Navigating paediatric virology through the COVID‑19 era (Review)
- Authors:
- Ioannis N. Mammas
- Simon B. Drysdale
- Charalampos Charalampous
- Patra Koletsi
- Alexia Papatheodoropoulou
- Chryssie Koutsaftiki
- Theodoros Sergentanis
- Kyriakoula Merakou
- Helen Kornarou
- Georgia Papaioannou
- Anna Kramvis
- Anne Greenough
- Maria Theodoridou
- Demetrios A. Spandidos
-
Affiliations: Department of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece, Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK, Kliniken Maria Hilf GmbH, 41063 Mönchengladbach, Germany, Department of Paediatrics, ‘Penteli’ Children's Hospital, 15236 Palaia Penteli, Greece, Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece, COVID‑19 Reference Centre, ‘Rafina’ Health Care Centre, 19009 Rafina, Greece, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece, Department of Paediatric Radiology, ‘Mitera’ Children's Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece, Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK, First Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece - Published online on: July 26, 2023 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2023.5286
- Article Number: 83
-
Copyright: © Mammas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
Jansen M, Irving H, Gillam L, Sharwood E, Preisz A, Basu S, Delaney C, McDougall R, Johnston C, Isaacs D and Lister P: Ethical considerations for paediatrics during the COVID-19 pandemic: A discussion paper from the Australian Paediatric Clinical Ethics Collaboration. J Paediatr Child Health. 56:847–851. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
International Child Health Group; Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health; Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Hea: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global child health: Joint statement of the International Child Health Group and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Arch Dis Child. 106:115–116. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Johnston R, Sen C and Baki Y: Virtual paediatrics: What COVID-19 has taught us about online learning. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 108:125–129. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Mammas IN, Greenough A, Theodoridou M and Spandidos DA: The foundation of the Institute of Paediatric Virology on the island of Euboea, Greece (Review). Exp Ther Med. 20:3022020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Mammas IN, Kramvis A, Papaevangelou V, Doukas SG, Naya SD, Doukas PG, Melikoki V, Bouros D, Thiagarajan P, Chrousos GP, et al: SARS-CoV-2 infection and children: Insights from the 6th Workshop on Paediatric Virology (Review). World Acad Sci J. 4:1–12. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Mammas IN, Liston M, Koletsi P, Vitoratou DI, Koutsaftiki C, Papatheodoropoulou A, Kornarou H, Theodoridou M, Kramvis A, Drysdale SB and Spandidos DA: Insights in paediatric virology during the COVID-era (Review). Med Int (Lond). 2:172022. | |
Kramvis A, Mammas IN and Spandidos DA: Exploring the optimal vaccination strategy against hepatitis B virus in childhood (Review). Biomed Rep. 19:482023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Kramvis A: The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes and HBeAg in pediatrics. Rev Med Virol. 26:285–303. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Kramvis A: Challenges for hepatitis B virus cure in resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 15:185–192. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Maher F, Mammas IN and Spandidos DA: The challenges and perspectives of palliative medicine: A webinar by the Paediatric Virology Study Group. Med Int (Lond). 3:242023. | |
Fowler K, Mucha J, Neumann M, Lewandowski W, Kaczanowska M, Grys M, Schmidt E, Natenshon A, Talarico C, Buck PO and Diaz-Decaro J: A systematic literature review of the global seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: Possible implications for treatment, screening, and vaccine development. BMC Public Health. 22:16592022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Hiskey L, Madigan T, Ristagno EH, Razonable RR and Ferdjallah A: Prevention and management of human cytomegalovirus in pediatric HSCT recipients: A review. Front Pediatr. 10:10399382022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Pesch MH, Kuboushek K, McKee MM, Thorne MC and Weinberg JB: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. BMJ. 373:n12122021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Faure-Bardon V, Fourgeaud J, Stirnemann J, Leruez-Ville M and Ville Y: Secondary prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection with valacyclovir following maternal primary infection in early pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 58:576–581. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Chen SJ, Wang SC and Chen YC: Challenges, recent advances and perspectives in the treatment of human cytomegalovirus infections. Trop Med Infect Dis. 7:4392022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Acosta E, Bowlin T, Brooks J, Chiang L, Hussein I, Kimberlin D, Kauvar LM, Leavitt R, Prichard M and Whitley R: Advances in the development of therapeutics for cytomegalovirus infections. J Infect Dis. 221(Suppl 1): S32–S44. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Li L, Freed DC, Liu Y, Li F, Barrett DF, Xiong W, Ye X, Adler SP, Rupp RE, Wang D, et al: A conditionally replication-defective cytomegalovirus vaccine elicits potent and diverse functional monoclonal antibodies in a phase I clinical trial. NPJ Vaccines. 6:792021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Das R, Blazquez-Gamero D, Bernstein DI, Gantt S, Bautista O, Beck K, BSN RN, Conlon A, Rosenbloom D, Wang D, et al: 1048. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2b multicenter trial of V160, a replication-defective human cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine. Open Forum Infect Dis. 8(Suppl 1): S615–S616. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Mustonen J, Huttunen NP, Brummer-Korvenkontio M and Vaheri A: Clinical picture of nephropathia epidemica in children. Acta Paediatr. 83:526–529. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Peters CJ: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Viral Pathogenesis. Lippincott-Raven Publishers; New York, NY: pp. 779–794. 1997 | |
Peters CJ, Simpson GL and Levy H: Spectrum of hantavirus infection: Hemorrhagic fever with renal Syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary Syndrome. Annu Rev Med. 50:531–545. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Linderholm M and Elgh F: Clinical characteristics of hantavirus infections on the Eurasian continent. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 256:135–151. 2001.PubMed/NCBI | |
Koskela S, Mäkelä S, Strandin T, Vaheri A, Outinen T, Joutsi-Korhonen L, Pörsti I, Mustonen J and Laine O: Coagulopathy in acute puumala hantavirus infection. Viruses. 13:15532021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Latus J, Schwab M, Tacconelli E, Pieper FM, Wegener D, Rettenmaier B, Schwab A, Hoffmann L, Dippon J, Müller S, et al: Acute kidney injury and tools for risk-stratification in 456 patients with hantavirus-induced nephropathia epidemica. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 30:245–251. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Latus J, Kitterer D, Segerer S, Artunc F, Alscher MD and Braun N: Severe thrombocytopenia in hantavirus-induced nephropathia epidemica. Infection. 43:83–87. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Antoniades A, Grekas D, Rossi CA and LeDuc JW: Isolation of a hantavirus from a severely ill patient with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Greece. J Infect Dis. 156:1010–1013. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Ferres M and Vial P: Hantavirus infection in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 16:70–75. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Dusek J, Pejcoch M, Kolsky A, Seeman T, Nemec V, Stejskal J, Vondrak K and Janda J: Mild course of Puumala nephropathy in children in an area with sporadic occurrence Hantavirus infection. Pediatr Nephrol. 21:1889–1892. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
van der Werff ten Bosch J, Heyman P, Potters D, Peeters S, Cochez C and Piérard D: Hantavirus Puumala infection as a cause of fever of unknown origin in a child. Acta Paediatr. 93:1120–1122. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Eboriadou M, Kalevrosoglou I, Varlamis G, Mitsiakos G, Papa A and Antoniadis A: Hantavirus nephropathy in a child. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 14:1040–1041. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Papadopoulos NG, Moustaki M, Tsolia M, Bossios A, Astra E, Prezerakou A, Gourgiotis D and Kafetzis D: Association of rhinovirus infection with increased disease severity in acute bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 165:1285–1289. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Asner SA, Petrich A, Hamid JS, Mertz D, Richardson SE and Smieja M: Clinical severity of rhinovirus/enterovirus compared to other respiratory viruses in children. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 8:436–442. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Smith ME and Wilson PT: Human rhinovirus/enterovirus in pediatric acute respiratory distress Syndrome. J Pediatr Intensive Care. 9:81–86. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Miller EK, Williams JV, Gebretsadik T, Carroll KN, Dupont WD, Mohamed YA, Morin LL, Heil L, Minton PA, Woodward K, et al: Host and viral factors associated with severity of human rhinovirus-associated infant respiratory tract illness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 127:883–891. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Costa LF, Queiróz DA, Lopes da Silveira H, Bernardino Neto M, de Paula NT, Oliveira TF, Tolardo AL and Yokosawa J: Human rhinovirus and disease severity in children. Pediatrics. 133:e312–e321. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Miller EK, Bugna J, Libster R, Shepherd BE, Scalzo PM, Acosta PL, Hijano D, Reynoso N, Batalle JP, Coviello S, et al: Human rhinoviruses in severe respiratory disease in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 129:e60–e67. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
Brand HK, de Groot R, Galama JM, Brouwer ML, Teuwen K, Hermans PW, Melchers WJ and Warris A: Infection with multiple viruses is not associated with increased disease severity in children with bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 47:393–400. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Spaeder MC, Custer JW, Miles AH, Ngo L, Morin NP, Scafidi S, Bembea MM and Song X: A multicenter outcomes analysis of children with severe rhino/enteroviral respiratory infection. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 16:119–123. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Louie JK, Roy-Burman A, Guardia-Labar L, Boston EJ, Kiang D, Padilla T, Yagi S, Messenger S, Petru AM, Glaser CA and Schnurr DP: Rhinovirus associated with severe lower respiratory tract infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 28:337–339. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Renwick N, Schweiger B, Kapoor V, Liu Z, Villari J, Bullmann R, Miething R, Briese T and Lipkin WI: A recently identified rhinovirus genotype is associated with severe respiratory-tract infection in children in Germany. J Infect Dis. 196:1754–1760. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lee WM, Kiesner C, Pappas T, Lee I, Grindle K, Jartti T, Jakiela B, Lemanske RF Jr, Shult PA and Gern JE: A diverse group of previously unrecognized human rhinoviruses are common causes of respiratory illnesses in infants. PLoS One. 2:e9662007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
To KK, Lau SK, Chan KH, Mok KY, Luk HK, Yip CC, Ma YK, Sinn LH, Lam SH, Ngai CW, et al: Pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications of human rhinovirus infection in critically ill patients. J Clin Virol. 77:85–91. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Liu J, Zhao H, Feng Z, Liu Y, Feng Q, Qian S, Xu L, Gao H and Xie Z: A severe case of human rhinovirus A45 with central nervous system involvement and viral sepsis. Virol J. 19:722022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Li CX, Burrell R, Dale RC, Kesson A, Blyth CC, Clark JE, Crawford N, Jones CA, Britton PN and Holmes EC: Diagnosis and analysis of unexplained cases of childhood encephalitis in Australia using metatranscriptomic sequencing. J Gen Virol. 1032022. | |
Hazama K, Shiihara T, Tsukagoshi H, Matsushige T, Dowa Y and Watanabe M: Rhinovirus-associated acute encephalitis/encephalopathy and cerebellitis. Brain Dev. 41:551–554. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Triantafilou K, Vakakis E, Richer EA, Evans GL, Villiers JP and Triantafilou M: Human rhinovirus recognition in non-immune cells is mediated by Toll-like receptors and MDA-5, which trigger a synergetic pro-inflammatory immune response. Virulence. 2:22–29. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Adenoviruses. CDC. Atlanta, GA: 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/hcp/index.html. | |
Edmond K, Scott S, Korczak V, Ward C, Sanderson C, Theodoratou E, Clark A, Griffiths U, Rudan I and Campbell H: Long term sequelae from childhood pneumonia; systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 7:e312392012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Birenbaum E, Linder N, Varsano N, Azar R, Kuint J, Spierer A and Reichman B: Adenovirus type 8 conjunctivitis outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Arch Dis Child. 68(5 Spec No): 610–611. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R, Hare J, Bricker JT, Bowles KR and Towbin JA: Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 42:466–472. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
World Health Organization (WHO): Severe acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children-Multi-country. WHO; Geneva: 2022, https://www.who.int/emergen-cies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON400. Accessed October 20, 2022 | |
Cates J, Baker JM, Almendares O, Kambhampati AK, Burke RM, Balachandran N, Burnett E, Potts CC, Reagan-Steiner S, Kirking HL, et al: Interim analysis of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children aged >10 years-United States, October 2021-June 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 71:852–858. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Morfopoulou S, Buddle S, Torres Montaguth OE, Atkinson L, Guerra-Assunção JA, Storey N, Roy S, Lennon A, Lee JCD, Williams R, et al: Genomic investigations of acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children. View Article : Google Scholar : https://media.gosh.nhs.uk/documents/MEDRXIV-2022-277963v1-Breuer.pdf. Accessed October 20, 2022 | |
Schwartz KL, Richardson SE, MacGregor D, Mahant S, Raghuram K and Bitnun A: Adenovirus-Associated central nervous system disease in children. J Pediatr. 205:130–137. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Huang YC, Huang SL, Chen SP, Huang YL, Huang CG, Tsao KC and Lin TY: Adenovirus infection associated with central nervous system dysfunction in children. J Clin Virol. 57:300–304. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Otto WR, Behrens EM, Teachey DT, Lamson DM, Barrett DM, Bassiri H, Lambert MP, Mount S, Petrosa WL, Romberg N, et al: Human adenovirus 7-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like Illness: Clinical and virological characteristics in a cluster of five pediatric cases. Clin Infect Dis. 73:e1532–e1538. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
Censoplano N, Gorga S, Waldeck K, Stillwell T, Rabah-Hammad R and Flori H: Neonatal adenovirus infection complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis Syndrome. Pediatrics. 141(Suppl 5): S475–S480. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Munoz FM, Piedra PA and Demmler GJ: Disseminated adenovirus disease in immunocompromised and immunocompetent children. Clin Infect Dis. 27:1194–1200. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Alcamo AM, Wolf MS, Alessi LJ, Chong HJ, Green M, Williams JV and Simon DW: Successful use of cidofovir in an immunocompetent child with severe adenoviral sepsis. Pediatrics. 145:e201916322020. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ljungman P, Ribaud P, Eyrich M, Matthes-Martin S, Einsele H, Bleakley M, Machaczka M, Bierings M, Bosi A, Gratecos N, et al: Cidofovir for adenovirus infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A survey by the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 31:481–486. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Sofer A, Arger N and Vest M: Successful Treatment of Adenovirus-Induced ARDS With Cidofovir and IVIG. Chest Infect. 144:229A2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Leen AM, Bollard CM, Mendizabal AM, Shpall EJ, Szabolcs P, Antin JH, Kapoor N, Pai SY, Rowley SD, Kebriaei P, et al: Multicenter study of banked third-party virus-specific T cells to treat severe viral infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 121:5113–5123. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Callard F and Perego E: How and why patients made long COVID. Soc Sci Med. 268:1134262021. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P and Diaz JV; WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 condition: A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 22:e102–e107. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Munblit D, Simpson F, Mabbitt J, Dunn-Galvin A, Semple CO and Warner J: Legacy of COVID-19 infection in children: Long-COVID will have a lifelong health/economic impact. Arch Dis Child. 107:e22022. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Ayuzo del Valle NC, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, Cuapio A and Villapol S: Long COVID in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Sci Rep. 12:99502022. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Thallapureddy K, Thallapureddy K, Zerda E, Suresh N, Kamat D, Rajasekaran K and Moreira A: Long-Term complications of COVID-19 infection in adolescents and children. Curr Pediatr Rep. 10:11–17. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Fainardi V, Meoli A, Chiopris G, Motta M, Skenderaj K, Grandinetti R, Bergomi A, Antodaro F, Zona S and Esposito S: Long COVID in children and adolescents. Life (Basel). 12:2852022.PubMed/NCBI | |
Borch L, Holm M, Knudsen M, Ellermann-Eriksen S and Hagstroem S: Long COVID symptoms and duration in SARS-CoV-2 positive children-a nationwide cohort study. Eur J Pediatr. 181:1597–1607. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Kompaniyets L, Bull-Otterson L, Boehmer TK, Baca S, Alvarez P, Hong K, Hsu J, Harris AM, Gundlapalli AV and Saydah S: Post-COVID-19 symptoms and conditions among children and adolescents-United States. March 1, 2020-January 31, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 71:993–999. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Zimmermann P, Pittet LF and Curtis N: How common is Long COVID in children and adolescents? Pediatr Infect Dis J. 40:e482–e487. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Nittas V, Gao M, West EA, Ballouz T, Menges D, Wulf Hanson S and Puhan MA: Long COVID through a public health lens: An umbrella review. Public Health Rev. 43:16045012022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Pavli A, Theodoridou M and Maltezou H: Post-COVID Syndrome: Incidence, clinical spectrum and challenges for Primary Healthcare Professionals. Arch Med Res. 52:575–581. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Osmanov IM, Spiridonova E, Bobkova P, Gamirova A, Shikhaleva A, Andreeva M, Blyuss O, El-Taravi Y, DunnGalvin A, Comberiati P, et al: Risk factors for post-COVID-19 condition in previously hospitalized children using the ISARIC Global follow-up protocol: A prospective cohort study. Eur Respir J. 59:2101342022. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Zimmermann P, Pittet LF and Curtis N: Long covid in children and adolescents. BMJ. 376:o1432022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Zimmermann P, Pittet LF and Curtis N: The challenge of studying Long COVID: An updated review. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 41:424–426. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Greenhalgh T, Sivan M, Delaney B, Evans R and Milne R: Long covid-an update for primary care. BMJ. 378:e0721172022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Esposito S, Principi N, Azzari C, Cardinale F, Di Mauro G, Galli L, Gattinara GC, Fainardi V, Guarino A, Lancella L, et al: Italian intersociety consensus on management of long covid in children. Ital J Pediatr. 48:422022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Goldman RD: Long COVID in children. Can Fam Physician. 68:263–265. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Cozzi G, Marchetti F and Barbi E: Clinicians need to be careful that they do not confuse mental health issues and long COVID in children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 112:180–183. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Morrow AK, Malone LA, Kokorelis C, Petracek LS, Eastin EF, Lobner KL, Neuendorff L and Rowe PC: Long-term COVID 19 sequelae in adolescents: The overlap with orthostatic intolerance and ME/CFS. Curr Pediatr Rep. 10:31–44. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Salomon LJ and Garel C: Magnetic resonance imaging examination of the fetal brain. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 30:1019–1032. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Neuberger I, Garcia J, Meyers ML, Feygin T, Bulas DI and Mirsky DM: Imaging of congenital central nervous system infections. Pediatr Radiol. 48:513–523. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Rossi AC and Prefumo F: Additional value of fetal magnetic resonance imaging in the prenatal diagnosis of central nervous system anomalies: A systematic review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 44:388–393. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Lo CP and Chen CY: Neuroimaging of viral infections in infants and young children. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18:119–132. viii2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Griffiths PD, Mooney C, Bradburn M and Jarvis D: Should we perform in utero MRI on a fetus at increased risk of a brain abnormality if ultrasonography is normal or shows non-specific findings? Clin Radiol. 73:123–134. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Verstraelen H, Vanzieleghem B, Defoort P, Vanhaesebrouck P and Temmerman M: Prenatal ultrasound and magnetic imaging in fetal varicella syndrome: Correlation with pathology findings. Prenat Diagn. 23:705–709. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Sanchez TR, Datlow MD and Nidecker AE: Diffuse periventricular calcification and brain atrophy: A case of neonatal central nervous system cytomegalovirus infection. Neuroradiol J. 29:314–316. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Mammas IN, Drysdale SB, Theodoridou M and Spandidos DA: Exploring medical terminology inexpediencies: Tripledemic vs. triple epidemic. Exp Ther Med. 26:3342023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Post-COVID Conditions: Information for Healthcare Providers. CDC; Atlanta, GA2022, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/post-covid-conditions.html. Accessed October 20, 2022 | |
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE): COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG. pp. 188Accessed October 20, 2022 | |
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR): Living with Covid-19-Second Review. https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/theme-dreview/living-with-covid19-second-review. Accessed October 20, 2022 | |
Stephenson T, Allin B, Nugawela MD, Rojas N, Dalrymple E, Pinto Pereira S, Soni M, Knight M, Cheung EY, Heyman I, et al: Long COVID (post-COVID-19 condition) in children: A modified Delphi process. Arch Dis Child. 107:674–680. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI |