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Introduction

Fungus is a member of eukaryotic organisms, also including multicellular fungi, for example, all kinds of mushrooms (1). Fungi is separate from the animals, plants, protists and bacteria (2). The human use of fungi for food preparation has a long history. Mushroom farming and mushroom gathering are large industries in many countries (3,4). The ethnomycology is the study of sociological impact and historical uses of fungi (5,6). Because of the capacity of this group to produce an enormous range of natural products with antibacterial and other biological activities, many species have long been used or are being developed for industrial production of antibiotics, vitamins, and anticancer and anticholesterol drugs (7–9). Many species produce metabolites that are major sources of pharmacological drugs (10). Particularly important are the antibiotics, including penicillins, a structurally related group of β-lactam antibiotics that are synthesized from small peptides.

Polysaccharides are long sugar chains which are combined with the glucosidic bond, and they are polymeric carbohydrate molecules consisting of more than 10 monosaccharide units (11,12). Cell-surface polysaccharides play a great role in the procedure of metabolism (13). They are one of the four basic substances of life (14). Polysaccharide is a composite of nucleotide-activated precursor (15,16). Lipopolysaccharide is the most imperative of cell-surface polysaccharides. It has an impossibly key effect on cell membrane structures, and is momentous material of the cell-membrane receptor.

Cantharellus cibarius Fr. is a fungi which grows in Aba country of Sichuan province in China at an elevation of 3,600 m. In this study, the polysaccharide was got from the fruiting bodies of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. by using DEAE-cellulose column. Its chemical structures were characterized for the first time. The structural analysis of the fraction was done by using chemical methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity and proliferation impact of immune cells of CC-1 was evaluated in vitro. The result of this study introduced Cantharellus cibarius Fr. as a possible valuable source which is helpful to exhibit unique antioxidant and immune regulation properties.

Materials and methods

Chemicals

Cantharellus cibarius Fr. were collected in Xiaojing Country of Sichuan province, China, and were authenticated by Professor Xiang Ding (College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China). A voucher specimen has been deposited in Key Laboratory for Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University. Monosaccharides were from Beijing Biodee Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). DEAE-Cellulose-52 was from Sigma-Aldrich (Mainland, China). The other reagents used were of analytical grade. The other reagent 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl-)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfonic acid benzene)-2H-tetrazolium monosodium salt (CCK-8) was purchased from Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan); D-Hanks solution, RPMI-1640 medium, fetal calf serum, and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Penicillin G and streptomycin were from Sigma-Aldrich (17,18).

Extraction of polysaccharides from Cantharellus cibarius Fr

Cantharellus cibarius Fr. fruiting bodies (400 g), soaked with 95% EtOH (6 h) to remove lipids by filtration (19–22). The residue was dried and extracted with boiling water three times (6 h each). Refined polysaccharides were obtained by concentrated filtrate, dialysis (MWCO 7000; Sigma) centrifugation to remove impurity substance and small molecule compounds. Adding 95% EtOH at 3 times volume in the supernatant liquid precipitation crude polysaccharides, then drying in vacuo at 45°C, yielding the crude Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1) (12.7 g, recovery 3.175%). DEAE-Sepharose fast flow column was used to extract and purify polysaccharides of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide, named CC-1.

Molecular weight determination of polysaccharide CC-1

Molecular weight of polysaccharides were obtained by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) (23). Deionized water was used to make dextran standards and CC-1 dissolve at a concentration of 2.0 mg/ml and then analyzed on an Agilent 1100 series HPLC system to determine the retention time of standards and samples (24). The column and detector compartment were maintained at 30 and 35°C, respectively. Distilled water was used in mobile phase, and detection rate was 1.0 ml/min and tested volume was 10 µl. The molecular weight of CEC-A was calculated by constructing a calibration curve, in which the logarithm of the molecular weight of the Dextran standards ranged from 10,000–500,000 kDa as standard of the retention time using Agilent ChemStation GPC Data Analysis Software (Millennium 32 software) (18).

Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) analysis

Infrared spectroscopy is based on the fact that when molecules absorb energy, undergo a transition to a state of higher energy or excited state, and only vibrational energy transitions occur in the mid-infrared region. The vibrations induced by infrared radiation include strains and tensions of interatomic bonds and changes of bonds angles. Thus, the vibration frequency can be associated with a particular bond type (25). In this study, FT-IR spectra of CC-1 was measured by grinding a mixture of polysaccharide with dry KBr and then pressing in a mold. Spectra was collected using a Thermo Nicolet 6700 FT-IR Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, NY, USA) in the coverage of 400–4000 cm−1 at resolution ratio of 4 cm−1 (26).

NMR experiment

The polysaccharide was dissolved in deuteroxide accompanied with ultraonic wave precessing for 20 min. The varian unity INOVA 400/45 (Varian Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used to perform the 1H NMR spectra and 13C NMR spectra analysis with tetramethylsilane as internal standard (27).

Monosaccharide composition analysis of CC-1

CC-1 (10 mg) was hydrolyzed in 2 mol/l trifluoroacetic acid at 100°C for 6 h on the mechanism of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis (18). The residual acid was removed with methyl alcohol (MeOH) and taking to dryness three times. After the hydrolysis was completed, samples were dissolved with distilled water for analyzing monosaccharide composition. The hydrolyzates of CC-1 were analyzed by HPLC on an Agilent 1100 series HPLC (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with a RID (28). The injection volume of mixed monosaccharide standards and CC-1 hydrolyzates was 10 µl. The temperature of the column was set at 35°C. D-glucose, D-xylose, D-fructose, D-galactose, L-arabinose and D-mannose were used as standard sugars.

Methylation analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

According to literature, we can use methyl iodide to make polysaccharide methylation (29). Then the permethylated product was depolymerized with 90% formic acid at 100°C for 4 h and further hydrolysed with 2 M TFA at 100°C for 6 h. The resulting products were derivatized using reagent and analyzed using Agilent Technologies 7890A GC-MS system (Agilent Technologies) (29).

DPPH− radical scavenging activity

The DPPH− radical scavenging activity of the polysaccharide sample was measured by a decrease in absorbance at 517 nm of a solution of purplecoloured DPPH− in methanol brought about by the sample (30). The degree of free radical scavenging rate can be judged by the size of the absorbance. The higher the absorbance, the weaker the free radical scavenging ability. Absorbance at 517 nm is measured after 30 min using UV-visible Spectrometer. According to the formula to calculate the free radical scavenging rate of DPPH:

A control represents the blank control group, A test represents the absorbance in the presence of the polysaccharide sample. In the study, the antioxidant activity of the extract was compassed with vitamin C (Vc).

ABTS radical scavenging activity

ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of the polysaccharide extracts and fractions was measured by the ABTS+ cation decolorization assay (31). The ABTS+ radical cation was confected by reaction of 7 mM stock solution of ABTS+ with 2.45 mM ammonium persulphate (APS) and then admixture at room temperature in the dark for 16 h. Then 2 ml of various concentrations of the sample and 2 ml of ABTS+ radical solution (0.7 mM) were added. A control reaction was carried out without the polysaccharide extracts. The absorbance was measured immediately at 734 nm. The percentage of scavenging of hydrogen radicals was calculated as follows:

Cell lines and reagents

The T cell line and B cell line (Raji) were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin (100 IU/ml) and streptomycin (100 mg/l) in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37°C before use.

Pharmacological evaluation for B cells and T cells stimulation

The cytotoxic effects of CC-1 on B cells and T cells were determined by CCK-8-based colorimetric method (32). Briefly, B cells and T cells suspended in RPMI-1640 medium at a density of 1×105 cells/ml were pipetted into a 96-well plate (100 µl/well) and inoculated at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2. After incubation for 24 h, 100 µl of test sample with different concentrations (0.625–80 µg/ml in fresh growth medium) was added into each well, respectively, in an incubator at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 for 48 h. RPMI-1640 and 5 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Then, 10 µl of CCK-8 reagent was added to each well, then the cells were cultured in the incubator for 3 h. Absorbance of the cells in 96-well microplate was evaluated by ELISA (Bio-Rad, Tokyo, Japan) at 490 nm.

Cell morphology observation

The morphology of T cell line and B cell line (Raji) was observed under an inverted microscope (Olympus IX71; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

Statistical methods

The data in this study were analyzed as the standard deviation (SD) of three replications. Data processing was by One way analysis of variance and Student's t-test. P<0.05 represents a significant difference between the data.

Results

Determination of molecular weight

Molecular weight of CC-1 was evaluated by HPLC-GPC. HPGPC of the polysaccharide fraction shows that each fraction was represented by a broad and symmetrical peak on the chromatograms. Fig. 1 shows DEAE cellulose-52 column chromatography and high performance gel permeation chromatogram of CC-1, respectively. The molecular weight (Mw) of CC-1 was 61,056 kDa, the peak molecular weight was 7,160 kDa, the average molecular weight was 3,136 kDa, and the polydispersity was 19.47 (Fig. 2). The polydispersity indicates the polymer molecular weight distribution. The greater the polydispersity is the wider the molecular weight distribution. Generally, the range of polydispersity value of the polymer is 1.5–2.0, sometimes as high as 20–50. The polydispersity of CC-1 was 19.47, which indicated a good molecular weight distribution.

Figure 1 DEAE cellulose-52 column chromatography elution curve of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1). The horizontal coordinate represents the tube number of chromatography separation, and the longitudinal coordinate indicates the OD value.

Figure 2 Molecular weight determination spectrum of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1) by HPGPC. The curve is the molecular weight distribution curve of computer automatic statistics.

Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) analysis

FT-IR was used for structure analysis of CC-1 (Fig. 3). The bands at 3428.70 cm−1 were detection results of OH bond stretching. The absorption peak at 2924.26 cm−1 was C-H stretching of vibration absorption peak of CC-1. The strong absorption band at 1643.12 cm−1 was caused by OH deformation vibration. The bands at 1404.39 cm−1 arose from bending modes of CH2, CH and OH.

Figure 3 FTIR spectra of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1). The horizontal coordinate represents the wave number, and the longitudinal coordinate indicates the absorption peak.

The absorption peaks at 1041.07 cm−1 in the range of 1200–1000 cm−1 in the IR spectrum suggested that the monosaccharides in the samples had a pyranose-ring. Partially, the bands at 1041.07 cm−1 were associated with the ordered and amorphous structures in CC-1. The bands in the region of 800–300 cm−1 correspond to C=C stretching and C-OH bending modes. The bands at 580.71 cm−1 were due to C-H rocking vibration.

Analysis of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment results

The hydrogen spectrum of CC-1 is shown in Fig. 4. In the 1H NMR(400HZ) spectrum, δ 4.99 and δ 4.96 indicate there were two anomeric hydrogen existing in CC-1, suggesting that CC-1 was composed of two monosaccharides. δ 4.79 was the hydrogen signal of water. The signals at δ 3.27–δ4.49 are the signal peak of remaining proton which mostly formed by a number of signal peaks overlapping. The 13C-NMR spectrum of CC-1 (Fig. 5) showed the anomeric peaks were centralised in δ 99.38-δ 102.92 ppm, indicating there was α anomeric configuration of monomer in CC-1. The presence of CC-1 signal confirmed that all monomers should be pyran ring, as furan ring signals should be around δ 107–109 ppm. According to the literature, the resonance in the region of 98–102 ppm in the 13C NMR (400 MHz) spectrum of CC-1 was attributed to the anomeric carbon atoms of β-D-glucose and α-D-xylopyranose. The assignment of the carbon atom signals is shown in Table I.

Figure 4 The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1). The horizontal coordinate represents the value of chemical shift.

Figure 5 The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1). The horizontal coordinate represents the value of chemical shift.

Table I 13C chemical shift data (δ, ppm) for polysaccharide CC-1.

Table I

13C chemical shift data (δ, ppm) for polysaccharide CC-1.

Sugar residues	Chemical shift, δ (ppm)
	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6
→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→	98.36	66.66	70.88	73.13	68.90	65.57
→3,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→	99.38	68.18	71.89	74.96	69.90	70.03
α-D-lyx-(1→	102.51	69.64	72.22	78.42	70.76	61.06

[i] NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; CC-1, Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide.

Monosaccharide composition analysis

The composition analysis of polysaccharides is an important step to control the quality and to obtain basic information on the polysaccharides. In this study, the CC-1 polysaccharide samples were hydrolyzed with TFA and then the component monosaccharides were analyzed by HPLC with Agilent refractive index detector (Fig. 6). Compared with the retention time of the standard monosaccharide, the peak at retention time of 8.135 min represents the β-D-glucose and the peak at retention time of 6.977 min represents the α-D-xylopyranose, at ratio of 5:1. The chromatogram using an HPLC-RID method shows that CC-1 was composed of two monosaccharides, β-D-glucose and α-D-xylopyranose, which was in good agreement with the D-configuration monosaccharide according to GC-MS analysis.

Figure 6 The component monosaccharides analysis of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Compared with the retention time of the standard monosaccharide, the peak at retention time of 8.135 min represents the β-D-glucose and the peak at retention time of 6.977 min represents the α-D-xylopyranose, which ratios were 5:1.

Methylation analysis

The methylated products of CC-1 were hydrolysed with acid, converted into alditol acetate and analysis by GC-MS. The experimental data are listed in Table II. The information in MS showed that fragment ion peaks were consistent with data of D-configuration monosaccharide fragment ion peaks and it can be concluded that the xylose and glucose residues were D-configurations, respectively. The GC-MS spectrum (Fig. 7), results of the silane experiments need to be discussed further because of the incomplete methylation, so after the comprehensive analysis of the data, we inferred that the design feature of the CC-1 may be as follows: the branched residue was (1→4)-linked-D-glucosepyranose and (4→6)-linked-D-xylopyranose revealing that (1→4)-linked-D-glucosepyranose possible form the backbone structure. Residues of branch structure were terminated with α-D-xylopyranose resides. It is concluded that a repeating unit of CC-1 has a backbone of 1,4-linked-β-D-glucose which branched at O-6 and the branches were mainly composed of a →1)-α-D-xylopyranose residue (Fig. 8).

Figure 7 GC-MS chromatogram of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1). The horizontal coordinate represents the retention time. (A) The fragment ion peaks of 2,3,6-Me 4-Glu; (B) the fragment ion peaks of 2,3-Me 1,4,6-Glu; (C) the fragment ion peaks of 2,3,6-Me 1,4-Glu; (D) the fragment ion peaks of 2,3,4-Me 1-Xyl.

Figure 8 Predicted chemical structure of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1). The structure of CC-1 had a backbone of 1,4-linked-β-D-glucose which branched at O-6 and the branches were mainly composed of a →1)-α-D-xylopyranose residue.

Table II GC-MS results of methylation analysis of CC-1.

Table II

GC-MS results of methylation analysis of CC-1.

Methylated sugar	Linkage	m/z
2,3,6-Me-4-Glu	4-	15, 41, 45, 59, 73, 88, 101, 116, 133, 146, 159, 174, 187, 207, 229
2,3-Me-1,4,6-Glu	1,4,6-	59, 73, 89, 103, 117, 133, 147, 159, 175, 191, 205, 217, 232, 243, 259, 287, 377
2,3,6-Me-1,4-Glu	1,4-	29, 45, 59, 73, 88, 101, 113, 133, 146, 159, 175, 185, 201, 217, 232
2,3,4-Me-1 -Xyl	1-	15, 41, 45, 58, 73, 88, 101, 115, 133, 149, 159, 174, 185

[i] CC-1, Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

DPPH− free radical scavenging activity of CC-1

The decrease of the absorbance of the resultant solution is caused by the removal of the DPPH free radical. Obviously, the color changed from purple to yellow. CC-1 exhibited an antioxidant activity compared with that of standard ascorbic acid at varying concentration tested. There was a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of antioxidant activity for all concentrations tested (Fig. 9). The CC-1 at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml showed a percentage inhibition of 23.81% and for 4.5 mg/ml it achieved maximum of 35.23%. The clearance rate stabilized at around 23–36% when the concentration of CC-1 is in the range of 0.1–5 mg/ml without significant change. However, the scavenging ability was lower than that of Vc.

Figure 9 DPPH− radical scavenging effect of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1). The horizontal coordinate indicates the concentration and the vertical coordinate indicates the scavenging effect (100%).

ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of CC-1

ABTS+ is used to mensurate total antioxidant capacity. ABTS+ will change into green under the appropriate oxidation, and the oxidation will be suppressed in the presence of antioxidants. The ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of CC-1 was tested spectrophotometrically at 734 nm. The results of antioxidant activity of CC-1 was expressed as shown in Fig. 10. The scavenging ability on ABTS+ radical of CC-1 is positively correlated when its concentration is 0.1–6.4 mg/ml. When the concentration of CC-1 is 6.4 mg/ml, the scavenging rate of ABTS+ free radical can reach 40.70%, and the IC50 value of CC-1 was 7.8624 mg/ml.

Figure 10 ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1). The horizontal coordinate indicates the concentration and the vertical coordinate indicates the scavenging effect (100%).

Effect of CC-1 on B cell activation in vitro

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a subtype of white blood cells of the lymphocytes. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies. The stimulation of CC-1 on B cells is shown in Fig. 11A. Cell proliferation activity was very low when B cells were exposed to medium alone, whereas incubation of these cells with increasing concentrations of CC-1 was associated with a dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation activity. Compared with the control group, the low concentration of CC-1 significantly promoted B cells proliferation (0.625–80 µg/ml, p<0.01). Furthermore, cell proliferation activity at 5 µg/ml concentrations of CC-1 were comparable to or even greater than that elicited by 5 µg/ml LPS. It is worth noting that, the optimal concentration of CC-1 is 20 µg/ml, when more than this concentration, the cell growth rate decline, but it is still very significant.

Figure 11 (A) The effect of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1) on the proliferation of B cells. The horizontal coordinate indicates the concentration of CC-1 and the vertical coordinate indicates the OD value of the B cells. (B) The cell morphology effect of CC-1 on the proliferation of B cells. When the concentration of 20 µg/ml of CC-1 was used to stimulate the B cell, the B cell clusters up most obviously. a, the blank group; b-i, the CC-1 experimental groups, cells treated with 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 µg/ml CC-1; j, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group (5 µg/ml). Control, the blank group. Each value is presented as the mean ± SD (n=5). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared with the control group.

Effect of CC-1 on T cell activation in vitro

T cells are a type of lymphocytes which play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus from thymocytes. The stimulation of CC-1 on T cells are shown in Fig. 12A. Compared with the control group, the low concentration of CC-1 significantly promote T cell proliferation (0.625–2.5 µg/ml, p<0.05; 5–20 µg/ml, p<0.01). Cell proliferation activity at 5 µg/ml concentration of CC-1 was comparable to or even greater than that elicited by 5 µg/ml LPS, and the proliferation effect of T cells reached the maximum value. When the concentration was further increased, the rate of the increase in T cells declined.

Figure 12 (A) The effect of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. polysaccharide (CC-1) on the proliferation of T cells. The horizontal coordinate indicates the concentration of CC-1 and the vertical coordinate indicates the OD value of the T cells. (B) The cell morphology effect of CC-1 on the proliferation of T cells. When the concentration of 5 µg/ml of CC-1 wasused to stimulate the T cell, the T cell has the most vigorous proliferative capacity. a, the blank group; b-i, the CC-1 experiment groups, cells treated with 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 µg/ml CC-1; j, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group (5 µg/ml). Control, the blank group. Each value is presented as the mean ± SD (n=5). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared with the control group.

Cell morphology observation

The cell morphology of B cells and T cells is revealed in Figs. 11B and 12B, respectively. With the increase of the concentration of CC-1, the cells accelerated division and became larger and larger. When the concentration of 20 µg/ml of CC-1 was used to stimulate the B cell, the B cells clustered up most obviously. When the concentration of 5 µg/ml of CC-1 was used to stimulate the T cells, the T cells showed the most vigorous proliferative capacity.

Conclusions and discussion

Villares et al (33) previously reported the structural characterization of two polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting bodies of the wild edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius. The polysaccharide from the boiling water fraction (PsCcib-I) was a glucan-type carbohydrate with a molecular weight of 15,002 kDa. The methylation analysis and NMR experiments showed that PsCcib-I was composed of a main chain consisting of α-(1→6)-Glc units with β-(1→4)-linked branches every third glucose residue. The present study revealed that the polysaccharide obtained from Cantharellus cibarius Fr., is a heteropolysaccharide, namely CC-1. The purified polysaccharide (CC-1) prepared was confirmed of high purity. Structure analysis indicated CC-1 consists of a backbone of 1,4-linked-β-D-glucose which branched at O-6 and the branches were mainly composed of a →1)-α-D-xylopyranose residue.

In addition, in the experiments of DPPH free radical scavenging activity, under the same experimental condition, the scavenging ability of CC-1 was lower than that of Vc. DPPH is a stable nitrogen centered free radical and its stability is from the three benzene ring resonance stabilization, and steric hindrance, cliping on the nitrogen atom of the intermediate unpaired electrons, thus cannot function as electron pairs. As a stable free radical, DPPH can capture other free radicals. According to the respective structure characteristics of the polysaccharide molecules, we can infer that the average molecular weight and the degree of polymerization of polysaccharide extracted are greater, while the amount of isolated hydroxyl are less. Therefore, the scavenging activity of CC-1 through the direct reduction of the electron and proton depend on the isolated hydroxyl, which make it possible to decease the capacity of the N=N double bond in DPPH by oxidation-reduction reaction. This may be the cause of DPPH free radical scavenging rate being lower than the rate of the ABTS+ free radical scavenging under the action of CC-1.

T lymphocytes, referred to as T cells, originate from bone marrow, migrate to the thymus for differentiation and mature. Mature T cells can specifically bind with target cells, directly kill the target cells, or release the lymphatic factors, which enhances the immune effect mainly in the body's cellular immunity. B cells are from the auxe of hematopoietic stem cells of mammalian bone marrow or bird bursa. In antigen stimulation, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies, and perform humoral immune function. In this study, CC-1 could effect the proliferation and cell morphology of T and B cells. The LPS as the positive control. The results show that, T and B cells can promote proliferation effect and CC-1 concentration (<5 µg/ml) was positively related and cell morphology was not changed, with good state of cells. Polysaccharides with high molecular weight in different concentrations will lead to different aggregation degrees of molecules, which will eventually affect the immune activity in B cells and T cells in different concentrations of CC-1 since B cells and T cells have different receptors on the surface. But the specific molecular mechanism needs further study. Cantharellus cibarius Fr. may be used in nutritional or pharmaceutical fields.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the participants, who provided feedback so hat the research on the programme could be achieved.

Notes

[1] Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31400016 and 31200012), the Cultivate Major Projects of Sichuan Province (16CZ0018), the Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau of Sichuan Province (16YFZJ0043), the Talent Program of China West Normal University (17YC328, 17YC136 and 17YC329), the National Training Project of China West Normal University (17c039) and the Innovative Team Project of China West Normal University (CXTD 2017-3).

[2] Availability of data and material

The data supporting the findings can be found in the Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China.

[3] Authors' contributions

YH conceived the presented idea. DZ and XD carried out the experiment. DZ and YH wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and implications and commented on the manuscript at all stages.

[4] Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

[5] Consent for publication

Not applicable.

[6] Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References