatry. 4(e402)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lee JS, Jaini PA and Papa F: An epigenetic perspective on lifestyle medicine for depression: Implications for primary care practice. Am J Lifestyle Med. 16:76–88. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Meng L, Bai X and Zheng Y, Chen D and Zheng Y: Altered expression of norepinephrine transporter participate in hypertension and depression through regulated TNF-α and IL-6. Clin Exp Hypertens. 42:181–189. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Xu Q, Jiang M, Gu S, Wang F and Yuan B: Early life stress induced DNA methylation of monoamine oxidases leads to depressive-like behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol. 8(582247)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Humphreys KL, Moore SR, Davis EG, MacIsaac JL, Lin DTS, Kobor MS and Gotlib IH: DNA methylation of HPA-axis genes and the onset of major depressive disorder in adolescent girls: A prospective analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 9(245)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Murgatroyd C, Patchev AV, Wu Y, Micale V, Bockmühl Y, Fischer D, Holsboer F, Wotjak CT, Almeida OFX and Spengler D: Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress. Nat Neurosci. 12:1559–1566. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Duan Z and Lu J: DNA methyltransferases in depression: An update. Front Psychiatry. 11(538683)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Crawford B, Craig Z, Mansell G, White I, Smith A, Spaull S, Imm J, Hannon E, Wood A, Yaghootkar H, et al: DNA methylation and inflammation marker profiles associated with a history of depression. Hum Mol Genet. 27:2840–2850. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ryan J, Pilkington L, Neuhaus K, Ritchie K, Ancelin ML and Saffery R: Investigating the epigenetic profile of the inflammatory gene IL-6 in late-life depression. BMC Psychiatry. 17(354)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Peña CJ and Nestler EJ: Progress in epigenetics of depression. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 157:41–66. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Park HS, Kim J, Ahn SH and Ryu HY: Epigenetic targeting of histone deacetylases in diagnostics and treatment of depression. Int J Mol Sci. 22(5398)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Wu MS, Li XJ, Liu CY, Xu Q, Huang JQ, Gu S and Chen JX: Effects of histone modification in major depressive disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol. 20:1261–1277. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Rey R, Chauvet-Gelinier JC, Suaud-Chagny MF, Ragot S, Bonin B, d'Amato T and Teyssier JR: Distinct expression pattern of epigenetic machinery genes in blood leucocytes and brain cortex of depressive patients. Mol Neurobiol. 56:4697–4707. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Policarpo R, Sierksma A, De Strooper B and d'Ydewalle C: From junk to function: LncRNAs in CNS health and disease. Front Mol Neurosci. 14(714768)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lin R and Turecki G: Noncoding RNAs in depression. Adv Exp Med Biol. 978:197–210. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Shi Y, Wang Q, Song R, Kong Y and Zhang Z: Non-coding RNAs in depression: Promising diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. EBioMedicine. 71(103569)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Yoshino Y and Dwivedi Y: Non-coding RNAs in psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior. Front Psychiatry. 11(543893)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Wu Y, Rong W, Jiang Q, Wang R and Huang H: Downregulation of lncRNA GAS5 alleviates hippocampal neuronal damage in mice with depression-like behaviors via modulation of MicroRNA-26a/EGR1 axis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 30(105550)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Zhou Y and Chen B: GAS5-mediated regulation of cell signaling (Review). Mol Med Rep. 22:3049–3056. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Webb LM, Phillips KE, Ho MC, Veldic M and Blacker CJ: The relationship between DNA methylation and antidepressant medications: A systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 21(826)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Czarny P, Białek K, Ziółkowska S, Strycharz J, Barszczewska G and Sliwinski T: The importance of epigenetics in diagnostics and treatment of major depressive disorder. J Person Med. 11(167)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
Kanherkar RR, Getachew B, Ben-Sheetrit J, Varma S, Heinbockel T, Tizabi Y and Csoka AB: The effect of citalopram on genome-wide DNA methylation of human cells. Int J Genomics. 2018(8929057)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar |