Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review)
- Authors:
- Rehan Ahmad
- Jaikee Kumar Singh
- Amoolya Wunnava
- Omar Al‑Obeed
- Maha Abdulla
- Sandeep Kumar Srivastava
-
Affiliations: Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia, Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India - Published online on: January 7, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4847
- Article Number: 14
-
Copyright: © Ahmad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
|
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, Fedewa SA, Butterly LF, Anderson JC, Cercek A, Smith RA and Jemal A: Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 70:145–164. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A and Bray F: Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut. 66:683–691. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Fleming M, Ravula S, Tatishchev SF and Wang HL: Colorectal carcinoma: Pathologic aspects. J Gastrointest Oncol. 3:153–173. 2012.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jasperson KW, Tuohy TM, Neklason DW and Burt RW: Hereditary and familial colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 138:2044–2058. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Graff RE, Möller S, Passarelli MN, Witte JS, Skytthe A, Christensen K, Tan Q, Adami HO, Czene K, Harris JR, et al: Familial risk and heritability of colorectal cancer in the nordic twin study of cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 15:1256–1264. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Skytthe A and Hemminki K: Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer-analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N Engl J Med. 343:78–85. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Keum N and Giovannucci E: Global burden of colorectal cancer: Emerging trends, risk factors and prevention strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 16:713–732. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ogino S and Goel A: Molecular classification and correlates in colorectal cancer. J Mol Diagn. 10:13–27. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Grady WM and Carethers JM: Genomic and epigenetic instability in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Gastroenterology. 135:1079–1099. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bakhoum SF, Silkworth WT, Nardi IK, Nicholson JM, Compton DA and Cimini D: The mitotic origin of chromosomal instability. Curr Biol. 24:R148–R149. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E, Kuppen PJK, Aghdaei HA and Zali MR: The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 6:120–128. 2013. | |
|
Markowitz SD and Bertagnolli MM: Molecular origins of cancer: Molecular basis of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 361:2449–2460. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Pawlik TM, Raut CP and Rodriguez-Bigas MA: Colorectal carcinogenesis: MSI-H versus MSI-L. Dis Markers. 20:199–206. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Pitot HC: The molecular biology of carcinogenesis. Cancer. 72(3 Suppl): S962–S970. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
O'Connell JB, Maggard MA and Ko CY: Colon cancer survival rates with the new American joint committee on cancer sixth edition staging. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96:1420–1425. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Xu W, He Y, Wang Y, Li X, Young J, Ioannidis JPA, Dunlop MG and Theodoratou E: Risk factors and risk prediction models for colorectal cancer metastasis and recurrence: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Med. 18:1722020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jensen KH, Izarzugaza JMG, Juncker AS, Hansen RB, Hansen TF, Timshel P, Blondal T, Jensen TS, Rygaard-Hjalsted E, Mouritzen P, et al: Analysis of a gene panel for targeted sequencing of colorectal cancer samples. Oncotarget. 9:9043–9060. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fearon ER and Vogelstein B: A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell. 61:759–767. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fearon ER: Molecular genetics of colorectal cancer. Annu Rev Pathol. 6:479–507. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, Preisinger AC, Leppert M, Nakamura Y, White R, Smits AM and Bos JL: Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med. 319:525–532. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jass JR and Smith M: Sialic acid and epithelial differentiation in colorectal polyps and cancer-a morphological, mucin and lectin histochemical study. Pathology. 24:233–242. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Dekker E: IJspeert JEG: Serrated pathway: A paradigm shift in CRC prevention. Gut. 67:1751–1752. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
East JE, Vieth M and Rex DK: Serrated lesions in colorectal cancer screening: Detection, resection, pathology and surveillance. Gut. 64:991–1000. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Longacre TA and Fenoglio-Preiser CM: Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps/serrated adenomas. A distinct form of colorectal neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol. 14:524–537. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Snover DC, Ahnen D, Burt R and Odze R: Serrated polyps of the colon and rectum and serrated ('hyperplastic') polyposis WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. International Agency for Research on Cancer; Lyon: pp. 160–165. 2010 | |
|
Groff RJ, Nash R and Ahnen DJ: Significance of serrated polyps of the colon. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 10:490–498. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Aust DE and Baretton GB; Members of the Working Group GI-Pathology of the German Society of Pathology: Serrated polyps of the colon and rectum (hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas, traditional serrated adenomas, and mixed polyps)-proposal for diagnostic criteria. Virchows Arch. 457:291–297. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Torlakovic E, Skovlund E, Snover DC, Torlakovic G and Nesland JM: Morphologic reappraisal of serrated colorectal polyps. Am J Surg Pathol. 27:65–81. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Goldstein NS, Bhanot P, Odish E and Hunter S: Hyperplastic-like colon polyps that preceded microsatellite-unstable adenocarcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 119:778–796. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kim KM, Lee EJ, Kim YH, Chang DK and Odze RD: KRAS mutations in traditional serrated adenomas from Korea herald an aggressive phenotype. Am J Surg Pathol. 34:667–675. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN). IARC; Lyon: 2018 | |
|
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I and Bray F: Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. International Agency for Research on Cancer; Lyon: 2018 | |
|
Li FY and Lai MD: Colorectal cancer, one entity or three. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 10:219–229. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Murphy N, Ward HA, Jenab M, Rothwell JA, Boutron-Ruault MC, Carbonnel F, Kvaskoff M, Kaaks R, Kühn T, Boeing H, et al: Heterogeneity of colorectal cancer risk factors by anatomical subsite in 10 european countries: A multinational cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 17:1323–1331.e6. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Yang L, Xiong Z, He W, Xie K, Liu S, Kong P, Jiang C, Guo G and Xia L: Proximal shift of colorectal cancer with increasing age in different ethnicities. Cancer Manag Res. 10:2663–2673. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Murphy G, Devesa SS, Cross AJ, Inskip PD, McGlynn KA and Cook MB: Sex disparities in colorectal cancer incidence by anatomic subsite, race and age. Int J Cancer. 128:1668–1675. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Shin A, Kim KZ, Jung KW, Park S, Won YJ, Kim J, Kim DY and Oh JH: Increasing trend of colorectal cancer incidence in Korea,. 1999–2009. Cancer Res Treat. 44:219–226. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Rawla P, Sunkara T and Barsouk A: Epidemiology of colorectal cancer: Incidence, mortality, survival, and risk factors. Prz Gastroenterol. 14:89–103. 2019.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Win AK, Jenkins MA, Dowty JG, Antoniou AC, Lee A, Giles GG, Buchanan DD, Clendenning M, Rosty C, Ahnen DJ, et al: Prevalence and penetrance of major genes and polygenes for colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 26:404–412. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Aaltonen LA, Peltomäki P, Leach FS, Sistonen P, Pylkkänen L, Mecklin JP, Järvinen H, Powell SM, Jen J, Hamilton SR, et al: Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science. 260:812–416. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D and Perucho M: Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature. 363:558–561. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Thibodeau SN, Bren G and Schaid D: Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science. 260:816–819. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hampel H, Frankel WL, Martin E, Arnold M, Khanduja K, Kuebler P, Nakagawa H, Sotamaa K, Prior TW, Westman J, et al: Screening for the Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer). N Engl J Med. 352:1851–1860. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Patel SG and Ahnen DJ: Familial colon cancer syndromes: An update of a rapidly evolving field. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 14:428–438. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Half E, Bercovich D and Rozen P: Familial adenomatous polyposis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 4:222009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Vasen HF, Tomlinson I and Castells A: Clinical management of hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 12:88–97. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sir Michael M, Tola A, Tim B and Junshi C: World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. AICR; Washington, DC: 2007 | |
|
Hofseth LJ, Hebert JR, Chanda A, Chen H, Love BL, Pena MM, Murphy EA, Sajish M, Sheth A, Buckhaults PJ and Berger FG: Early-onset colorectal cancer: Initial clues and current views. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 17:352–364. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Mauri G, Sartore-Bianchi A, Russo AG, Marsoni S, Bardelli A and Siena S: Early-onset colorectal cancer in young individuals. Mol Oncol. 13:109–131. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bailey CE, Hu CY, You YN, Bednarski BK, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Skibber JM, Cantor SB and Chang GJ: Increasing disparities in the age-related incidences of colon and rectal cancers in the United States, 1975-2010. JAMA Surg. 150:17–22. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Pearlman R, Frankel WL, Swanson B, Zhao W, Yilmaz A, Miller K, Bacher J, Bigley C, Nelsen L, Goodfellow PJ, et al: Ohio colorectal cancer prevention initiative study group: Prevalence and spectrum of germline cancer susceptibility gene mutations among patients with early-onset colorectal cancer. JAMA Oncol. 3:464–471. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Schellerer VS, Merkel S, Schumann SC, Schlabrakowski A, Förtsch T, Schildberg C, Hohenberger W and Croner RS: Despite aggressive histopathology survival is not impaired in young patients with colorectal cancer: CRC in patients under 50 years of age. Int J Colorectal Dis. 27:71–79. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wang MJ, Ping J, Li Y, Adell G, Arbman G, Nodin B, Meng WJ, Zhang H, Yu YY, Wang C, et al: The prognostic factors and multiple biomarkers in young patients with colorectal cancer. Sci Rep. 5:106452015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Crosbie AB, Roche LM, Johnson LM, Pawlish KS, Paddock LE and Stroup AM: Trends in colorectal cancer incidence among younger adults-Disparities by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and subsite. Cancer Med. 7:4077–4086. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ballester V, Rashtak S and Boardman L: Clinical and molecular features of young-onset colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 22:1736–1744. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Dozois EJ, Boardman LA, Suwanthanma W, Limburg PJ, Cima RR, Bakken JL, Vierkant RA, Aakre JA and Larson DW: Young-onset colorectal cancer in patients with no known genetic predisposition: Can we increase early recognition and improve outcome? Medicine (Baltimore). 87:259–263. 2008. | |
|
O'Connell JB, Maggard MA, Liu JH, Etzioni DA, Livingston EH and Ko CY: Do young colon cancer patients have worse outcomes? World J Surg. 28:558–562. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Taggarshe D, Rehil N, Sharma S, Flynn JC and Damadi A: Colorectal cancer: Are the 'young' being overlooked? Am J Surg. 205:312–316. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Low EE, Demb J, Liu L, Earles A, Bustamante R, Williams CD, Provenzale D, Kaltenbach T, Gawron AJ, Martinez ME and Gupta S: Risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 159:492–501.e7. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Liu PH, Wu K, Ng K, Zauber AG, Nguyen LH, Song M, He X, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Willett WC, et al: Association of obesity with risk of early-onset colorectal cancer among women. JAMA Oncol. 5:37–44. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF and Zwahlen M: Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 371:569–578. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Dong Y, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Luo L, He T, Hu H, Liu H, Zhang Y, Luo D, Xu S, et al: Abdominal obesity and colorectal cancer risk: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Biosci Rep. 37:BSR201709452017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tejpar S and Van Cutsem E: Molecular and genetic defects in colorectal tumorigenesis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 16:171–185. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lengauer C, Kinzler KW and Vogelstein B: Genetic instability in colorectal cancers. Nature. 386:623–627. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Nojadeh JN, Behrouz Sharif S and Sakhinia E: Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. EXCLI J. 17:159–168. 2018.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Vilar E and Gruber SB: Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer-the stable evidence. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 7:153–162. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Geiersbach KB and Samowitz WS: Microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 135:1269–1277. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lao VV and Grady WM: Epigenetics and colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 8:686–700. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kambara T, Simms LA, Whitehall VL, Spring KJ, Wynter CV, Walsh MD, Barker MA, Arnold S, McGivern A, Matsubara N, et al: BRAF mutation is associated with DNA methylation in serrated polyps and cancers of the colorectum. Gut. 53:1137–1144. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Loeb LA, Loeb KR and Anderson JP: Multiple mutations and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:776–781. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Loeb LA: A mutator phenotype in cancer. Cancer Res. 61:3230–3239. 2001.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Prindle MJ, Fox EJ and Loeb LA: The mutator phenotype in cancer: Molecular mechanisms and targeting strategies. Curr Drug Targets. 11:1296–1303. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lengauer C, Kinzler KW and Vogelstein B: Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature. 396:643–649. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Le Scouarnec S and Gribble SM: Characterising chromosome rearrangements: Recent technical advances in molecular cytogenetics. Heredity (Edinb). 108:75–85. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Pino MS and Chung DC: The chromosomal instability pathway in colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 138:2059–2072. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Rowan A, Halford S, Gaasenbeek M, Kemp Z, Sieber O, Volikos E, Douglas E, Fiegler H, Carter N, Talbot I, et al: Refining molecular analysis in the pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 3:1115–1123. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Weber JC, Meyer N, Pencreach E, Schneider A, Guérin E, Neuville A, Stemmer C, Brigand C, Bachellier P, Rohr S, et al: Allelotyping analyses of synchronous primary and metastasis CIN colon cancers identified different subtypes. Int J Cancer. 120:524–532. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Cheng YW, Pincas H, Bacolod MD, Schemmann G, Giardina SF, Huang J, Barral S, Idrees K, Khan SA, Zeng Z, et al: CpG island methylator phenotype associates with low-degree chromosomal abnormalities in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 14:6005–6013. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Grady WM: Epigenetic events in the colorectum and in colon cancer. Biochem Soc Trans. 33:684–688. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shih IM, Zhou W, Goodman SN, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW and Vogelstein B: Evidence that genetic instability occurs at an early stage of colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 61:818–822. 2001.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sieber OM, Heinimann K and Tomlinson IP: Genomic instability-the engine of tumorigenesis? Nat Rev Cancer. 3:701–708. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Thiagalingam S, Lengauer C, Leach FS, Schutte M, Hahn SA, Overhauser J, Willson JK, Markowitz S, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, et al: Evaluation of candidate tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 18 in colorectal cancers. Nat Genet. 13:343–346. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Powell SM, Zilz N, Beazer-Barclay Y, Bryan TM, Hamilton SR, Thibodeau SN, Vogelstein B and Kinzler KW: APC mutations occur early during colorectal tumorigenesis. Nature. 359:235–237. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kinzler KW and Vogelstein B: Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell. 87:159–170. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Su LK, Vogelstein B and Kinzler KW: Association of the APC tumor suppressor protein with catenins. Science. 262:1734–1737. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bokoch GM and Der CJ: Emerging concepts in the Ras superfamily of GTP-binding proteins. FASEB J. 7:750–759. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Arber N, Shapira I, Ratan J, Stern B, Hibshoosh H, Moshkowitz M, Gammon M, Fabian I and Halpern Z: Activation of c-K-ras mutations in human gastrointestinal tumors. Gastroenterology. 118:1045–1050. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bos JL, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Verlaan-de Vries M, van Boom JH, van der Eb AJ and Vogelstein B: Prevalence of ras gene mutations in human colorectal cancers. Nature. 327:293–297. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Nguyen HT and Duong HQ: The molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer: Implications for diagnosis and therapy. Oncol Lett. 16:9–18. 2018.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tanaka T, Watanabe T, Kazama Y, Tanaka J, Kanazawa T, Kazama S and Nagawa H: Chromosome 18q deletion and Smad4 protein inactivation correlate with liver metastasis: A study matched for T- and N-classification. Br J Cancer. 95:1562–1567. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zauber P, Sabbath-Solitare M, Marotta SP and Bishop T: Loss of heterozygosity for chromosome 18q and microsatellite instability are highly consistent across the region of the DCC and SMAD4 genes in colorectal carcinomas and adenomas. J Appl Res. 8:142008. | |
|
Kirley SD, D'Apuzzo M, Lauwers GY, Graeme-Cook F, Chung DC and Zukerberg LR: The Cables gene on chromosome 18Q regulates colon cancer progression in vivo. Cancer Biol Ther. 4:861–863. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jung B, Staudacher JJ and Beauchamp D: Transforming growth factor β superfamily signaling in development of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 152:36–52. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Muzny DM, Bainbridge M, Chang K, Dinh HH, Drummond JA, Fowler G, Kovar CL, Lewis LR, Morgan MB, Morgan I, et al: Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature. 487:330–337. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Mehlen P and Fearon ER: Role of the dependence receptor DCC in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. J Clin Oncol. 22:3420–3428. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hedrick L, Cho KR and Vogelstein B: Cell adhesion molecules as tumor suppressors. Trends Cell Biol. 3:36–39. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Martínez-López E, Abad A, Font A, Monzó M, Ojanguren I, Pifarré A, Sánchez JJ, Martín C and Rosell R: Allelic loss on chromosome 18q as a prognostic marker in stage II colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 114:1180–1187. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Saha MN, Qiu L and Chang H: Targeting p53 by small molecules in hematological malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 6:232013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Li H, Zhang J, Tong JHM, Chan AWH, Yu J, Kang W and To KF: Targeting the oncogenic p53 mutants in colorectal cancer and other solid tumors. Int J Mol Sci. 20:59992019. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
López I, P Oliveira L, Tucci P, Alvarez-Valín F, A Coudry R and Marín M: Different mutation profiles associated to P53 accumulation in colorectal cancer. Gene. 499:81–87. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Russo A, Bazan V, Iacopetta B, Kerr D, Soussi T and Gebbia N; TP53-CRC Collaborative Study Group: The TP53 colorectal cancer international collaborative study on the prognostic and predictive significance of p53 mutation: Influence of tumor site, type of mutation, and adjuvant treatment. J Clin Oncol. 23:7518–7528. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sigal A and Rotter V: Oncogenic mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor: The demons of the guardian of the genome. Cancer Res. 60:6788–6793. 2000. | |
|
Teodoro JG, Evans SK and Green MR: Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by p53: A new role for the guardian of the genome. J Mol Med (Berl). 85:1175–1186. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Levine AJ: p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell. 88:323–331. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Howe JR and Guillem JG: The genetics of colorectal cancer. Surg Clin North Am. 77:175–195. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Boland CR and Goel A: Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 138:2073–2087.e3. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Boland CR: The molecular biology of gastrointestinal cancer: Implications for diagnosis and therapy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 18:401–413. vii2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Boland CR, Thibodeau SN, Hamilton SR, Sidransky D, Eshleman JR, Burt RW, Meltzer SJ, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Fodde R, Ranzani GN and Srivastava S: A national cancer institute workshop on microsatellite instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: Development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 58:5248–5257. 1998.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Findeisen P, Kloor M, Merx S, Sutter C, Woerner SM, Dostmann N, Benner A, Dondog B, Pawlita M, Dippold W, et al: T25 repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the CASP2 gene: a sensitive and specific marker for microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 65:8072–8078. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lynch HT, Lynch PM, Lanspa SJ, Snyder CL, Lynch JF and Boland CR: Review of the Lynch syndrome: History, molecular genetics, screening, differential diagnosis, and medicolegal ramifications. Clin Genet. 76:1–18. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
van Rijnsoever M, Grieu F, Elsaleh H, Joseph D and Iacopetta B: Characterisation of colorectal cancers showing hypermethylation at multiple CpG islands. Gut. 51:797–802. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Toyota M, Ahuja N, Ohe-Toyota M, Herman JG, Baylin SB and Issa JPJ: CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:8681–8686. 1999.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jass JR: Serrated adenoma of the colorectum and the DNA-methylator phenotype. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2:398–405. 2005.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Samowitz WS, Albertsen H, Herrick J, Levin TR, Sweeney C, Murtaugh MA, Wolff RK and Slattery ML: Evaluation of a large, population-based sample supports a CpG island methylator phenotype in colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 129:837–845. 2005.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hawkins N, Norrie M, Cheong K, Mokany E, Ku SL, Meagher A, O'Connor T and Ward R: CpG island methylation in sporadic colorectal cancers and its relationship to microsatellite instability. Gastroenterology. 122:1376–1387. 2002.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Chan AOO, Issa JPJ, Morris JS, Hamilton SR and Rashid A: Concordant CpG island methylation in hyperplastic polyposis. Am J Pathol. 160:529–536. 2002.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wynter CVA, Walsh MD, Higuchi T, Leggett BA, Young J and Jass JR: Methylation patterns define two types of hyperplastic polyp associated with colorectal cancer. Gut. 53:573–580. 2004.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Minoo P, Baker K, Goswami R, Chong G, Foulkes WD, Ruszkiewicz AR, Barker M, Buchanan D, Young J and Jass JR: Extensive DNA methylation in normal colorectal mucosa in hyperplastic polyposis. Gut. 55:1467–1474. 2006.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shima K, Morikawa T, Yamauchi M, Kuchiba A, Imamura Y, Liao X, Meyerhardt JA, Fuchs CS and Ogino S: TGFBR2 and BAX mononucleotide tract mutations, microsatellite instability, and prognosis in 1072 colorectal cancers. PLoS One. 6:e250622011.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Edelstein DL, Axilbund JE, Hylind LM, Romans K, Griffin CA, Cruz-Correa M and Giardiello FM: Serrated polyposis: Rapid and relentless development of colorectal neoplasia. Gut. 62:404–408. 2013. | |
|
Bettington M, Walker N, Rosty C, Brown I, Clouston A, McKeone D, Pearson SA, Leggett B and Whitehall V: Clinicopathological and molecular features of sessile serrated adenomas with dysplasia or carcinoma. Gut. 66:97–106. 2017. | |
|
Johnson CM, Wei C, Ensor JE, Smolenski DJ, Amos CI, Levin B and Berry DA: Meta-analyses of colorectal cancer risk factors. Cancer Causes Control. 24:1207–1222. 2013.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zisman AL, Nickolov A, Brand RE, Gorchow A and Roy HK: Associations between the age at diagnosis and location of colorectal cancer and the use of alcohol and tobacco: Implications for screening. Arch Intern Med. 166:629–634. 2006.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Botteri E, Iodice S, Bagnardi V, Raimondi S, Lowenfels AB and Maisonneuve P: Smoking and colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 300:2765–2778. 2008.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Pande M, Lynch PM, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Gallinger S, Haile RW, LeMarchand L, Lindor NM, Campbell PT, Newcomb PA, et al: Smoking and colorectal cancer in Lynch syndrome: Results from the colon cancer family registry and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson cancer center. Clin Cancer Res. 16:1331–1339. 2010.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Figueiredo JC, Crockett SD, Snover DC, Morris CB, McKeown-Eyssen G, Sandler RS, Ahnen DJ, Robertson DJ, Burke CA, Bresalier RS, et al: Smoking-associated risks of conventional adenomas and serrated polyps in the colorectum. Cancer Causes Control. 26:377–386. 2015. | |
|
Limsui D, Vierkant RA, Tillmans LS, Wang AH, Weisenberger DJ, Laird PW, Lynch CF, Anderson KE, French AJ, Haile RW, et al: Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer risk by molecularly defined subtypes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 102:1012–1022. 2010.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hannan LM, Jacobs EJ and Thun MJ: The association between cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal cancer in a large prospective cohort from the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 18:3362–3367. 2009.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ordóñez-Mena JM, Walter V, Schöttker B, Jenab M, O'Doherty MG, Kee F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Peeters PHM, Stricker BH, Ruiter R, et al: Impact of prediagnostic smoking and smoking cessation on colorectal cancer prognosis: A meta-analysis of individual patient data from cohorts within the CHANCES consortium. Ann Oncol. 29:472–483. 2018. | |
|
Pöschl G and Seitz HK: Alcohol and cancer. Alcohol Alcohol. 39:155–165. 2004.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, Rota M, Scotti L, Islami F, Negri E, Straif K, Romieu I, La Vecchia C, et al: Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: An overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies. Ann Oncol. 22:1958–1972. 2011.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Choi YJ, Myung SK and Lee JH: Light alcohol drinking and risk of cancer: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cancer Res Treat. 50:474–487. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Ritz J, van den Brandt PA, Colditz GA, Folsom AR, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, et al: Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: A pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies. Ann Intern Med. 140:603–613. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Praud D, Rota M, Rehm J, Shield K, Zatoński W, Hashibe M, La Vecchia C and Boffetta P: Cancer incidence and mortality attributable to alcohol consumption. Int J Cancer. 138:1380–1387. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Nelson DE, Jarman DW, Rehm J, Greenfield TK, Rey G, Kerr WC, Miller P, Shield KD, Ye Y and Naimi TS: Alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. Am J Public Health. 103:641–648. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Butler LM, Sinha R, Millikan RC, Martin CF, Newman B, Gammon MD, Ammerman AS and Sandler RS: Heterocyclic amines, meat intake, and association with colon cancer in a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 157:434–445. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kampman E, Slattery ML, Bigler J, Leppert M, Samowitz W, Caan BJ and Potter JD: Meat consumption, genetic susceptibility, and colon cancer risk: A United States multicenter case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 8:15–24. 1999.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Santarelli RL, Pierre F and Corpet DE: Processed meat and colorectal cancer: A review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence. Nutr Cancer. 60:131–144. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kabat GC, Miller AB, Jain M and Rohan TE: A cohort study of dietary iron and heme iron intake and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Br J Cancer. 97:118–122. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sinha R: An epidemiologic approach to studying heterocyclic amines. Mutat Res. 506-507:197–204. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, Hartman TJ, Tangrea JA, Albanes D and Virtamo J: Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control. 10:387–396. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Terry P, Giovannucci E, Michels KB, Bergkvist L, Hansen H, Holmberg L and Wolk A: Fruit, vegetables, dietary fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 93:525–533. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bardou M, Barkun AN and Martel M: Obesity and colorectal cancer. Gut. 62:933–947. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kelly DM and Jones TH: Testosterone and obesity. Obes Rev. 16:581–606. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Matsuo K, Mizoue T, Tanaka K, Tsuji I, Sugawara Y, Sasazuki S, Nagata C, Tamakoshi A, Wakai K, Inoue M, et al: Association between body mass index and the colorectal cancer risk in Japan: Pooled analysis of population-based cohort studies in Japan. Ann Oncol. 23:479–490. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Goh LY and Goh KL: Obesity: An epidemiological perspective from Asia and its relationship to gastrointestinal and liver cancers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 28(Suppl 4): S54–S58. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
World Cancer Research Fund: Continuous update project report. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of colorectal cancer. In: WCRF/AICR; 2011 | |
|
Song M, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Chan AT, Wu K, Ogino S, Fuchs CS, Willett WC and Giovannucci EL: Long-term status and change of body fat distribution, and risk of colorectal cancer: A prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 45:871–883. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Moore LL, Bradlee ML, Singer MR, Splansky GL, Proctor MH, Ellison RC and Kreger BE: BMI and waist circumference as predictors of lifetime colon cancer risk in Framingham study adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 28:559–567. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Samaras K, Botelho NK, Chisholm DJ and Lord RV: Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue gene expression of serum adipokines that predict type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring). 18:884–889. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lim U, Ernst T, Buchthal SD, Latch M, Albright CL, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN, Murphy SP, Chang L, Novotny R and Le Marchand L: Asian women have greater abdominal and visceral adiposity than Caucasian women with similar body mass index. Nutr Diabetes. 1:e62011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ma Y, Yang Y, Wang F, Zhang P, Shi C, Zou Y and Qin H: Obesity and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS One. 8:e539162013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lee YJ, Myung SK, Cho B, Park BJ, Park JH, Ju W, Park MS and Choi JH: Adiposity and the risk of colorectal adenomatous polyps: A meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 22:1021–1035. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Guraya SY: Association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 21:6026–6031. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kahn SE, Hull RL and Utzschneider KM: Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature. 444:840–846. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Moller DE and Flier JS: Insulin resistance-mechanisms, syndromes, and implications. N Engl J Med. 325:938–948. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Pollak M: Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling in neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer. 8:915–928. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Calle EE and Kaaks R: Overweight, obesity and cancer: Epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer. 4:579–591. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Murphy N, Strickler HD, Stanczyk FZ, Xue X, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Rohan TE, Ho GY, Anderson GL, Potter JD and Gunter MJ: A prospective evaluation of endogenous sex hormone levels and colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 107. pp. djv2102015, View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hetemäki N, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Tikkanen MJ, Wang F, Paatela H, Hämäläinen E, Turpeinen U, Haanpää M, Vihma V and Mikkola TS: Estrogen metabolism in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 102:4588–4595. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Burkitt DP: Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer. 28:3–13. 1971. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Aune D, Chan DS, Lau R, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E and Norat T: Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. 343. pp. d66172011, View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
World Cancer Research Fund: Diet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer: A global perspective: A summary of the third expert report. World Cancer Research Fund International. 2018. | |
|
Rezende LFM, Sá TH, Markozannes G, Rey-López JP, Lee IM, Tsilidis KK, Ioannidis JPA and Eluf-Neto J: Physical activity and cancer: An umbrella review of the literature including 22 major anatomical sites and 770 000 cancer cases. Br J Sports Med. 52:826–833. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Morris JS, Bradbury KE, Cross AJ, Gunter MJ and Murphy N: Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and colorectal cancer risk in the UK Biobank. Br J Cancer. 118:920–929. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Keum N, Bao Y, Smith-Warner SA, Orav J, Wu K, Fuchs CS and Giovannucci EL: Association of physical activity by type and intensity with digestive system cancer risk. JAMA Oncol. 2:1146–1153. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ma P, Yao Y, Sun W, Dai S and Zhou C: Daily sedentary time and its association with risk for colorectal cancer in adults: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 96:e70492017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lynch BM: Sedentary behavior and cancer: A systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19:2691–2709. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Howard RA, Freedman DM, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A and Leitzmann MF: Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the risk of colon and rectal cancer in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Cancer Causes Control. 19:939–953. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jeong WJ, Ro EJ and Choi KY: Interaction between Wnt/β-catenin and RAS-ERK pathways and an anti-cancer strategy via degradations of β-catenin and RAS by targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2:52018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Novellasdemunt L, Antas P and Li VS: Targeting Wnt signalling in colorectal cancer. A review in the theme: Cell Signalling: Proteins, pathways and mechanisms. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 309:C511–C521. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Farooqi AA, de la Roche M, Djamgoz MBA and Siddik ZH: Overview of the oncogenic signalling pathways in colorectal cancer: Mechanistic insights. Semin Cancer Biol. 58:65–79. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Koveitypour Z, Panahi F, Vakilian M, Peymani M, Seyed Forootan F, Nasr Esfahani MH and Ghaedi K: Signaling pathways involved in colorectal cancer progression. Cell Biosci. 9:972019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Pandurangan AK, Divya T, Kumar K, Dineshbabu V, Velavan B and Sudhandiran G: Colorectal carcinogenesis: Insights into the cell death and signal transduction pathways: A review. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 10:244–259. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tiwari A, Saraf S, Verma A, Panda PK and Jain SK: Novel targeting approaches and signaling pathways of colorectal cancer: An insight. World J Gastroenterol. 24:4428–4435. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Folkman J: Tumor angiogenesis: Therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med. 285:1182–1186. 1971. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Saharinen P, Eklund L, Pulkki K, Bono P and Alitalo K: VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Mol Med. 17:347–362. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Goel HL and Mercurio AM: VEGF targets the tumor cell. Nat Rev Cancer. 13:871–882. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ferrara N, Gerber HP and LeCouter J: The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med. 9:669–676. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lee YJ, Karl DL, Maduekwe UN, Rothrock C, Ryeom S, D'Amore PA and Yoon SS: Differential effects of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 inhibition on tumor metastases based on host organ environment. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Cancer Res. 70:8357–8367. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Vaahtomeri K, Karaman S, Mäkinen T and Alitalo K: Lymphangiogenesis guidance by paracrine and pericellular factors. Genes Dev. 31:1615–1634. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Olsson AK, Dimberg A, Kreuger J and Claesson-Welsh L: VEGF receptor signalling-in control of vascular function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 7:359–371. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Takahashi H and Shibuya M: The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor system and its role under physiological and pathological conditions. Clin Sci (Lond). 109:227–241. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Koch S and Claesson-Welsh L: Signal transduction by vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2:a0065022012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Garnier L, Gkountidi AO and Hugues S: Tumor-associated lymphatic vessel features and immunomodulatory functions. Front Immunol. 10:7202019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Secker GA and Harvey NL: VEGFR signaling during lymphatic vascular development: From progenitor cells to functional vessels. Dev Dyn. 244:323–331. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Cébe-Suarez S, Zehnder-Fjällman A and Ballmer-Hofer K: The role of VEGF receptors in angiogenesis; complex partnerships. Cell Mol Life Sci. 63:601–615. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lopez A, Harada K, Vasilakopoulou M, Shanbhag N and Ajani JA: Targeting angiogenesis in colorectal carcinoma. Drugs. 79:63–74. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Seeber A, Gunsilius E, Gastl G and Pircher A: Anti-angiogenics: Their value in colorectal cancer therapy. Oncol Res Treat. 41:188–193. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Guba M, Seeliger H, Kleespies A, Jauch KW and Bruns C: Vascular endothelial growth factor in colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 19:510–517. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jain RK: Antiangiogenesis strategies revisited: From starving tumors to alleviating hypoxia. Cancer Cell. 26:605–622. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Amelio I and Melino G: The p53 family and the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs): Determinants of cancer progression. Trends Biochem Sci. 40:425–434. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tarnawski AS, Ahluwalia A and Jones MK: Angiogenesis in gastric mucosa: An important component of gastric erosion and ulcer healing and its impairment in aging. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 29(Suppl 4): S112–S23. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wang Q, Yang S, Wang K and Sun SY: MET inhibitors for targeted therapy of EGFR TKI-resistant lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 12:632019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Cheng F and Guo D: MET in glioma: Signaling pathways and targeted therapies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 38:2702019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Demkova L and Kucerova L: Role of the HGF/c-MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors in metastasic melanoma. Mol Cancer. 17:262018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lam BQ, Dai L and Qin Z: The role of HGF/c-MET signaling pathway in lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol. 9:1352016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bradley CA, Salto-Tellez M, Laurent-Puig P, Bardelli A, Rolfo C, Tabernero J, Khawaja HA, Lawler M, Johnston PG and Van Schaeybroeck S; MErCuRIC consortium: Targeting c-MET in gastrointestinal tumors: Rationale, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 14:562–576. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Xing F, Liu Y, Sharma S, Wu K, Chan MD, Lo HW, Carpenter RL, Metheny-Barlow LJ, Zhou X, Qasem SA, et al: Activation of the c-Met pathway mobilizes an inflammatory network in the brain microenvironment to promote brain metastasis of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 76:4970–4980. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ozawa Y, Nakamura Y, Fujishima F, Felizola SJ, Takeda K, Okamoto H, Ito K, Ishida H, Konno T, Kamei T, et al: c-Met in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: An independent prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target. BMC Cancer. 15:4512015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Anestis A, Zoi I and Karamouzis MV: Current advances of targeting HGF/c-Met pathway in gastric cancer. Ann Transl Med. 6:2472018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Safaie Qamsari E, Safaei Ghaderi S, Zarei B, Dorostkar R, Bagheri S, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Somi MH and Yousefi M: The c-Met receptor: Implication for targeted therapies in colorectal cancer. Tumor Biol. 39:10104283176991182017. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Otte JM, Schmitz F, Kiehne K, Stechele HU, Banasiewicz T, Krokowicz P, Nakamura T, Fölsch UR and Herzig K: Functional expression of HGF and its receptor in human colorectal cancer. Digestion. 61:237–246. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Matsumoto K, Umitsu M, De Silva DM, Roy A and Bottaro DP: Hepatocyte growth factor/MET in cancer progression and biomarker discovery. Cancer Sci. 108:296–307. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bahrami A, Shahidsales S, Khazaei M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Maftouh M, Hassanian SM and Avan A: C-Met as a potential target for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer: Current status and future perspectives. J Cell Physiol. 232:2657–2673. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Mo HN and Liu P: Targeting MET in cancer therapy. Chronic Dis Transl Med. 3:148–153. 2017.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bouattour M, Raymond E, Qin S, Cheng AL, Stammberger U, Locatelli G and Faivre S: Recent developments of c-Met as a therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 67:1132–1149. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Drilon A, Cappuzzo F, Ou SI and Camidge DR: Targeting MET in lung cancer: Will expectations finally be MET? J Thorac Oncol. 12:15–26. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Blumenschein GR Jr, Mills GB and Gonzalez-Angulo AM: Targeting the hepatocyte growth factor-cMET axis in cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol. 30:3287–3296. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Cabanillas ME, de Souza JA, Geyer S, Wirth LJ, Menefee ME, Liu SV, Shah K, Wright J and Shah MH: Cabozantinib as salvage therapy for patients with tyrosine kinase inhibitor-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: Results of a multicenter phase II international thyroid oncology group trial. J Clin Oncol. 35:3315–3321. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network; Linehan WM, Spellman PT, Ricketts CJ, Creighton CJ, Fei SS, Davis C, Wheeler DA, Murray BA, Schmidt L, et al: Comprehensive molecular characterization of papillary renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 374:135–145. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Catenacci DVT, Tebbutt NC, Davidenko I, Murad AM, Al-Batran SE, Ilson DH, Tjulandin S, Gotovkin E, Karaszewska B, Bondarenko I, et al: Rilotumumab plus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine as first-line therapy in advanced MET-positive gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (RILOMET-1): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 18:1467–1482. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sartore-Bianchi A, Loupakis F, Argilés G and Prager GW: Challenging chemoresistant metastatic colorectal cancer: Therapeutic strategies from the clinic and from the laboratory. Ann Oncol. 27:1456–1466. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Gao H, Guan M, Sun Z and Bai C: High c-Met expression is a negative prognostic marker for colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Tumor Biol. 36:515–520. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Luo HY and Xu RH: Predictive and prognostic biomarkers with therapeutic targets in advanced colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 20:3858–3874. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Baldus SE, Kort EJ, Schirmacher P, Dienes HP and Resau JH: Quantification of MET and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor expression in colorectal adenomas, carcinomas and non-neoplastic epithelia by quantitative laser scanning microscopy. Int J Oncol. 31:199–204. 2007.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kentsis A, Reed C, Rice KL, Sanda T, Rodig SJ, Tholouli E, Christie A, Valk PJ, Delwel R, Ngo V, et al: Autocrine activation of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase in acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Med. 18:1118–1122. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Stein U, Walther W, Arlt F, Schwabe H, Smith J, Fichtner I, Birchmeier W and Schlag PM: MACC1, a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling, predicts colon cancer metastasis. Nat Med. 15:59–67. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Parseghian CM, Napolitano S, Loree JM and Kopetz S: Mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy: A review of current knowledge with a focus on rechallenge therapies. Clin Cancer Res. 25:6899–6908. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Boccaccio C, Luraghi P and Comoglio PM: MET-mediated resistance to EGFR inhibitors: An old liaison rooted in colorectal cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 74:3647–3651. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Van Emburgh BO, Sartore-Bianchi A, Di Nicolantonio F, Siena S and Bardelli A: Acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol. 8:1084–1094. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Viticchiè G and Muller PAJ: c-Met and other cell surface molecules: Interaction, activation and functional consequences. Biomedicines. 3:46–70. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sharpe AH and Freeman GJ: The B7-CD28 superfamily. Nat Rev Immunol. 2:116–126. 2002.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jelinek T, Mihalyova J, Kascak M, Duras J and Hajek R: PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in haematological malignancies: Update 2017. Immunology. 152:357–371. 2017.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Chen L and Han X: Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy of human cancer: Past, present, and future. J Clin Invest. 125:3384–3391. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Markman JL and Shiao SL: Impact of the immune system and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol. 6:208–223. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Xie YH, Chen YX and Fang JY: Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 5:222020.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Pauken KE and Wherry EJ: Overcoming T cell exhaustion in infection and cancer. Trends Immunol. 36:265–276. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wang HB, Yao H, Li CS, Liang LX, Zhang Y, Chen YX, Fang JY and Xu J: Rise of PD-L1 expression during metastasis of colorectal cancer: Implications for immunotherapy. J Dig Dis. 18:574–581. 2017.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fujimoto H, Saito Y, Ohuchida K, Kawakami E, Fujiki S, Watanabe T, Ono R, Kaneko A, Takagi S, Najima Y, et al: Deregulated mucosal immune surveillance through gut-associated regulatory T cells and PD-1+ T cells in human colorectal cancer. J Immunol. 200:3291–3303. 2018.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Vinson KE, George DC, Fender AW, Bertrand FE and Sigounas G: The Notch pathway in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 138:1835–1842. 2016. | |
|
Zhi X, Tao J, Zhang L, Tao R, Ma L and Qin J: Silencing speckle-type POZ protein by promoter hypermethylation decreases cell apoptosis through upregulating hedgehog signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis. 7:e25692016.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wu C, Zhu X, Liu W, Ruan T and Tao K: Hedgehog signalling pathway in colorectal cancer: Function, mechanism, and therapy. Onco Targets Ther. 10:3249–3259. 2017. | |
|
Han Y: Analysis of the role of the Hippo pathway in cancer. J Transl Med. 17:1162019.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhang YE: Non-Smad pathways in TGF-β signaling. Cell Res. 19:128–139. 2009. | |
|
Cheruku HR, Mohamedali A, Cantor DI, Tan SH, Nice EC and Baker MS: Transforming growth factor-β, MAPK and Wnt signaling interaction in colorectal cancer. EuPA Open Proteomics. 8:104–115. 2015. | |
|
Luo K: Signaling cross talk between TGF-β/Smad and other signaling pathways. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 9:a0221372017. | |
|
Lee Y, Kim NH, Cho ES, Yang JH, Cha YH, Kang HE, Yun JS, Cho SB, Lee SH, Paclikova P, et al: Dishevelled has a YAP nuclear export function in a tumor suppressor context-dependent manner. Nat Commun. 9:23012018.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jing L, Li J, Zhang C, Shang Y and Lin J: YAP-mediated crosstalk between the Wnt and Hippo signaling pathways (Review). Mol Med Rep. 22:4101–4106. 2020. | |
|
Pietrobono S, Gagliardi S and Stecca B: Non-canonical hedgehog signalling pathway in cancer: Activation of GLI transcription factors beyond smoothened. Front Genet. 10:5562019. | |
|
Regan JL, Schumacher D, Staudte S, Steffen A, Haybaeck J, Keilholz U, Schweiger C, Golob-Schwarzl N, Mumberg D, Henderson D, et al: Non-canonical hedgehog signaling is a positive regulator of the WNT pathway and is required for the survival of colon cancer stem cells. Cell Rep. 21:2813–2828. 2017.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Heidelberger C, Chaudhuri NK, Danneberg P, Mooren D, Griesbach L, Duschinsky R, Schnitzer RJ, Pleven E and Scheiner J: Fluorinated pyrimidines, a new class of tumor-inhibitory compounds. Nature. 179:663–666. 1957.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Piawah S and Venook AP: Targeted therapy for colorectal cancer metastases: A review of current methods of molecularly targeted therapy and the use of tumor biomarkers in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer. 125:4139–4147. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Piedbois P, Buyse M, Rustum Y, Machover D, Erlichman C, Carlson RW, Valone F, Labianca R, Doroshow JH and Petrelli N: Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: Evidence in terms of response rate by the advanced colorectal cancer meta-analysis project. J Clin Oncol. 10:896–903. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
de Gramont A, Figer A, Seymour M, Homerin M, Hmissi A, Cassidy J, Boni C, Cortes-Funes H, Cervantes A, Freyer G, et al: Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 18:2938–2947. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Roth AD, Navarro M, James RD, Karasek P, Jandik P, Iveson T, Carmichael J, Alakl M, et al: Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: A multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 355:1041–1047. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tournigand C, André T, Achille E, Lledo G, Flesh M, Mery-Mignard D, Quinaux E, Couteau C, Buyse M, Ganem G, et al: FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: A randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 22:229–237. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Colucci G, Gebbia V, Paoletti G, Giuliani F, Caruso M, Gebbia N, Cartenì G, Agostara B, Pezzella G, Manzione L, et al: Phase III randomized trial of FOLFIRI versus FOLFOX4 in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: A multicenter study of the gruppo oncologico Dell'Italia meridionale. J Clin Oncol. 23:4866–4875. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Cassidy J, Clarke S, Díaz-Rubio E, Scheithauer W, Figer A, Wong R, Koski S, Lichinitser M, Yang TS, Rivera F, et al: Randomized phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 26:2006–2012. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Skof E, Rebersek M, Hlebanja Z and Ocvirk J: Capecitabine plus irinotecan (XELIRI regimen) compared to 5-FU/LV plus Irinotecan (FOLFIRI regimen) as neoadjuvant treatment for patients with unresectable liver-only metastases of metastatic colorectal cancer: A randomised prospective phase II trial. BMC Cancer. 9:1202009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Obrand DI and Gordon PH: Incidence and patterns of recurrence following curative resection for colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum. 40:15–24. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Brodsky FM: Monoclonal antibodies as magic bullets. Pharm Res. 5:1–9. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lee YT, Tan YJ and Oon CE: Molecular targeted therapy: Treating cancer with specificity. Eur J Pharmacol. 834:188–196. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Martinelli E, Ciardiello D, Martini G, Troiani T, Cardone C, Vitiello PP, Normanno N, Rachiglio AM, Maiello E, Latiano T, et al: Implementing anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: Challenges and future perspectives. Ann Oncol. 31:30–40. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Oh DY and Bang YJ: HER2-targeted therapies-a role beyond breast cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 17:33–48. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Ferguson FM and Gray NS: Kinase inhibitors: The road ahead. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 17:353–377. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tariman JD: Changes in cancer treatment: Mabs, Mibs, Mids, Nabs, and Nibs. Nurs Clin North Am. 52:65–81. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
André T, Blons H, Mabro M, Chibaudel B, Bachet JB, Tournigand C, Bennamoun M, Artru P, Nguyen S, Ebenezer C, et al: Panitumumab combined with irinotecan for patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy: A GERCOR efficacy, tolerance, and translational molecular study. Ann Oncol. 24:412–419. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Papadatos-Pastos D, Rabbie R, Ross P and Sarker D: The role of the PI3K pathway in colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 94:18–30. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Katz LH, Li Y, Chen JS, Muñoz NM, Majumdar A, Chen J and Mishra L: Targeting TGF-β signaling in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 17:743–760. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jin D, Fang Y, Li Z, Chen Z and Xiang J: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated microRNAs in colorectal cancer and drug-targeted therapies (Review). Oncol Rep. 33:515–525. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Qiao L and Wong BC: Role of Notch signaling in colorectal cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated microRNAs in colorectal cancer and drug-targeted therapies (Review). Carcinogenesis. 30:1979–1986. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Katoh M and Katoh M: Precision medicine for human cancers with Notch signaling dysregulation (Review). Int J Mol Med. 45:279–297. 2020.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fragoulis GE, Mclnnes IB and Siebert S: JAK-inhibitors New players in the field of immune-mediated diseases beyond rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 58(Suppl 1): pp. i42–i54. 2019, View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wang SW, Hu J, Guo QH, Zhao Y, Cheng JJ, Zhang DS, Fei Q, Li J and Sun YM: AZD1480, a JAK inhibitor, inhibits cell growth and survival of colorectal cancer via modulating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Oncol Rep. 32:1991–1998. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Gulino A, Ferretti E and De Smaele E: Hedgehog signalling in colon cancer and stem cells. EMBO Mol Med. 1:300–302. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wu JY, Xu XF, Xu L, Niu PQ, Wang F, Hu GY, Wang XP and Guo CY: Cyclopamine blocked the growth of colorectal cancer SW116 cells by modulating some target genes of Gli1 in vitro. Hepatogastroenterology. 58:1511–1518. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Varnat F, Duquet A, Malerba M, Zbinden M, Mas C, Gervaz P and Ruiz i Altaba A: Human colon cancer epithelial cells harbour active HEDGEHOG-GLI signalling that is essential for tumour growth, recurrence, metastasis and stem cell survival and expansion. EMBO Mol Med. 1:338–351. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Gonzalez-Donquiles C, Alonso-Molero J, Fernandez-Villa T, Vilorio-Marqués L, Molina AJ and Martín V: The NRF2 transcription factor plays a dual role in colorectal cancer: A systematic review. PLoS One. 12:e01775492017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wu WK, Wang XJ, Cheng AS, Luo MX, Ng SS, To KF, Chan FK, Cho CH, Sung JJ and Yu J: Dysregulation and crosstalk of cellular signaling pathways in colon carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 86:251–277. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, Cartwright T, Hainsworth J, Heim W, Berlin J, Baron A, Griffing S, Holmgren E, et al: Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 350:2335–2342. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Passardi A, Nanni O, Tassinari D, Turci D, Cavanna L, Fontana A, Ruscelli S, Mucciarini C, Lorusso V, Ragazzini A, et al: Effectiveness of bevacizumab added to standard chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: Final results for first-line treatment from the ITACa randomized clinical trial. Ann Oncol. 26:1201–1207. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tang PA, Cohen SJ, Kollmannsberger C, Bjarnason G, Virik K, MacKenzie MJ, Lourenco L, Wang L, Chen A and Moore MJ: Phase II clinical and pharmacokinetic study of aflibercept in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 18:6023–6031. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Van Cutsem E, Sobrero AF, Siena S, Falcone A, Ychou M, Humblet Y, Bouche O, Mineur L, Barone C, Adenis A, et al: Phase III CORRECT trial of regorafenib in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). J Clin Oncol. 30(15 Suppl): S35022012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Tabernero J, Yoshino T, Cohn AL, Obermannova R, Bodoky G, Garcia-Carbonero R, Ciuleanu TE, Portnoy DC, Van Cutsem E, Grothey A, et al: Ramucirumab versus placebo in combination with second-line FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma that progressed during or after first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and a fluoropyrimidine (RAISE): A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 16:499–508. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bendell JC, Ervin TJ, Gallinson D, Singh J, Wallace JA, Saleh MN, Vallone M, Phan SC and Hack SP: Treatment rationale and study design for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study evaluating onartuzumab (MetMAb) in combination with bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX-6 in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 12:218–222. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shao Z, Pan H, Tu S, Zhang J, Yan S and Shao A: HGF/c-Met axis: The advanced development in digestive system cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol. 8:8012020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ganesh K, Stadler ZK, Cercek A, Mendelsohn RB, Shia J, Segal NH and Diaz LA Jr: Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: Rationale, challenges and potential. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 16:361–375. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Passardi A, Canale M, Valgiusti M and Ulivi P: Immune checkpoints as a target for colorectal cancer treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 18:13242017. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, Hwu WJ, Topalian SL, Hwu P, Drake CG, Camacho LH, Kauh J, Odunsi K, et al: Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 366:2455–2465. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Giannakis M, Mu XJ, Shukla SA, Qian ZR, Cohen O, Nishihara R, Bahl S, Cao Y, Amin-Mansour A, Yamauchi M, et al: Genomic correlates of immune-cell infiltrates in colorectal carcinoma. Cell Rep. 15:857–865. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Llosa NJ, Cruise M, Tam A, Wicks EC, Hechenbleikner EM, Taube JM, Blosser RL, Fan H, Wang H, Luber BS, et al: The vigorous immune microenvironment of microsatellite instable colon cancer is balanced by multiple counter-inhibitory checkpoints. Cancer Discov. 5:43–51. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
|
Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Kemberling H, Eyring AD, Skora AD, Luber BS, Azad NS, Laheru D, et al: PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch-repair deficiency. N Engl J Med. 372:2509–2520. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Marcus L, Lemery SJ, Keegan P and Pazdur R: FDA approval summary: Pembrolizumab for the treatment of microsatellite instability-high solid tumors. Clin Can Res. 25:3753–3758. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Andre T, Shiu KK, Kim TW, Jensen BV, Jensen LH, Punt CJA, Smith DM, Garcia-Carbonero R, Benavides M, Gibbs P, et al: Pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy for microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: The phase 3 KEYNOTE-177 study. J Clin Oncol. 38(18 Suppl): LBA42020. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
U.S. Food and Drug (FDA): FDA grants nivolumab accelerated approval for MSI-H or dMMR colorectal cancer FDA. Silver Spring, MD: 2017, https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-grants-nivolumab-accel-erated-approval-msi-h-or-dmmr-colorectal-cancer. Accessed January 8, 2017. | |
|
Sun J, Zheng Y, Mamun M, Li X, Chen X and Gao Y: Research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in gastrointestinal tumors. Biomed Pharmacother. 129:1105042020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI |
