Open Access

Ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: Mechanisms and immunologic landscape (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Rui-Jia Liu
    • Xu-Dong Yu
    • Shao-Shuai Yan
    • Zi-Wei Guo
    • Xiao-Bin Zao
    • Yao-Sheng Zhang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: May 9, 2024     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2024.5651
  • Article Number: 63
  • Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer‑related mortality worldwide, is challenging to identify in its early stages and prone to metastasis, and the prognosis of patients with this disease is poor. Treatment options for HCC are limited, with even radical treatments being associated with a risk of recurrence or transformation in the short term. Furthermore, the multi‑tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved for first‑line therapy have marked drawbacks, including drug resistance and side effects. The rise and breakthrough of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have provided a novel direction for HCC immunotherapy but these have the drawback of low response rates. Since avoiding apoptosis is a universal feature of cancer, the induction of non‑apoptotic regulatory cell death (NARCD) is a novel strategy for HCC immunotherapy. At present, NARCD pathways, including ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis, are novel potential forms of immunogenic cell death, which have synergistic effects with antitumor immunity, transforming immune ‘cold’ tumors into immune ‘hot’ tumors and exerting antitumor effects. Therefore, these pathways may be targeted as a novel treatment strategy for HCC. In the present review, the roles of ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in antitumor immunity in HCC are discussed, and the relevant targets and signaling pathways, and the current status of combined therapy with ICIs are summarized. The prospects of targeting ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in HCC immunotherapy are also considered.
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June-2024
Volume 64 Issue 6

Print ISSN: 1019-6439
Online ISSN:1791-2423

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Spandidos Publications style
Liu R, Yu X, Yan S, Guo Z, Zao X and Zhang Y: Ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: Mechanisms and immunologic landscape (Review). Int J Oncol 64: 63, 2024
APA
Liu, R., Yu, X., Yan, S., Guo, Z., Zao, X., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: Mechanisms and immunologic landscape (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 64, 63. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2024.5651
MLA
Liu, R., Yu, X., Yan, S., Guo, Z., Zao, X., Zhang, Y."Ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: Mechanisms and immunologic landscape (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 64.6 (2024): 63.
Chicago
Liu, R., Yu, X., Yan, S., Guo, Z., Zao, X., Zhang, Y."Ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: Mechanisms and immunologic landscape (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 64, no. 6 (2024): 63. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2024.5651