Preoperative mean corpuscular hemoglobin affecting long‑term outcomes of hepatectomized patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: December 10, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2015.705
- Pages: 229-236
Abstract
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent tumor types worldwide (1). In Asia, resection of HCC remains the predominant treatment for potentially curable diseases. Even in patients with huge HCC, it is possible to obtain long-term survival for the well-selected subsets of patients following surgical resection (2). However, prognosis of patients with HCC who undergo resection differs substantially and large variation is predominantly unexplained. Therefore, the risk factors for postoperative survival prediction in patients with HCC have been intensively studied (3,4). Nevertheless, the clinical outcomes for patients with HCC with identical clinicopathological characteristics are heterogeneous (5). Owing to the limitations of current staging systems and advances in the understanding of the biology of HCC, molecular alterations can complement clinical variables in staging systems and guide therapeutic decision-making (6). Unfortunately, evaluating molecular markers requires extra time and effort, as well as increased cost. Therefore, routine laboratory assessments, including γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (7), monocyte count (8), platelet count (9) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (10) have been developed to be predictive factors for survival in HCC.
Hypoxia appears to be an influencing factor for numerous cancer types, and anemia has been suggested to be associated with tumor hypoxia (11). Previously, evidence has indicated that anemia is correlated with poor clinical prognosis in several cancer types (12–15). In addition, in HCC, a previous report demonstrated the prognostic impact of hemoglobin (HGB) levels prior to treatment (16). The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), which refers to a measurement of the average HGB content of each red blood cell, is another anemia associated factor, which reflects iron metabolism. Abnormalities in iron metabolism are known to be crucial in cancer progression (17,18). Despite this evidence, the added value of these two markers in predicting long-term overall survival (OS) for HCC remains to be elucidated. On the basis of these considerations, the present study assessed the ability of using the levels of HGB and MCH for long-term prognosis prediction of patients with HCC resection.
Patients and methods
Study population
All patients (n=445) with HCC between January 1987 and December 1994 underwent hepatic resection of HCC by the identical surgical team at the Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center (Guangdong, China). The diagnosis of HCC and underlying liver disease was confirmed in all patients by histological examination. Of these 445 cases, 399 had complete clinicopathological and follow-up data, however, had not received any preoperative treatments, including trans-hepatic arterial chemoembolization, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The clinicopathological variables are shown in Table I. All blood samples were obtained 3 days prior to the operation. Tumor size was based on gross examination, as documented in the operation records, hepatitis B history was defined as a history with positive serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), tumor encapsulation was defined that presence of a clear fibrous sheath around the tumor at gross inspection, tumor differentiation was based on the Edmondson-Steiner classification, and tumor number and macroscopic venous invasion were determined by the surgeon at the time of resection. The tumors were pathologically staged using the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system (19). All recruited patients provided written informed consent prior to examination and treatment. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center and conformed to the ethical guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration.
 | Table I.HGB and MCH levels in relation to the clinicopathalogical variables in 399 patients with HCC. |
Tumor-associated anemia was defined as a HGB ≤110 g/l without acute blood loss (20). MCH ≤27 pg (normal range, 27–32 pg) was used, since the decreased preoperative MCH level reflected low quantities of HGB per red blood cell.
Follow-up
Postoperative mortality was defined as all mortalities within 30 days of surgery or during the same hospital stay following liver resection. Following discharge, all patients were followed up regularly at the outpatient clinic, more that once every 3 months in the first year and every 3–6 months thereafter. The follow-up included a clinical examination, liver function tests, serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) level, chest X-ray and abdomen ultrasonography. Computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging were performed when intrahepatic recurrence or distant metastasis were suspected. The present study was censored on July 30th 2011. The median follow-up was 26 months (range, 1–269 months).
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, where appropriate, were used for univariate comparisons. The postoperative mortality was included when calculating the OS, using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox's proportional hazard model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software package version 16.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Correlations of clinicopathological variables with HGB and MCH
The mean serum levels of HGB and MCH were 137.40±20.53 g/l and 30.31±5.30 pg, respectively. These two continuous variables were positively associated with each other (r=0.296, P<0.001; Data not shown). However, when they were dichotomized, according to the corresponding cut-off points, certain patients possessed high HGB and contrarily low MCH (n=49). As shown in Table I, 51 (12.8%) patients had preoperative HGB ≤110 g/l. Low HGB level was only associated with female patients (P=0.029) and low MCH level was associated with female patients (P=0.011) and incomplete encapsulation (P=0.021).
Long-term outcome for patients with HCC following hepatic resection
A total of 327 mortalities were recorded until the final follow-up, of which six were hospital mortalities within 30 days of surgery. The majority of the remaining mortalities were due to tumor recurrence. A total of 74 patients in the cohort survived >10 years. The OS rates following hepatectomy at 5, 10 and 15 years were 32.5, 21.9 and 16.3% in the whole group, respectively. Variables, which may affect the OS of patients with HCC in this study were subjected to univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis. Univariate analysis revealed that HBsAg (P=0.024), tumor size (P<0.001), tumor encapsulation (P=0.002), tumor number (P<0.001), vascular invasion (P<0.001), tumor differentiation (P=0.031), tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P<0.001), GGT (P<0.001), AFP (P=0.036), HGB (P=0.007) and MCH (P<0.001) levels were all significantly associated with the OS (Fig. 1; Table II). As the TNM stage was associated with several clinical indexes, including tumor size, tumor number and vascular invasion, the TNM stage was not entered into the multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis with these indexes to avoid potential bias. In multivariate models, tumor size (P<0.001), vascular invasion (P<0.001), GGT (P=0.001), HBsAg (P=0.035) and MCH level (P<0.001) were revealed to be independently significant factors of OS (Table II).
Subanalysis of patients with large tumor size
Although previous studies have shown that hepatic resection is a safe modality for HCC >10 cm, the efficacy of surgical resection for large HCC remained controversial for high risk of recurrence. In the present study, the patients with large HCC were associated with non-cirrhotic (P=0.012), absence of tumor encapsulation (P=0.025), multiple tumor number (P=0.001), presence of vascular invasion (P=0.003) and high TNM stage (P<0.001; Table III). In addition, tumors ≥10 cm had a tendency of higher postoperative mortality compared with patients with smaller HCC (3.1, vs. 0.7%; P=0.084; Table III). The OS rates at 5, 10 and 15 years for patients with large HCC were significantly lower compared with those with smaller HCC (18.3, vs. 38.9, 9.4, vs. 27.4 and 7.1, vs. 20.1%, respectively; P<0.001; Fig. 2). However, 18/127 (14.2%) patients with large HCC survived >5 years following hepatic resection. A natural question arose as to whether selected cases with larger HCC had favorable survival. Therefore, the present study further investigated the prognostic significance of HGB, MCH and other clinicopathological variables on OS among the 127 patients with large HCC. By univariate analysis, HGB level was not associated with OS (P=0.889), while tumor encapsulation (P=0.001), vascular invasion (P<0.001), tumor differentiation (P<0.001) and MCH level (P=0.004) were significant prognostic factors for OS (Fig. 3; Table IV). On multivariate analysis, vascular invasion (P<0.001), tumor differentiation (P<0.001) and MCH level (P=0.001) were identified as independent prognostic indicators for OS (Table IV).
| Table III.Cinicopathalogical variables in patients with HCC >10 cm and in patients with smaller tumors. |
Discussion
It has been previously reported that anemia was prevalent in certain patients with malignant disease (12), however, few studies reported the prevalence of anemia in HCC. Qiu et al (16) revealed that the percentage of pretreatment anemia in the HCC group was 7.0%, which was <12.8% of the present study. This difference may be due to study population selection bias.
The prevalence of anemia among patients with HCC may be associated with a number of reasons. The pathogenesis of cancer-associated anemia, including nutritional deficiency, hemolysis, blood loss and infiltration of the bone marrow by tumor cells was postulated to be one of the common causes (21). Similarly, chronic liver injury can result in anemia in patients with HCC (22). A previous study showed that downregulation of iron-regulatory genes, including hepcidin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin and transferrin receptor, disturbed systemic iron balance and contributed to anemia in patients with HCC (23). Disordered iron homeostasis is considered to be a co-factor in the onset and progression of almost all liver diseases, including the development of HCC (24). In the present study, it was revealed that one of the iron status markers, MCH, was reduced in 12.8% of the patients with HCC in the entire cohort. The positive correlation of MCH and HGB indicated that anemia was partially caused by iron deficiency.
In numerous previous studies, HGB levels, either prior to or during anticancer treatment, have been shown to have an impact on survival (15,25). Cordella et al (26) demonstrated that a low level of HGB was an indicator for lymph node metastasis and poor survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Two independent studies demonstrated that low HGB was a significant risk factor for patients with non-small cell lung cancer TNM stage I (27,28). Qiu et al (16) previously showed that anemia was an independent prognostic factor in patients with HCC. However, no previous study focused on the correlation of MCH with survival in patients with cancer. In the present study, it was revealed that both preoperative HGB and MCH were correlated with gender. Furthermore, patients with low levels of MCH were more prone to have absence of tumor encapsulation. Although HGB and MCH were not observed to be widely associated with tumor-associated factors, the outcome in patients with low levels of HGB or MCH was poor overall on univariate analysis. Therefore, HGB and MCH appeared to be reliable prognostic biomarkers. However, multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model demonstrated that MCH, however, not HGB was associated with poor survival following consideration of other prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis excluding HGB level is probably due to the correlation between the presence of anemia and iron deficiency. In general, MCH is one of the hematological indicators of iron deficiency (29,30). Several previous studies have shown that microcytic hypochromic anemia is associated with iron overload, particularly in the liver (31,32). In fact, iron overload is considered to be a co-factor in the onset and progression of HCC (24). Taken together, iron overload may explain, at least in part, poorer prognosis of HCC patients with low levels of MCH.
In the entire cohort, 127 (31.8%) patients with HCC met the tumor size ≥10 cm. As previously reported (33), the present study revealed that large HCCs were more aggressive compared with smaller HCCs. Additionally, extremely poor outcome following resection for large HCC was clear. It appeared that resection for large HCC was not a good selection for treatment. However, increasing evidence indicated that hepatic resection performed on carefully selected patients was safe and effective for HCC patients with large tumor size (2). Similarly, hospital mortality between the two groups was comparable in the present study, which suggested that hepatic resection for large HCC was safe. With the improvements in surgical techniques and peri-operative care, hepatic resection for large HCC provided an improved long-term survival compared with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or other therapies (34). However, surgical resection had excellent outcomes only in carefully selected patients with large tumor size. In trying to select those patients with large HCCs, which may be best served by resection, several previous studies had defined the prognostic factors for HCC with large tumor types (35). A previous review summed up the risk factors influencing the survival of large HCC under resection (2), and the risk factor with the highest prevalence was vascular invasion. Two previous reports revealed that poor tumor differentiation indicates inferior OS of large HCC (36,37). In the present study, vascular invasion and poor tumor differentiation was able to predict poor OS in HCC patients with large tumors. Similarly, when we observed HCC patients with large tumors, MCH significantly predicted OS. Together, the present data indicated that MCH, which are easily obtained, may be an important consideration when selecting HCC with large tumors for hepatectomy.
One of the major limitations of the present study was that the quantity of iron deposition in the liver was not determined. Whether low MCH level was associated with iron overload in the liver remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that the underlying pathophysiology in HCC patients with low MCH level warrants further investigation. Retrospective design, which has the associated issues of potential selection bias, was another limitation. In this case, consecutive patient sampling was used to reduce patient selection bias. Notably, the present results require further confirmation by prospective investigations in multicenter clinical trials.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that MCH level effectively classified patients with HCC under liver resection into groups of poor and improved outcomes, thereby adding novel prognostic value to traditional clinicopathological risk factors. Additionally, selection based on MCH level may be modified to identify patients with large HCC who are most likely benefit from resection.
Acknowledgements
The present study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81372571) and the Guangdong Department of Science and Technology Translational Medicine Center (no. 2011A080300002).
Glossary
Abbreviations
Abbreviations:
|
AFP |
α-fetoprotein |
|
HGB |
hemoglobin |
|
MCH |
mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
|
HBsAg |
hepatitis B surface antigen |
|
TNM |
tumor-node-metastasis |
|
HCC |
hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
OS |
overall survival |
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