Impact of JMJD6 on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: June 23, 2022 https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2022.2564
- Article Number: 131
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Copyright: © Kosai-Fujimoto et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy, accounting for >5% of primary liver cancers, and the number of cases is increasing worldwide (1). The only potentially curative treatment of ICC is surgical resection, although some patients subsequently develop recurrence (2). Several combinations of systemic chemotherapy have shown to improve patients' survival; however, the etiology and pathogenesis of ICC remain poorly understood (3-5).
Jumonji domain-containing 6 (JMJD6), a member of the Jumonji C domain-containing family of proteins, was originally identified as a phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR) on cell surface (6). Subsequent studies have demonstrated that JMJD6 is located in the nucleus and has demethylase and hydroxylase activities toward histone and non-histone proteins (7,8). There is growing evidence to indicate that JMJD6 overexpression is associated with advanced clinicopathological stage, increased aggressiveness, and poor survival in various types of cancer; however, the impact of JMJD6 on ICC has not been reported yet (9).
Tumor immunology is a hot topic describing the interaction between the immune system and tumor cells. Understanding these interactions is important for the development of novel therapies for cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors function by reducing the suppression of T cells, especially CD8+ T cells, to improve tumor-specific responses (10,11). An increasing number of reports describe the relationship between CD8+ T cells and ICC prognosis. Our institution has shown that decreased microvessel density is related to worse prognosis, and Asahi et al also reported that high CD8 count could be an improved prognostic factor of ICC (12,13).
In this study, we assessed the clinical relevance and prognostic significance of JMJD6 expression in ICC. We also aimed to reveal the possible mechanism and the relationship between JMJD6 and the tumor immunological environment via in vitro JMJD6 knockdown studies.
Materials and methods
Patients and tumor samples
We retrospectively examined patients with primary ICC who underwent surgical resection at the Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University. Fifty-three patients with ICC who were diagnosed between May 1998 and August 2017 were eligible for inclusion in the study. The patients provided the written consent for the use of their tissues for future scientific research at the time of collection. Paraffin-embedded specimens were retrieved from the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University. The analyzed clinicopathological features included the age at surgery, sex, pathological stage (8th edition AJCC/UICC staging manual), microvascular invasion, laboratory data, and the clinical course of each patient (14). This study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Kyushu University Hospital according to the Ethical Guidelines of the Japanese Government (approval no. 30-578).
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from patients with ICC were immunostained for JMJD6 (PSR H-7, sc-28348, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.; 1:100) and PD-L1 (clone SP142, Spring Bioscience; 1:100). Positive JMJD6 nuclear expression was defined as nuclear staining of ≥40% (Fig. 1). The programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on the membrane and cytoplasm was defined as positive when the percentage of positive cells was ≥5% of ICC cells (15). Immunohistochemical evaluations were independently performed by two observers (Y.K. and K.Y.) who were blinded to the clinical backgrounds of the patients. If the difference between evaluations was >10%, the evaluations were repeated. The findings of the two observers were averaged and considered final. The capture of microscopic images and quantitative analyses were undertaken on the NanoZoomer platform (Hamamatsu Photonics), and we ensured that the results matched with the observers' results.
Cell lines
The cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, SSP-25 and HuH-28, were obtained from Riken Bioresource Center, Tsukuba, Japan. The cell lines were originally isolated from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma specimens obtained from surgical resection of Japanese adult patients. The SSP-25 cell line was authenticated by STR profiling (supplemental document). The cells were incubated at 37˚C and 5% CO2 in RPMI media (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with heat-inactivated 10% fetal bovine serum and penicillin-streptomycin.
JMJD6 siRNA transfection
The siRNA transfection was performed as previously described (16). Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to transfect the cells with siRNA (17). The siRNAs were obtained from Dharmacon, Inc. (siJMJD6-1 CAT# J-010363-10-0002, sequence=GGAGAGCACUCGAGAUGAU, siJMJD6-2 CAT# J-010363-12-0002, sequence=GGUAUAGGAUUUUGAAGCA, Control (non-targeting pool) CAT# D-001810-10-05). To facilitate transfection, the cells per well were incubated in 10% FBS containing RPMI; subsequently, they were plated to 40% confluence on a 6-well plate during transfection. We mixed 150 µl of Opti-MEM and 9 µl of RNAiMAX and subjected the mixture to incubation for 5 min at room temperature. In another tube, 10 pM siRNA in 3 ml of Opti-MEM and 150 µl of Opti-MEM were combined. Subsequently, we added siRNA solution to the diluted RNAiMAX reagent, and 250 µl of the prepared siRNA/RNAiMAX mixtures per well was used for incubation at room temperature for 25 min. Afterward, the 2.5x105 cells per well and the solution were combined. They were incubated for 6 h at 37˚C, and the mixture was replaced with RPMI with 10% FBS. The cells were incubated for 72 h in maximum, and the transfection efficiency was monitored every 24 h using western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order to optimize the appropriate incubation time, and was decided to be 48 h.
Transwell migration assay and viability assay
Transwell migration assay: A total of 4x104 SSP-25 cells resuspended in 250 µl RPMI were placed on an 8.0-µm Transparent PET Membrane (Corning Inc.). The chamber was placed in a 24-well plate containing 750 µl RPMI and 10% FBS. After incubation at 37˚C overnight, migrating cells were stained with Diff-Quik (KACLaS) and were counted manually in five random microscopic fields at x200 magnification and quantified using ImageJ software (https://imagej.net/). The viability of the cells was examined by the CellTiter-Glo (CTG) assay (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, the cells were plated in 96-well plates with enough number of cells to 100% confluent in 24 h. The luminescence was read and quantified in 24 h with Multiskan GO spectrophotometric microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).
RNA extraction and sequencing
RNA was extracted using the Maxwell(R) RSC simplyRNA tissue kit (Promega). Whole transcriptome sequencing was applied to RNA samples using the Illumina HiSeq 3000 platform in a 100-bp single-end mode. Sequenced reads were mapped to the human reference genome sequence (hg19) using TopHat version 2.0.13 in combination with Bowtie 2 version 2.2.3 and SAMTools version 1.0. The number of fragments per kilobase of exon per million mapped fragments was calculated using Cuffnorm version 2.2.1. RNA-Seq data were calculated as the fold change between samples with two-tailed Student's t-test (P<0.1) using the Subio Platform and Subio Basic Plug-in (v1.20; Subio, Inc.). Thresholds were set at a fold change of 2.0 and P-values of <0.05. Raw data of this study were submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus (accession no. GSE171974).
Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
One microgram of total RNA was converted to cDNA using the SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis Supermix (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with oligo-dT primers as per manufacturer's instructions. Quantification was determined using the ΔΔCt method relative to a β-actin control. The qRT-PCR primers used were as follows: JMJD6 Hs00397095_m1 and β-actin Hs01060665_g1. Assays were performed using the TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) (18,19).
Western blot assay
Western blotting was performed as previously described (19). Briefly, whole-cell lysis was performed in RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors (Nacalai Tesque). Proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. After blocking with blocking buffer supplied in the iBind Western System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), membranes were incubated with the primary antibody. Monoclonal antibodies for PD-L1 (1:1,000, E1L3N; Cell Signaling Technology), JMJD6 (1:200; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), and β-actin (1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology) were used. The JMJD6 antibody was derived from mouse, and the other antibodies were derived from rabbit. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies for mouse (1:1,000; Abcam) and rabbit (1:2,000; Abcam) were used. Primary and secondary antibodies were simultaneously applied on the rockers of the iBind Western System after setting membranes on a paper filter. Antibody binding was detected by enhanced chemiluminescence assays, and each band was detected using an Amersham Imager 600 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with JMP Pro 16.1.0 statistical software. Comparisons of categorical and continuous variables were performed using the Chi-square test and Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Cumulative overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences between curves were evaluated using the log-rank test.
Results
JMJD6 expression in ICC specimens
Patients with ICC comprised 34 males and 17 females at an age range of 33-82 years (median=60). JMJD6 expression was analyzed in ICC specimens. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that JMJD6 expression was predominantly noted in the nuclei (Fig. 2A and B). The percentage of stained tumor cells was analyzed, and the mean value was selected as the cut-off point to obtain comparable subgroup sizes.
Association of JMJD6 expression with clinicopathological features
The relationship between JMJD6 expression and clinicopathological factors in patients with ICC was evaluated (Table I). High JMJD6 expression was observed in 32 of 51 patients (62.7%). JMJD6 expression was not significantly associated with clinicopathological factors, except for older age in low-expression samples (65.6 vs. 58.7 years, P= 0.043).
JMJD6 expression and survival analysis
According to univariate analysis, low JMJD6 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS, P=0.0033) (Fig. 1C) and recurrence-free survival (RFS, P=0.048) (Fig. 1D).
Univariate analysis revealed that JMJD6 expression, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) were unfavorable predictors for OS. In the multivariate analysis, low JMJD6 expression and high CA19-9 were revealed to be the independent worse prognostic factors for OS (Table II). In the analyses regarding RFS, univariate analysis showed that low JMJD6 expression, low serum albumin level, high carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA), and microvascular invasion were unfavorable predictors for RFS. In the multivariate analysis, low JMJD6 expression, low serum albumin level and high carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA) were independent worse prognostic factors of RFS (Table III). The analyses were also performed in the subgroups of peripheral and perihilar ICC and did not reveal any specific differences (data not shown).
 | Table IIUnivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses of overall survival in patients with ICC. Bold numbers indicate statistically significant correlations (P<0.05). |
| Table IIIUnivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses of recurrence-free survival in patients with ICC. |
In vitro JMJD6 expression, cellular assays and RNA sequencing
To explore the importance of JMJD6 in ICC, JMJD6 was knocked down in SSP-25 cells. The migration assay (Fig. 2A) and the viability assay (Fig. 2B) did not show any significant difference between JMJD6-knockeddown cells and the control. RNA sequencing revealed 91 genes whose expression were positively altered and 167 negatively altered genes in JMJD6-depleted cells (Fig. 2C and D, Table SI). Among those, we focused on immunology-related genes to evaluate the impact of tumor immunology on the prognosis of ICC. Notably, JMJD6 knockdown increased the expression of PD-L1. An increase in PD-L1 expression under JMJD6 depletion was also identified using RT-PCR (Fig. 2E). Western blotting also revealed similar increase of PD-L1 expression in ICC cells after JMJD6 knockdown (Fig. 2F).
PD-L1 in clinical samples
To investigate the PD-L1 expression in clinical specimens, we performed IHC for PD-L1 in the same samples used for the IHC for JMJD6 (Fig. 3A). The result showed that 34 of 51 samples were positive for PD-L1. The rate of high PD-L1 expression was higher in the low JMJD6 group and vice versa (Fig. 3B; P=0.025). We also performed the survival analysis of PD-L1 expression, but it did not show any significant results (P-value for OS=0.3070, P-value for PFS=0.0687, data not shown).
Discussion
Patients with ICC have a poor prognosis, and curative treatments, such as surgical resection, are limited to early-stage disease. Systemic therapy options and their effectiveness are also limited. In contrast to the dramatic decrease of hepatocellular carcinoma owing to the development of virological treatment and newly emerged systemic therapy options, ICC treatment is limited and still requires further investigation (20).
In this study, we showed that the epigenetic regulator JMJD6 is a favorable prognostic factor for ICC and that JMJD6 is a possible regulator of PD-L1 expression. A mechanism that can explain these results is that JMJD6 modifies the promoter region of PD-L1 and inhibits PD-L1 expression. JMJD6 demethylates histones and other proteins, and it promotes or inhibits gene expression depending on which amino acid and on what site they are located. Also, PD-L1 expression is reported to be upregulated through epigenetic regulation with histone demethylases (21). Thus, JMJD also has the possibility to regulate the expression of PD-L1.
The relationship between JMJD6 and tumor has previously been reported as an unfavorable prognostic factor in various cancers, including breast cancer, colon cancer, oral squamous cancer, melanoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of JMJD6 in ICC has not been investigated (22-24).
Our results showed that JMJD6 is a good prognostic factor, in contrast to past reports. As JMJD6 is an epigenetic modifier, the influence of the protein varies depending on what type of protein to regulate, e.g., CDK4 in HCC, p53 in colon cancer. Therefore, we performed RNA sequencing to elucidate the genes regulated by JMJD6, which resulted in the identification of 171 candidate genes. Our institution has previously reported the impact of tumor immunology on cancer prognosis (12,25,26); thus, we focused on immune-related genes. We found that PD-L1 mRNA levels increased in response to JMJD6 knockdown, indicating that JMJD6 regulates PD-L1 expression. This inverse relationship between JMJD6 and PD-L1 expression was confirmed by PCR, western blotting, and IHC.
Although in vitro experiments have revealed the connection between JMJD6 and PD-L1, this was not sufficient to explain that PD-L1 expression is controlled by JMJD6, and the key to connect them is the epigenetic modification. CD274, the gene encoding PD-L1, is located on chromosome 9p24.1. In this region, genomic regulation has been proven to upregulate PD-L1 expression, resulting in immune escape (27). Among these types of regulation, H3K4me3 is upregulated by MLL1, an H3K4 methylation-specific histone methyltransferase in pancreatic cancer (28). The present data suggest that a similar mechanism is possibly activated to mediate PD-L1 expression.
PD-L1 induces cancer cell immune evasion by binding to the PD-1 receptor on activated T cells, which results in tolerance of tumor-reactive T cells, rendering tumor cells resistant to CD8+ T cells (29). In the current study, although the positivity of PD-L1 was not sufficient to demonstrate any correlation with the prognosis of ICC, the high JMJD6 expression, which inversely reflected PD-L1 expression, impacted the prognosis of ICC. Also, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor combined with the conventional systemic therapy has emerged to be effective in prolonging the survival of biliary tract cancer patients. Thus, JMJD6 is a potential biomarker to prove the susceptibility of ICI in each individual.
This study has several limitations. First, the current study was derived from only one institution and the number of samples was small. Second, we did not perform any epigenetic experiments to directly prove the mechanism, by analysis with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for example. Also, our cellular experiments only focused on viability and migration, and we did not perform the ones regarding apoptosis or cell cycle, which were reported in previous JMJD6 reports. Therefore, there is a room for future research about these factors. Additionally, the current research only presented the in vitro experiments and clinical sample study. Further studies using in vivo tumor mouse models and anti-PD-L1 agents are required to obtain more persuasive evidence.
In conclusion, JMJD6 is an independent favorable prognostic factor for ICC and is a candidate target protein for the treatment of ICC, focusing on the tumor microenvironment.
Supplementary Material
RNA sequenc ing results of altered gene expression in JMJD6 depleted cells
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
Funding: This study was supported by the following grants: Grants-in-Aid (KAKENHI) from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (grant no. JP-19K09198).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
YKF and SI carried out the molecular studies, participated in the sequence alignment and drafted the manuscript. KY carried out the evaluation of IHC. TF and DO performed the RNA sequencing. SI, TT and NH participated in the design of the study. YO, TY and MM conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. YKF and SI confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Kyushu University Hospital according to the Ethical Guidelines of the Japanese Government (approval no. 30-578). The patients provided the written consent for the use of their tissues for future scientific research at the time of collection.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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