Clinicopathological significance of concurrent ErbB receptor expression in human meningioma
- Authors:
- Published online on: August 23, 2023 https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2023.2675
- Article Number: 79
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Copyright: © Torp et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Meningiomas are the most common primary tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) constituting more than one-third (1). Their probable origin is the arachnoid cap cells of the meningeal layers. These cells have both mesenchymal and epithelial features and are morphologically, ultrastructurally, and functionally similar to meningioma cells, giving rise to the great heterogeneity in histopathology, recurrence rates, aggressivity, symptoms, and prognoses (2-4). The incidence of meningiomas increases with age, so in an ageing population they will become more prevalent. Meningiomas are rare in children, and there is a more than a twofold higher incidence among females (5,6).
Most meningiomas are benign and slow growing, but they have an intrinsic tendency to recur despite benign histology (3,4,7). Prognostication of meningiomas has primarily been based on histopathology, and according to criteria given by the World Health Organization (WHO) these tumours are divided into three malignancy grades and distinct subtypes. The 2021 WHO classification endorses use of molecular biomarkers to support classification and grading of these tumours (8,9).
Observation may be sufficient management; however, when indicated, the main treatment mostly involves surgery (10). The surgical gold standard is complete resection, as subtotal resection is strongly associated with high risk of recurrence (10). Radiation therapy may be indicated in case of incomplete resection, difficult location for surgery (i.e., skull-base meningiomas), recurrences, and high-grade tumours (10). In any case, all these treatment options have troublesome complications and side effects (10-12). Furthermore, as the incidence of meningioma increases with age, these patients also have an increased risk of various adverse events and prolonged hospitalization (13). Systemic therapy is still at the experimental stage (10,11). All in all, these aspects underline the crucial need for more objective biomarkers with which to stratify meningioma patients according to risk of recurrence and optimal treatment and follow-up regimes.
In this regard, the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) family is pertinent as these receptor proteins are known to be crucial drivers of the growth and progression of many human tumours (14-17). This receptor family comprises four transmembrane tyrosine kinases: ErbB1/EGFR, ErbB2/HER2, ErbB3/HER3, and ErbB4/HER4 (14,15,18). These receptor proteins have an external ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular kinase domain. Upon ligand binding, the receptor protein undergoes conformational changes leading to homo- and heterodimerisation, and subsequently active tyrosine kinase activity. Since ErbB2/HER2 lacks ligand-binding sites, and ErbB3/HER3 lacks an internal kinase domain, heterodimerisation is therefore important for their mutual activation. Activated ErbB receptors trigger a cascade of fundamental downstream signalling pathways, such as the Ras-ERK, P13K-Akt, PLC-γ1, STAT1, and Src pathways (14,17,18), which are involved in many essential cellular processes, including survival, differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, adhesion, motility, and angiogenesis (14,15,17,18). Hence, aberrant ErbB expression is implicated in many human malignancies and has shown diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance (14,16,17,19), whereas in human meningiomas the clinical significance is more ambiguous (20-26).
We have recently published three papers on the expression of each member of the EGFR family in human meningiomas, and we found abundant co-expression of these receptor proteins (20-22). To our knowledge, there are no larger studies that have investigated the clinicopathological significance of this co-expression in these tumours. Here we give an overview of the status of the EGFR receptor family in human meningiomas and discuss clinical and histopathological aspects of this concurrent overexpression.
Materials and methods
Patients and samples
The patient data, histopathological examination, tissue microarray (TMA) construction, and immunohistochemical analyses have been published earlier (20-22,27,28). Briefly, all patients consecutively operated for meningiomas at St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, in the time frame January 1991-January 2000 were evaluated for inclusion (only primary tumours). Tumour tissue was fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin, and after microscopy the tumours were classified and graded according to WHO 2016 guidelines (29). Exclusion criteria were patient age <18 years and spinal localization. Anaplastic WHO grade 3 meningiomas were omitted due to few cases. Finally, 185 cases were included. Follow-up time was a maximum of 18 years.
Immunohistochemistry
There was sufficient tumour tissue to construct TMAs in 163 cases. Each tumour was represented by three paraffin-embedded tissue cylinders. The remaining 22 cases not suitable for TMA construction were processed as whole-tissue sections. Standard immunohistochemistry was performed using a Dako Autostainer Plus (Dako, Glostrup, DK). For ErbB1/EGFR and ErbB2/HER2 staining, antibodies reactive against internal and external domains and phosphorylated/activated receptor were used. Antibodies targeting the internal domain were used for ErbB3/HER3 and ErbB4/HER4. A list of the primary antibodies used is shown in Table I. After incubation with the primary antibodies, the sections were incubated in a Dako EnVision system. Each immunostaining was semiquantitatively assessed and recorded as a staining index (SI) calculated as the product of the intensity and the distribution of immunoreactive tumour cells. Intensity was scored as 0 (no reaction), 1 (weak), 2 (moderate), or 3 (strong). Fraction of positive tumour cells was recorded as 0 (no positivity), 1 (<10% positive cells), 2 (10-50% positive cells), or 3 (>50% positive cells).
Statistical analyses
The survival analyses have been described earlier (20-22,27). Briefly, associations between SIs and tumour grades were assessed by Mann-Whitney U-test, and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests were used to test for associations between SIs and variables with more than two groups (tumour subtypes and localization). Cox regression analyses were used in both uni- and multivariate survival analyses based on continuous SIs. Simpson resection grade (1/2 vs. 3/4), WHO performance status (0 and 1 vs. 2, 3, 4, and 5), histological malignancy grade (grade 1 vs. grade 2), and age (continuous values) were used as covariates in the multivariate analyses. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Corp.) was used in the statistical analyses.
Results
A total number of 185 cases were enrolled: 129 CNS WHO grade 1 meningiomas (70%) and 56 atypical CNS WHO grade 2 meningiomas (30%), with a female:male ratio of 2.9. Most patients were radically operated and had a good performance status. Convexity meningiomas (falx and convexities) comprised 109 cases (59%), and skull base meningiomas (skull base, posterior fossa, tentoria and intraventricular) 76 cases (41%). Most tumours showed positive immunoreactivity for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) (98.3%). Patient data are shown in Table II.
All tumours were immunoreactive for the ErbB receptors, most tumours showed high expression levels. Both cytoplasmic and membranous immunoreactivity were observed. For ErbB4/HER4, nuclear immunoreactivity was found as well. Normal meninges adjacent to the tumour tissue did not display detectable immunoreactivity. A survey of the immunohistochemical analyses is presented in Table III, and examples of typical immunostaining images of internal domains are shown in Fig. 1.
Table IV shows the clinical data. The expression pattern was generally poorly associated with tumour localization, subtypes, tumour grade, and prognosis. Among significant results, ErbB1/EGFR showed higher SIs in transitional (P=0.028) and meningothelial (P=0.044) subtypes compared with fibrous ones. The SIs of ErbB1/EGFR-ph were lower in skull-base compared with convexity meningiomas (P=0.001) and were higher in grade 2 tumours than in grade 1 (P=0.018). Further, ErbB4/HER4 SIs were higher in convexity meningiomas compared with those in the skull base (P=0.040).
Concerning prognosis, ErbB1/EGFR-ext and ErbB4/HER4-int were correlated with TTR (HR=1.099, 95% CI 0.987-1.222, P=0.084) and OS (HR=1.223, 95% CI 1.023-1.461, P=0.027) in univariate analyses, respectively. ErbB2/HER2-ph was significantly associated with TTR and OS in both univariate (TTR: HR=1.512, 95% CI 1.132-2.019, P=0.005; OS: HR=1.397, 95% CI 1.027-1.900, P=0.033) and multivariate (TTR: HR=1.512, 95% CR 1.132-2.019, P=0.005; OS: HR=1.679, 95% CI 1.213-2.323, P=0.002) analyses. Among clinical factors, high Simpson grade was associated with poorer prognosis in multivariate analysis (HR=0.36, 95% CI 0.21-0.60, P<0.001).
Discussion
By means of immunohistochemistry we have shown concurrent overexpression of all members of the EGFR family in our series of meningiomas, whereas the clinical significance was limited where only ErbB2/HER2-ph was significantly associated with prognosis in multivariate analyses.
Malignant transformation of normal cells involves accumulation of several genetic changes, whereas subsequent steps in tumour progression, such as clonal growth, invasion, and angiogenesis, are in high degree mediated by growth factors and their receptors (19). Common genetic changes in human meningiomas are loss of chromosome 22q (60-70% in sporadic meningiomas) and mutations in NF2, TRAF7, SMO, AKT1, KLF4, SMARCB1, BAP1, TERT promoter, homozygous deletions of CDKN2A/B, and H3K27me loss (5,30,31). These genetic events are linked to and affect intracellular signalling pathways, including those mediated by the EGFR family, and play important roles in tumour growth and progression (14,17,19,30). Thus, concurrent overexpression of the ErbB receptors together with the reported molecular genetic events, constitutes a strong synchronous driving force on intracellular pathways fundamental to the tumourigenesis of human meningiomas. This is in accordance with the study of Hilton et al, who reported the activation of many growth factor receptors and their signalling pathways (32). This overexpression of the ErbB receptors was poorly associated with proliferative activity (i.e., mitotic activity), atypical histological features, and tumour grade (apart from ErbB1/EGFR-ph), suggesting that the receptor proteins are more involved in aspects of tumour biology, such as cell survival (including apoptosis), angiogenesis, cell motility and metabolism (14,19,33), than in tumour progression.
Various growth factors bind to and activate ErbB receptors (14,17,19), such as epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha, which also have been detected in meningioma cells (22,34). Their release/shedding is proposed to be a rate-limiting step determining levels of ligands in the tissue (35,36). These ligands bind to their specific ErbB receptor with various affinities and with formation of homo- and heterodimers (14,15). The various combinations of ligands and dimers also stand out as important regulatory mechanisms (14,35). These findings support the existence of local autocrine and paracrine growth loops in the meningioma tissue, but non-neoplastic cells, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages, are also involved. This cross talk is essential for tumour biology with regard to infiltration, migration, angiogenesis, local inflammatory responses, and establishment and maintenance of the tumour microenvironment (14,19,36,37). These aspects may be reflected by the infiltrative growth of meningioma in dura, bone, and brain tissue (the latter typical for aggressive meningiomas), vascularization, and inflammatory response (4,14,15,38). In this regard, ErbB receptors have been shown to induce an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment by regulating the immune system, and in this manner enable tumour escape from antitumour immune responses (38). This may be important in the observed acquired resistance to multitargeted therapies as well as to immune checkpoint inhibitors (38).
Activation of ErbB receptors trigger various intracellular signalling pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PKB) pathway, the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway, and the phospholipase C (PLCγ) pathway (14,15,17,18). This complex ErbB network is regarded as a robust cellular signalling system in tumours, as many receptors activate common pathways (14,38,39). This may also partly explain why ErbB1/EGFR alone has not worked as a valuable therapeutic target (14,33,38) and thus constitutes a rationale for application of multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (10,40-42).
Both membranous and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity were observed in agreement with their transmembrane localization and their fate after activation, including endocytosis, ubiquitylation, and degradation as well as recycling (14). The clinical relevance of either the membranous or the cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was not investigated, as the mesenchymal features of meningioma tumour tissue make such a distinction difficult. However, this issue is of relevance in other tumour types, such as breast and lung cancer where only membranous ErbB2/HER2 is accepted (43,44). Nuclear ErbB receptor immunoreactivity has been reported in various human malignancies as well, but to our knowledge not in human meningiomas (14,17,45,46). We found; however nuclear immunoreactivity for ErbB4/HER4(20) that may be involved in transcriptional regulation, signal transmission, cell proliferation, and DNA repair and replication. They have also been linked to genomic instability, chemo- and radio-resistance, and various clinicopathological states (14,17,45,46).
Overexpression of ErbB1/EGFR has been commonly found in human meningiomas (22-25,47,48) and may be due to ligand overproduction, increased transcription or translation, or endocytic pathway regulation as EGFR gene amplification has not been found in these tumours (33). Actually, EGFR mutations have recently been detected, but the clinical significance of this is uncertain (49). Activation of the ErbB receptors leads to conformational changes and autophosphorylation. Both represent important regulatory steps (14,15). We therefore wanted to study the expression level of ErbB1/EGFR-ph. Most of our meningiomas were immunoreactive indicating a constitutively active receptor. The positive correlation with malignancy grade may be related to tumour progression; however, no prognostic value was found. The higher immunoreactivity in convexity compared with skull-base meningiomas but not any relation to subtypes, may be due to the embryonic origin of the meninges (50). ErbB1/EGFR-ext displayed weak immunostaining. We have no obvious explanation for this, but we have observed this in glioblastomas as well (51). One may speculate whether this is related to proteolytic shedding or conformational changes during ligand binding and resultant epitope availability (15,52). ErbB1/EGFR-ext was also significantly associated with decreased TTR, but only in univariate analyses. Accordingly, our findings are in agreement with the literature that ErbB1/EGFR has limited prognostic value in human meningiomas.
ErbB2/HER2 was also widely expressed in accordance with most others (21,53-57). This overexpression may be due to factors previously mentioned, but gene amplification has been found in a few tumours (55). We have; however, not found this genetic event in our studies (21,58). The expression levels between females and males have not been checked, but it has been reported not to differ (56). ErbB2/HER2 lacks extracellular ligand binding sites, so this receptor protein becomes activated because it is a favoured dimerization partner for the other ErbB receptor proteins (14,59). In contrast to the abundant expression of ErbB1/HER-ph, few cases were ErbB2/HER2-ph immunoreactive, and the labelling was weak as well. Nevertheless, it achieved statistical significance regarding prognosis in multivariate analyses. This is also in line with findings in breast and lung cancer (60,61). Thus, ErbB2/HER2-ph may be considered as a prognostic biomarker in human meningiomas, a drawback is the weak labelling, so both the immunostaining and prognostic power must be further validated.
ErbB3/HER3 and ErbB4/HER4 were highly expressed in all of our meningiomas (20), but the clinicopathologic value is scarcely described (20,23,25,62). Since ErbB3/HER3 lacks intrinsic kinase activity, its activation depends on ligand binding and/or heterodimerisation with other ErbB members, and especially ErbB2/HER2 is a prioritized partner (14,59,63). Overexpressed and activated ErbB3/HER3 has been linked to tumour progression and poor prognosis in many human cancers (17,63), whereas we do not find any such association (20). ErbB4/HER4 has been shown to have various clinical roles in human cancers (17,64). We find it to have prognostic value but only in univariate analyses, so this needs to be further investigated. ErbB4/HER4 was the only EGFR family member with nuclear expression. Studies have shown clinical relevance of this immunoreactivity (17,64). As most of our tumours displayed nuclear expression, no clinicopathological significance could be established. As for ErbB1/EGFR-ph, ErbB4/HER4 displayed higher labelling in convexity meningiomas compared with basal ones, which may be related to the meninges' embryology and NF2 gene status (8,30,50).
Primary treatment for most meningiomas is surgery, alternatively radiotherapy (10). In case of inoperable, subtotally resected or recurrent aggressive meningiomas, chemotherapy or targeted therapy may be ventilated, but their roles in the clinical management of meningiomas are still not well established (10,41,42). Nevertheless, future therapeutic approaches may be based on identification of potential unique molecular targets. As most growth factor receptors and tyrosine kinases are expressed in human meningiomas with subsequent activation of several intracellular signalling pathways (26,31), molecular targeted therapies including tyrosine kinase inhibitors have emerged (26,31,38,42). In this regard, pilot studies with ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitors have largely been ineffective, mostly due to acquired resistance (38). This may be related to upregulation of downstream signalling pathways, activation of by-pass pathways, upregulated autophagy, and secondary mutations, as well as the induction of an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (33,38). That said, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenetic therapy (VEGF inhibitors), and mTOR inhibitors have revealed promising results (41,42). In addition, other antineoplastic drugs are under investigations as potential candidates for systemic therapy and immunotherapy of especially more aggressive meningiomas (42,65,66).
The strength of our studies is the rather large number of patients operated at a single neurosurgical centre with population-based referral and long follow-up. Limitations are the retrospective aspects, the inherent challenges of immunohistochemistry, and the subjective assessment of the immunostaining.
In conclusion, we have shown abundant co-expression of all ErbB receptors in human meningiomas, supporting their fundamental role in their tumourigenesis, and this overexpression may be of value in any targeted clinical strategies for these tumours.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
Funding: This project was funded by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (project no. 81850106) and the Department of Pathology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
SHT, DS, and MBA were involved in conceptualization of the study. SHT and MBA confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. MBA performed analyses. MBA, DS and SHT wrote the manuscript. SHT performed project administration and supervision. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was conducted according to the guidelines of The Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics Central Norway, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway with approved waiver of consent (project number 4.2006.947).
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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