Open Access

Damage to the blood‑brain barrier and activation of neuroinflammation by focal cerebral ischemia under hyperglycemic condition

  • Authors:
    • Yongzhen Guo
    • Lingdi Dong
    • Ao Gong
    • Jingwen Zhang
    • Li Jing
    • Tomas Ding
    • Ping-An Andy Li
    • Jian-Zhong Zhang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: June 1, 2021     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4975
  • Article Number: 142
  • Copyright: © Guo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Hyperglycemia aggravates brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and increases the permeability of the blood‑brain barrier (BBB). However, there are relatively few studies on morphological changes of the BBB. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of hyperglycemia on BBB morphological changes following cerebral I/R injury. Streptozotocin‑induced hyperglycemic and citrate‑buffered saline‑injected normoglycemic rats were subjected to 30 min middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurological deficits were evaluated. Brain infarct volume was assessed by 2,3,5‑triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and BBB integrity was evaluated by Evans blue and IgG extravasation following 24 h reperfusion. Changes in tight junctions (TJ) and basement membrane (BM) proteins (claudin, occludin and zonula occludens‑1) were examined using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Astrocytes, microglial cells and neutrophils were labeled with specific antibodies for immunohistochemistry after 1, 3 and 7 days of reperfusion. Hyperglycemia increased extravasations of Evan's blue and IgG and aggravated damage to TJ and BM proteins following I/R injury. Furthermore, hyperglycemia suppressed astrocyte activation and damaged astrocytic endfeet surrounding cerebral blood vessels following I/R. Hyperglycemia inhibited microglia activation and proliferation and increased neutrophil infiltration in the brain. It was concluded that hyperglycemia‑induced BBB leakage following I/R might be caused by damage to TJ and BM proteins and astrocytic endfeet. Furthermore, suppression of microglial cells and increased neutrophil infiltration to the brain may contribute to the detrimental effects of pre‑ischemic hyperglycemia on the outcome of cerebral ischemic stroke.
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July-2021
Volume 48 Issue 1

Print ISSN: 1107-3756
Online ISSN:1791-244X

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Spandidos Publications style
Guo Y, Dong L, Gong A, Zhang J, Jing L, Ding T, Li PA and Zhang J: Damage to the blood‑brain barrier and activation of neuroinflammation by focal cerebral ischemia under hyperglycemic condition. Int J Mol Med 48: 142, 2021.
APA
Guo, Y., Dong, L., Gong, A., Zhang, J., Jing, L., Ding, T. ... Zhang, J. (2021). Damage to the blood‑brain barrier and activation of neuroinflammation by focal cerebral ischemia under hyperglycemic condition. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 48, 142. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4975
MLA
Guo, Y., Dong, L., Gong, A., Zhang, J., Jing, L., Ding, T., Li, P. A., Zhang, J."Damage to the blood‑brain barrier and activation of neuroinflammation by focal cerebral ischemia under hyperglycemic condition". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 48.1 (2021): 142.
Chicago
Guo, Y., Dong, L., Gong, A., Zhang, J., Jing, L., Ding, T., Li, P. A., Zhang, J."Damage to the blood‑brain barrier and activation of neuroinflammation by focal cerebral ischemia under hyperglycemic condition". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 48, no. 1 (2021): 142. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4975