Perfluoroheptanoic acid affects amphibian embryogenesis by inducing the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK

Kim,Miran; Park,Mi  Seon; Son,Jungeun; Park,Inji; Lee,Hyun-Kyung; Kim,Chowon; Min,Byung-Hwa; Ryoo,Jaewoong; Choi,Kwang  Shik; Lee,Dong-Seok; Lee,Hyun-Shik

doi:10.3892/ijmm.2015.2370

Perfluoroheptanoic acid affects amphibian embryogenesis by inducing the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK

Authors:
- Miran Kim
- Mi Seon Park
- Jungeun Son
- Inji Park
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Chowon Kim
- Byung-Hwa Min
- Jaewoong Ryoo
- Kwang Shik Choi
- Dong-Seok Lee
- Hyun-Shik Lee
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Affiliations: ABRC, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea, Aquaculture Management Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
Published online on: October 12, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2370
Pages: 1693-1700

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Abstract

Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are globally distributed synthetic compounds that are known to adversely affect human health. Developmental toxicity assessment of PFCs is important to facilitate the evaluation of their environmental impact. In the present study, we assessed the developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of PFCs with different numbers of carbon atoms on Xenopus embryogenesis. An initial frog embryo teratogenicity assay-Xenopus (FETAX) assay was performed that identified perfluorohexanoic (PFHxA) and perfluoroheptanoic (PFHpA) acids as potential teratogens and developmental toxicants. The mechanism underlying this teratogenicity was also investigated by measuring the expression of tissue-specific biomarkers such as phosphotyrosine‑binding protein, xPTB (liver); NKX2.5 (heart); and Cyl18 (intestine). Whole‑mount in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase‑polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and histologic analyses detected severe defects in the liver and heart following exposure to PFHxA or PFHpA. In addition, immunoblotting revealed that PFHpA significantly increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), while PFHxA slightly increased these, as compared with the control. These results suggest that PFHxA and PFHpA are developmental toxicants and teratogens, with PFHpA producing more severe effects on liver and heart development through the induction of ERK and JNK phosphorylation.

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