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Introduction

The ampulla of Vater was first described in a detailed manner by Abraham Vater in 1720 and it consists of three different anatomical structures: the duodenum, the terminal tract of the pancreatic duct and the final portion of the common bile duct (1). These elements have distinct functions and histological features, comprising intestinal, pancreatobiliary and gastric mucosal types (2).

Primary ampullary cancer comprises two main histological subtypes, the pancreatobiliary type and the intestinal type, but also rarer variants such as signet ring cell, adenosquamous, mucinous, clear cell, papillary, and neuroendocrine carcinoma (3,4). Adsay et al (2) classified ampullary cancers into four subtypes based upon their location which reflects different prognosis: intra-ampullary, peri-ampullary/duodenal, ampullary-ductal and ampullary lesions not otherwise specified. Occasionally, tumours of the pancreatic head or distal bile duct may extend into the ampullary region, thereby mimicking a primary ampullary neoplasm.

Several malignancies have been reported to involve the upper gastrointestinal tract in a secondary manner and among these lung cancer, breast cancer and malignant melanoma seem to be the most common primary sites (5). Within the upper gastrointestinal tract, the stomach is more often affected by secondary tumours than the duodenum. However, metastasis to the ampulla of Vater is exceedingly rare, with only 31 cases reported so far (6–33).

Herein we report the case of a 57-year-old patient who developed ampullary metastasis from renal cell carcinoma 3.5 years following initial diagnosis. Additionally, we conducted a systematic and comprehensive literature review summarizing all cases of secondary ampullary tumours documented in MEDLINE/PubMed until December 2016.

Case report

A 57-year-old male patient presented with subacute upper gastrointestinal bleeding 3.5 years at the Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Graz (Graz, Austria) following nephrectomy for renal clear cell carcinoma (pT3b, G2, N0, M0, R0). The requirement for written informed consent was waived for the present case report. The patient did not undergo any further adjuvant treatment but had regular follow-up until the occurrence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Upon gastroscopy, the ampulla of Vater was irregularly enlarged, vulnerable (Fig. 1A), and multiple biopsies were taken. All other parts of the upper gastrointestinal tract were entirely normal.

Figure 1. A, irregular enlargement of the ampulla. B, renal clear cell carcinoma which is developed mainly in the submucosa with secondary ulceration of the mucosal surface (original magnification, ×100) C, well differentiated cancer cells arranged in typical alveolar pattern (original magnification, ×250).

Histology showed well differentiated cancer cells with clear cytoplasm and small to moderately enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei. The tumour cells were arranged in alveolar pattern (Fig. 1B-C) and were detected mainly in the submucosa with secondary ulceration of the mucosal surface. Findings ultimately prompted diagnosis of secondary ampullary carcinoma, that is, metastatic disease from renal cell cancer.

Staging including CT of chest, abdomen and pelvis as well as whole body bone scan did not reveal further metastatic lesions. The patient underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). Macroscopic workup of the surgical specimen showed a yellowish tumour mass within the ampulla, measuring 3 cm in largest diameter. All surgical resection margins and all dissected lymph nodes were free of cancer. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient discharged on postoperative day 15. Since then, the patient undergoes regular controls, including CT scans of the abdomen in regular intervals and there is now, four years after resection, no evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis.

Discussion

We presented a rare case of secondary tumour of the ampulla of Vater. The corresponding primary tumour was renal clear cell carcinoma that had been operated 3.5 years earlier. Following pancreaticoduodenectomy, the patient is free of cancer for four years now.

A total of 32 secondary tumours, including our own case, have been reported to occur within the ampulla so far (Table I). Mean age at diagnosis of the secondary tumour is 56 years (median 55; range 27–81) (6–33). Renal carcinoma (n=11; 34%), malignant melanoma (n=10; 31%) and breast cancer (n=4, 13%) are the most common corresponding primary tumours. These three entities account for approximately three fourths of cases.

Table I. Secondary tumours of the ampulla of Vater-literature overview and case report.

Table I.

Secondary tumours of the ampulla of Vater-literature overview and case report.

Authors, year	No.	Sex	Age at diagnosis of metastasis	Macroscopy of ampullary lesion	Location of primary tumour	Diagnosis of primary tumour	Time interval between diagnosis of primary tumour and metastasis	Symptomsa	Additional metastases (at time of diagnosis of ampullary tumour)	Therapyb	Outcome	(Refs.)
England and Sarr, 1990	1	M	70	NS	Skin: posterior thorax	Malignant melanoma	3 years	1, 3, 4	Bone, liver	3, 4, 5	NS	(6)
Sans et al, 1996	2	M	51	1	Skin (NS)	Malignant melanoma	3 months	1, 3	Brain	2	Succumbed after 3 months	(7)
Meyers et al, 1998	3	M	56	1, 3	Skin: left upper back	Malignant melanoma	3 years	2, 3	Brain, skin	3	Succumbed after 4,5 months	(8)
Caballero-Mendoza et al, 1999	4	M	48	NS	Skin: back	Malignant melanoma	Synchronous	1, 3, 4	Lungs, stomach, mediastinum, liver, spleen	2, 4	Succumbed after 4 months	(9)
Le Borgne et al, 2000	5	F	62	3	Skin (NS)	Malignant melanoma	8 years	3	No	3, 4	No evidence of disease 12 months after resection	(10)
Le Borgne et al, 2000	6	F	33	3	Skin (NS)	Malignant melanoma	NS	3	NS	3	Survived 2 months after resection	(10)
van Bokhoven et al, 2006	7	F	66	1	Skin: left side of the trunk	Malignant melanoma (2 primary lesions)	3 years	1, 3	No	2	NS	(11)
Marks et al, 2010	8	F	66	1, 3	Skin: right forearm	Malignant melanoma	4 years	1, 3	Right superior eyelid, chest, gallbladder, abdomen, pelvis, superficial soft tissue	2, 4	Succumbed after 15 months	(12)
Uiterwaal et al, 2011	9	F	41	NS	Skin: left shoulder	Malignant melanoma	10 months	1	Brain	4, 5	Succumbed 8 months	(13)
Nakayama et al, 2011	10	F	81	1	Vagina	Malignant melanoma	Synchronous	2, 4	Liver, the primary lesion extended to the cervix of uterus and to the pelvis, behind the bladder	1	Succumbed after 1 month	(14)
McKenna and Kozarek, 1989	11	M	52	1	Kidney (right)	Clear cell carcinoma	10 years	3, 4	Left kidney, right lower pulmonary lobe	2, 3	NS	(15)
Robertson and Gertler, 1990	12	M	70	1, 2, 3	Kidney (left)	Clear cell carcinoma	12 years	2, 4	No	3	NS	(16)
Venu et al, 1991	13	M	64	1, 2	Kidney (left)	Clear cell carcinoma	11 years	2, 4	Bone	3, 4	Succumbed postoperatively due to massive pulmonary embolism	(17)
Bolkier et al, 1991	14	F	55	1	Kidney (left)	Clear cell carcinoma	NS	3	Left breast, brain	2	Succumbed after 2 months	(18)
Leslie et al, 1996	15	F	78	1, 3	Kidney (left)	Clear cell carcinoma	10 years	3, 4	No	3	No evidence of disease 2.5 years after resection	(19)
Leslie et al, 1996	16	M	53	1, 3	Kidney (right)	Clear cell carcinoma	8 years	2, 4	Mesenteric nodulation, retroperitoneal mass	3, 4	Alive with residual disease 6.5 years after resection	(19)
Janzen et al, 1998	17	M	75	1, 3	Kidney (left)	Clear cell carcinoma	17.5 years	2, 3	Spleen	3	NS	(20)
Mendoza et al, 2001	18	M	49	1, 2, 3	Kidney (right)	Clear cell carcinoma	2.5 years	1, 2	No	3	Succumbed after 3 months	(21)
Hata et al, 2013	19	F	50	1, 2, 3	Kidney (left)	Clear cell carcinoma	13 years	2	Bone, spleen	3	Alive with residual disease 1 year after resection	(22)
–	20	M	57	1, 2, 3	Kidney (left)	Clear cell carcinoma	3.5 years	2	No	3	No evidence of disease 4 years after resection	Present case
Haidong et al, 2014	21	M	50	NS	Kidney (right)	Clear cell carcinoma	Synchronous	3	No	3,4	No evidence of disease 5 years after resection	(32)
Titus et al, 1997	22	F	50	1, 3	Breast (left)	Invasive carcinoma of no special type	4 years	3	No	3, 4	alive after 4 months	(23)
Rego et al, 2009	23	F	66	NS	Breast (left)	Invasive carcinoma of no special type	2 years	4	No	4	NS	(24)
Rego et al, 2009	24	F	39	1	Breast (NS)	Invasive lobular carcinoma	NS	1	NS	3	NS	(24)
Bastos et al, 2014	25	F	63	1	Breast	Invasive lobular carcinoma	1.5 years	1,3	Lumbar spine	2	NS	(33)
Lee et al, 2005	26	F	50	1, 2	Uterine cervix	Squamous cell carcinoma	2 years	1	No	4	NS	(25)
Sreenarasimhaiah and Hoang, 2005	27	M	62	1	Oesophagus	Squamous cell carcinoma	Synchronous	NS	No	4, 5	NS	(26)
Buyukcelik et al, 2003	28	M	71	1, 2, 3	Larynx	Squamous cell carcinoma	5 years	1, 3	Right adrenal gland, multiple pulmonary nodules	2, 4	Succumbed after 1 year	(27)
Kamusella et al, 2007	29	M	41	1, 2	Lung (right superior lobe)	Adenocarcinoma	Synchronous	NS	No	2	NS	(28)
Silva et al, 1996	30	F	53	NS	Ovary and uterus	Endometrioid adenocarcinoma (both ovaries and endometrium)	5 years	1, 2, 3	NS	2, 4	No evidence of disease 9 months after resection	(29)
Green et al, 2008	31	M	54	1	Bladder	Urothelial carcinoma	3 years	1, 3	No	2, 4	NS	(30)
Kadakia et al, 1992	32	M	27	1, 2	Right femur	Osteosarcoma	4 years	1, 2, 4	NS	NS	NS	(31)

a 1, upper GI complaint (including nausea, vomiting and pain); 2, bleeding (including melena and anaemia); 3, jaundice and related symptoms (including pruritus, alterations in stool and urine); 4, general discomfort, weakness, weight loss and/or shortness of breath.

b 1, best supportive care; 2, drainage and/or stent; 3, surgery; 4, chemotherapy; 5, radiotherapy. F, female; M, male; DOD, dead of disease; NS, not specified. 1, polyp/mass; 2, ulcer; 3, pancreatic involvement

The mean time interval (known for 29 patients) between the diagnosis of the primary tumour and the ampullary metastasis is 4.8 years (median 3.5; range 0–17.5). However, lesions may also be detected synchronously with the primary tumour (n=5). Of note, time intervals for metastatic renal cancer lesions are particularly long (mean 8.8 years, median 10 years; range 0–17.5). In only one third of patients (n=12, 38%), as in the presented case, the ampullary metastasis was the only metastatic lesion, while in the remaining patients cancer spread to one or more organs was observed, most commonly to brain, liver, lungs, and bone. Notably, the majority of malignant melanomas showed involvement of several distant organs (Table I).

Clinical symptoms of secondary ampullary tumours are unspecific and similar to the presentation of primary tumours. Affected individuals may present with abdominal discomfort (n=13, 41%), jaundice and related symptoms (n=18, 56%), such as pruritus or alterations in stool and urine or with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (n=11, 34%).

Likewise, endoscopic presentation is indistinguishable from that of primary tumours apart from metastatic melanomas which occasionally appear as pigmented lesions (34,35). According to the data retrieved from literature, the majority (n=24/26, 92%) of lesions are polypoid and irregular, soft and friable masses which can also be ulcerated. In addition to endoscopy, several imaging methods, such as transpapillary intraductal ultrasonography and computed tomography, may be applied to detect small lesions of the papilla and to provide a proper staging (36). However, criteria to differentiate primary from secondary ampullary tumours have not been developed for these techniques. Definitive diagnosis requires clinical data and standard biopsies: cyto-architectural appearance and immunohistochemical profile are analysed to exclude primary neoplasms or less common lesions, e.g., sarcomas, GISTs and malignant lymphomas (37). In the evaluation of primary ampullary tumours, the diagnostic accuracy of forceps biopsies is known to range from 47 to 95% (37). False negative results may result from submucosal localisation of the tumour, and it is expected that the diagnostic accuracy for secondary tumours is lower, as these usually do not originate for the mucosa, but affect the luminal surface in a secondary manner (37).

As the prognosis of patients with secondary ampullary tumours is poor and a surgical approach bears a considerable risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality surgical intervention should be planned carefully (38). Outcome data was available for 19 patients. Three patients (16%), including our own patient, remained free of cancer after surgery for more than 2.5 years (2.5, 4, 5 years, respectively) and one patient is alive with residual disease 6.5 years following resection (Table I). Notably, all four of them were patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Data regarding therapeutic strategies were available in 31 (97%) patients and one half of patients underwent a surgical procedure (n=16), including Whipple resection (n=10). A total of 15 (48%) patients received chemotherapy, either in addition to surgery or alone. Drainage and/or stenting were applied in 10 (31%) patients, in five patients combined with chemotherapy. For small lesions, endoscopic (or surgical) ampullectomy appears to be an alternative with reduced length of inpatient stay, lower morbidity and mortality (38). However, endoscopic ampullectomy is considered a ‘high-risk’ procedure due to potential complications (39). These can be classified as early (pancreatitis, bleeding, perforation, and ampullectomy reported from large, tertiary care referral centres varies between 8 and 35% (39). So far, this technique has not been applied for secondary ampullary lesions, but it could be the best approach in cases presenting with mechanical cholestasis or even cholangitis and poor prognosis due to progress of the systemic malignant disease.

As seen in our case, ampullary metastases from renal cell cancer seem to behave differently both in terms of time intervals until the development of secondary tumours and overall prognosis. Similarly, in renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the stomach the mean time interval until the detection of a secondary tumour to the ampulla was around ten years (40). When complete resection of all metastatic lesions can be achieved patient show improved survival (41). Thus, Whipple resection with or without pylorus preservation which is the standard treatment for primary ampullary cancer may be also performed in these cases when all metastatic sites are amenable to wide resection (42,43).

In conclusion, secondary tumours of the ampulla of Vater are uncommon and malignant melanoma, renal and breast cancer are the most frequent primaries. Patients may present with jaundice or upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The time interval between the diagnosis of the primary tumour and the ampullary metastasis is highly variable and may be >10 years, particularly in patients with renal cancer. The management of metastatic ampullary lesions requires a multi-modal approach, including endoscopic, surgical, and oncological procedures.

References