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Introduction

The body and organ size of a mammal is determined by the number and size of cells; however, the total cell mass is not always adjusted toward the normal size if it is experimentally or accidentally perturbed (1). Previous genetic screens of Drosophila have revealed that the Hippo signalling pathway is critical in restricting organ size by controlling cell cycle exit and cell death (2,3). The Hippo pathway restricts cell growth and proliferation and promotes apoptosis by regulating the nuclear localisation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and TEA domain family member (TEAD) in mammals (4). This regulation is achieved by the transcriptional activation of the Hippo pathway target genes, including cyclin E, diap1, and bantam microRNA (5–7). YAP, a 65-kDa protein, is a transcriptional co-activator of several transcription factors via its own WW-domain. It is also a potent growth promoter, which has been identified as an oncogenic protein in mammalian cells (8–10). The TEAD family of transcription factors is considered to be a major partner of YAP and TAZ in the Hippo pathway (11). Substantial evidence has revealed that TAED1 and YAP share a substantial number of target genes (12–14). In support of this evidence, TEAD1 and TEAD2 double-knockout-mice have been observed to exhibit phenotypes similar to those of YAP-knockout mice (15). Furthermore, ablation of the expression of TAED decreases the ability of YAP/TAZ to promote anchorage independent growth (12,16). Despite its conservation and close association with cancer, the Hippo pathway has not been systematically investigated in mammalian cells.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignant carcinoma with one of the highest morbidity rates worldwide, primarily endangering the health of aging males (17), particularly castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The treatment options for patients with CRPC remain limited. Although the mechanisms involved in the occurrence and development of CRPC remain to be elucidated, it has been observed that dysregulation of the Hippo signalling pathway is important in the proliferation of tumour cells, and the activation of YAP gives rise to carcinoma (5,18). YAP is considered to be the key component downstream of the Hippo signalling pathway, and the importance of Hippo signalling in controlling mammalian organ size has been investigated extensively in the liver, where transgenic overexpression of YAP leads to hepatomegaly (19). The overexpression of YAP has also been observed in gastric cancer (20) and in PCa (21,22). However, the function of YAP in CRPC cells remains to be elucidated.

Studies have revealed that the Hippo signalling pathway is involved in cell cycle regulation (23). The dysregulation of this pathway, which leads to YAP activation, induces oncogenic transformation in cooperation with distinct transcription factors, including TEAD family members (24). In the present study, PCa specimens were obtained to perform analyses of the correlation between YAP, and the staging and grading of the clinical pathology, Gleason score and level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the PCa cells. In addition, the PC-3 CRPC cell line was selected to further investigate YAP in vitro. The pMagic7.1-RNA interference-YAP-1, 2, 3 plasmid was used to inhibit YAP, to determine the effect of YAP inhibition on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PC-3 cells. The differences in the expression of YAP and TEAD1 following transfection were also analysed to determine the role of the Hippo signalling pathway in PC-3 cells.

Materials and methods

Specimen collection

Tissue specimens used in the present study were acquired from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Chongqing, China) between March 2009 and July 2012. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chongqing Medical University, and informed, written consent regarding the use of tissues was obtained from all patients. There were 62 male patients in total, with an age range from 53–81 years old. A total of 32 PCa samples were obtained during surgery. Certain specimens were collected from patients with dysuria following drug and surgical castration. Furthermore, 15 samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue from transurethral resection of the prostate were obtained as a control, and 15 samples of para-prostate carcinoma tissue (para-PCa) were also obtained during surgery. All specimens were confirmed pathologically and stored at −80°C. However, PCa and CRPC cannot be distinguished by pathological diagnosis. The ages of the patients with PCa ranged between 53 and 81 years (mean, 67). According to Gleason's grading system (25), there were eight cases with scores of ≤6, 11 cases with scores of 7 and 13 cases with scores >8. The tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging (26) indicated that there were 15 cases of T1-T2 and 17 cases of T3-T4. In addition, nine cases had metastases.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

The specimens were fixed with 10% formaldehyde (ZSGB-Bio, Beijing, China), cut into sections (5 µm) and stained according to the streptomycin anti-biotin-peroxidase two-step method (27). Briefly, following gradient alcohol dehydration, the sections were incubated in 10% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min and antigen retrieval was performed using a microwave vacuum histo-processor (RHS-1; Milestone, Sorisole, Italy) at 121°C for 15 min. Following blocking with goat serum (Gibco-BRL, Carlsbad, CA, USA), the goat anti-rabbit monoclonal primary antibody (1:200; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) and goat anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled secondary antibody (ZSGB-Bio) were added for 1 h at 37°C. Following 3,3′-diaminobenzidine and hematoxylin (ZSGB-Bio) treatment, the sections were sealed with neutral resin (ZSGB-Bio) and observed under an inverted microscope (LW300-38LF; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA).

A semiquantitative scoring criterion for YAP in the tissue specimens was used. Tissue sections were observed under an inverted microscope, and staining intensity and positive areas were recorded. The staining intensity was evaluated on a scale between 0 and 3 (0, negative; 1, weak; 2, moderate; 3, strong). The percentage of positive areas was scored using a four-tier system (0, 0%; 1, ≤25%; 2, ≤50%; 3, ≤100%). The intensity of the immunoreaction was calculated from the score of the staining intensity and the percentage of positive areas. An intensity of 0–1 was negative, 2–4 was weak positive, 5–6 was medium positive and 7–8 was strong positive.

Cell culture

The PC-3 cells, obtained from osseous metastasis of the prostate cancer of an elderly man, were purchased from the Shanghai Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China), and was a CRPC cell line (28). The cells were cultured in a mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and F12 (1:1; HyClone Laboratories, Inc., South Logan, UT, USA), containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco-BRL), in an incubator at 37°C with 5% CO2.

Structure of YAP-RNAi

Using the sequence of the YAP gene (NM_006106) from GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=YAP+NM-006106), the Shanghai SBO Medical Biotechnology Co., Ltd. website and online RNA screening technology (http://www.sbo-bio.com.cn), the interference sequences were designed as follows: RNAi-1, forward 5′-CCGGGCTCATTCCTCTCCAGCTTCTCAAGAGAAAGCTGGAGAGGAATGAGCTTTTTTG-3′ and reverse 5′-AATTCAAAAAAGCTCATTCCTCTCCAGCTTTCTCTTGAGAAGCTGGAGAGGAATGAGC-3′; RNAi-2, forward 5′-CCGGCTTAACAGTGGCACCTATTTCAAGAGAATAGGTGCCACTGTTAAGGTTTTTTG-3′ and reverse 5′-AATTCAAAAAACCTTAACAGTGGCACCTATTCTCTTGAAATAGGTGCCACTGTTAAGG-3′; RNAi-3, forward 5′-CCGGCCGTTTCCCAGACTACCTTCTCAAGAGAAAGGTAGTCTGGGAAACGGTTTTTTG-3′ and reverse 5′-AATTCAAAAAACCGTTTCCCAGACTACCTTTCTCTTGAGAAGGTAGTCTGGGAAACGG-3′; negative control, forward 5′-FCCGGTTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGTTTCAAGAGAACGTGACACGTTCGGAGAATTTTTG-3′ and 5′-reverse AATTCAAAAATTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGTTCTCTTGAAACGTGACACGTTCGGAGAA-3′.

The forward sequences were compared using BLAST (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST) to the published Expressed Sequence Tags database, and the three pairs of specific sequences were confirmed in addition to the human YAP genes. No genetic homology with other genes was found. The three pairs of RNAi oligonucleotides targeting human YAP mRNA and the control sequence were synthesised at SBO-Bio (Shanghai, China) (29).

A total of three pairs of RNAi plasmid vectors, pMagic7.1-Puro/green fluorescent protein (GFP)-RNAi-YAP 1, 2, and 3, and a negative control (NC) vector were constructed (Beijing ComWin Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China). Three pairs of plasmids and the NC vector were transfected into the PC-3 prostate cancer cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Non-transfected (NT) PC-3 cells were used as a control.

Stable YAP-inhibition in PC-3 cells

On the day prior to transfection, PC-3 cells in the logarithmic growth stage were transferred into 6-well plates (2×105 cells/well), and 2 ml DMEM/F12 containing 10% FBS was added. The plates were incubated overnight at 37°C to ensure that the cells occupied ~90% of the well. Transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 2000, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Green fluorescence was observed using an inverted fluorescence microscope (LW300-38LF; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) 48 h after transfection. Puromycin (Invitrogen Life Technologies) was added (1 mg/l per well) to the plates for screening of stable cell lines for 2 days at 37°C, during which several cells underwent apoptosis, and the medium was replaced without puromycin. The cell clusters exhibiting green fluorescence were selected and inoculated into flasks. The NT group acted as a control. The medium was replaced every other day. After 2 weeks, the clusters of cells were observed under an inverted fluorescence microscope and, after 1 month, cells were obtained, which were observed to be stably expressing YAP inhibition (29).

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

Total RNA was extracted from each group of cells using RNAiso reagent (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The total RNA was quantified using a UV spectrophotometer (UV2800; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.), and 1 µg RNA was used for the RT reaction to obtain cDNA. The qPCR reactions were performed with 0.5 µg DNA to amplify the YAP gene, with GAPDH as the internal reference using the ABI 2720/2700 Cycler (Applied Biosystems Life Technologies, Foster City, CA, USA). The cycling conditions were as follows: 94°C for 30 sec, 55°C for 30 sec and 72°C and 45 sec (30 cycles). The primer sequences for the YAP mRNA obtained from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology were as follows: Forward 5-TGAACAAACGTCCAGCAAGATAC-3 and reverse 5-CAGCCCCCAAAATGAACAGTAG-3. The target fragment was 165 bp. Primer sequences for the TEAD1 mRNA were as follows: Forward 5-TGAATCAGTGGACATTCGTCA-3 and reverse 5-GCCATTCTCAAACCTTGCATA-3. The target fragment was 280 bp. Primer sequences for GAPDH mRNA were as follows: Forward 5-ACCACCATGGAGAAGGCTGG-3 and reverse 5-CTCAGTGTAGCCCAGGATGC-3. The target fragment was 500 bp. The PCR products were analysed using agarose gel electrophoresis (Sino-American Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Luoyang, China) with 100 V and then 300 mA and then were visualised under UV light. A Bio-Rad gel formatter (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) was used to analyse the original band (30).

Western blot analysis

The cells of different prostatic tissues, three stable transfection experimental groups, the NC group, and the NT group were collected. Cell lysates were prepared using a mixture of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and protease inhibitor (1:99; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). The proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis and then transferred onto 0.45 µm polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The mouse anti-rabbit primary antibody (1:200) and HRP-labeled secondary antibody (1:5,000) were added for 1 h at room temperature. The membrane was placed in a Vilber Lourmat (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) for enhanced chemiluminescence development. The density values were determined against the target protein, β-actin.

Proliferation assay

An MTT assay was performed to determine the rates of proliferation. As the RNAi-YAP-1 transfection group exhibited the most efficient inhibition of YAP-1, cells stably expressing pMagic7.1-Puro/GFP-RNAi-YAP-1 were selected to assess proliferation, and the NC group was used as the control group. Each group was seeded at a low density (2×103 cells/200 µl). Blank medium was used to obtain a zero setting. The cells were incubated for 7 days at 37°C, and the cells were randomly removed each day and the cell numbers were determined using a microplate reader (M450; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). A proliferation curve was generated, and the doubling time of the cells was calculated using the Patterson formula: Td = T × lg2/lg (Nt / N0), where Td indicates the doubling time, T indicates the number of days, Nt indicates the number of cells on the final day and N0 indicates the number of cells on the first day.

Cell cycle assay

The PC-3 cells transfected with RNAi-YAP-1, which yielded the highest inhibition ratio, and the NC group were cultured with DMEM/F12 containing 10% FBS at 4°C for 12 h. The cells were then harvested and fixed with 70% ethanol overnight at 4°C. The fixed cells were stained with 50 µg/µl propidium iodide (Bioscience, Shanghai, China) and 100 µg/µl RNase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The cell cycle profiles of the two groups were measured using flow cytometry (FCM; FC 500 Series Flow Cytometry System; Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA), and the resulting data were analysed.

Apoptosis assay

The cells of the RNAi-YAP-1-transfected group and the NC group were collected and cultured, as above. The cells were harvested and fixed with 70% ethanol at 4°C overnight. The fixed cells were stained with 50 µg/µl propidium iodide at 4°C for 30 min. The apoptotic profile was determined, following analysis of the cells by FCM, using a 630 nm argon ion laser.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. A χ2 test was used to compare the prostatic tissues. Student's two-tailed t-test was used to compare between groups. Regression analysis was used to perform correlation analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Protein expression of YAP in different prostatic tissues

No positivity for YAP protein (intensity score ≤1) were observed in the BPH tissue (0/15; Fig. 1A). In the PCa tissue, 78.13% (25/32) of the samples (intensity score >5) exhibited positive expression, and the positive areas were primarily located in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the PCa glandular epithelium (Fig. 1B). In the para-PCa tissue, the frequency of samples (intensity score 2–4) was 26.67% (4/15), and the positive areas were predominantly in the cytoplasm, with a small quantity in the nuclei (Fig. 1C). The percentage of YAP protein expressed in the PCa tissue was significantly higher, compared with the BPH tissue (P=0.002) and para-PCa tissue (P=0.007; Table I). Based on the results of the western blot analysis, the expression of YAP was high in the PCa tissue, but low in the BPH tissue and para-PCa tissue (Fig. 1D).

Figure 1 Immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression in 32 samples of PCa tissue, 15 samples of BPH tissue and 15 samples of para-PCa tissue. (A) Protein expression of YAP in BPH (magnification, ×400); (B) Overexpression of YAP protein in PCa (magnification, ×400); (C) Protein expression of YAP in para-PCa tissue (magnification, ×400); The difference in the expression of YAP was significant between PCa and BPH (P=0.007), and between PCa and para-PCa (P=0.002); (D) Expression of YAP in different prostatic cells, analysed using western blotting, in all tissues. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. PCa, prostate cancer; YAP, Yes-associated protein; BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Table I Expression of YAP in different tissues.

Table I

Expression of YAP in different tissues.

Tissue	Cases (n)	Score of YAP intensity				Positive (%)	P-value
		0–1	2	3–4	5–6
Para-PCa	15	11	3	1	0	26.67	0.007
BPH	15	15	0	0	0	0	0.002
PCa	32	7	2	7	16	78.13
Total	62	33	5	8	16	46.77

[i] YAP, Yes-associated protein; PCa, prostate cancer; BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Correlation between the expression of YAP and the clinicopathological grading and staging of PCa

The frequencies of samples with positive expression of YAP among tissues with Gleason scores of <7, 7, and ≥8 were 50% (4/8), 72.7% (8/11), and 100% (13/13), respectively, revealing a positive correlation (P=0.008; Fig. 2A). Based on the TNM staging, the samples in which YAP was present exhibited an increasing trend between T1 and T4. For T1+T2 and T3+T4 stages, the frequencies were 60% (9/15) and 94.1% (16/17), respectively (P=0.033; Fig. 2B). The expression of YAP increased significantly with increasing PSA levels (<10 ng/ml vs. ≥10 ng/ml, P=0.0032; Table II, Fig. 2C).

Figure 2 Correlation between YAP and Gleason score, TNM stage and PSA level using curve estimation regression analysis. (A) Correlation between YAP and Gleason score, in which a positive trend was observed between them. (B) Correlation between YAP and TNM stage. The integrating degree was not perfect between the linear and quadratic or cubic curve. (C) A positive correlation was also observed between YAP and PSA levels. PSA, prostate specific antigen; YAP, Yes-associated protein; TNM, tumour-node-metastasis.

Table II Association of YAP with the clinicopathologic features of prostate cancer.

Table II

Association of YAP with the clinicopathologic features of prostate cancer.

Feature	Cases (n)	Score of YAP intensity				Positive (%)	P-value
		0–1	2	3–4	5–6
Gleason grading							0.008
<7	8	4	1	3	0	50
7	11	3	1	2	5	72.7
8–10	13	0	0	2	11	100
TNM stage							0.033
T1+T2	15	6	1	3	5	60
T3+T4	17	1	1	4	11	94.1
PSA level (ng/ml)							0.032
<10	11	5	1	3	2	54.5
≥10	21	2	1	4	14	90.5

[i] YAP, Yes-associated protein; TNM, tumour-node-metastasis; PSA, prostate specific antigen.

Plasmid-transfected PC-3 cells

GFP was expressed in the PC-3 cells 48 h after transfection with the pMagic7.1-Puro/GFP-RNAi-1, 2, and 3 plasmids, which suggested that each group was transfected successfully (Fig. 3A and B). After 2 weeks of selection with 1 mg/l puromycin, small clusters of green fluorescent cells were observed (Fig. 3C). Subsequently, three groups of stable YAP interference cell lines, as well as one non-targeted knockdown control cell line, were established from the PC-3 cells (Fig. 3D).

Figure 3 Transfection assay using a fluorescent plasmid. The expression of green fluorescent protein with interference plasmid transfected PC-3 cells was assessed. (A) Imaging under an inverted microscope (magnification, ×200) following transfection for 48 h; (B) Cells following transfection for 48 h under an inverted fluorescence microscope (magnification, ×200); (C) Fluorescent cell screening 2 weeks following treatment with puromycin (magnification, ×200); (D) Fluorescent cell screening after 4 weeks (magnification, ×200), which were considered to be stably expressing green fluorescence.

mRNA and protein expression of YAP following transfection

The results of the RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the mRNA expression level of YAP in the RNAi transfected cells was markedly, compared with those in the NT and NC groups (Fig. 4A). Decreased protein expression of YAP was also confirmed by western blot analysis (Fig. 4B). The lowest expression level of YAP was observed in the cells transfected with the RNAi-YAP-1 plasmid, which indicated that the RNAi-YAP-1 plasmid had the highest inhibition ratio of the three plasmids and, therefore, the RNAi-YAP-1 plasmid was selected for subsequent investigation.

Figure 4 Different expression levels of the YAP in the stable cells following RNA-YAP interference-1, 2, 3 plasmid transfection. (A) mRNA expression of YAP in the cells of different groups following transfection with RNAi-YAP-1, 2 and 3; (B) Protein expression of YAP in the cells of different groups following transfection with RNAi-YAP-1, 2 and 3. RNAi-YAP-1 had the most marked effect on YAP inhibition, and RNAi-YAP-2 and RNAi-YAP-3 exhibited weaker effects. Therefore, the RNAi-YAP-1 plasmid was used for the subsequent investigations. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. control. YAP, yes-associated protein; NC, negative control; NT, non-transfected; Ri, RNA-YAP.

Interference with RNAi-YAP-1 suppresses PC-3 cell growth

To understand the physiological role of YAP, the expression of endogenous YAP was inhibited in the PC-3 cells. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis revealed that high expression levels of YAP in the PC-3 cells. To determine the effect of the expression of YAP on PC-3 cell growth, proliferation curves of the stable RNAi-YAP-1 interference clones were determined and compared with the corresponding NC (Fig. 5). The two-factor analysis of variance revealed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.022), based on the optical density value from the third day. The doubling times of the two groups were also significantly different, in which the transfected group exhibited a doubling time of 57.8 h, and the NC group exhibited a doubling time of 23.2 h (P=0.028).

Figure 5 Analysis of proliferation of cells in different groups using an MTT assay. Absorbance in yes-associated protein interference stable clones and NC group cells were counted for 7 days. Growth curves were plotted to assess the growth pattern of each cell line Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. (P=0.022). NC, negative control.

Inhibiting YAP dysregulates the cell-cycle of PC-3 cells

To determine whether the knockdown of YAP was sufficient to induce G1/S cell cycle arrest in the PC-3 cells, cell cycle analysis was performed. As shown in Fig. 6, in the transfected group, FCM revealed more cells in the G1 phase (61.4%) and fewer cells in the S phase (29.4%), compared with the NC group (G1 phase, 44.8%; S phase 40.7%; P=0.009). These findings indicated that a dysregulated cell cycle in PC-3 cells subjected to YAP-knockdown, led to arrest of cells in the G1 phase.

Figure 6 (A) Following treatment with RNaseA, the cells were stained with propidium iodide and flow cytometry was performed to analyse the cell-cycle of the NC group. (B) Following Yap knockdown, the cell-cycle of the PC-3 cells transfected with the RNAi-YAP-1 plasmid was arrested at the G1 stage (C) Bar chart of the percentages of cells in the G1 and S stages in the transfected group and NC group. A higher percentage of cells in the transfected group were arrested at the G1 stage, compared with the NC group. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. NC, negative control; YAP, yes-associated protein; Trans, transfected.

Knockdown of YAP induces apoptosis of PC-3 cells

In order to understand the reason for the growth suppression observed in the transfected PC-3 cells, an apoptosis assay was performed. Apoptosis of the cells in the NC group and transfected group was detected using FCM, which revealed that the apoptosis of PC-3 cells was induced by YAP knockdown. The difference in the apoptotic rate between the NC and transfected cells was statistically significant (P=0.002; Fig. 7).

Figure 7 (A) Apoptosis of the NC group, detected using flow cytometry; (B) Apotosis of cells transfected with the RNAi-YAP-1 plasmid. The difference in apoptosis between the NC group and transfected group was significant (P=0.002). (C) Bar chart demonstrating the results of the apoptosis assay in the NC group and transfected group. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. NC, negative control; YAP, yes-associated protein; PI, propidium iodide; Trans, transfected.

Knockdown of YAP inhibits the mRNA and protein expression of TEAD1

TEAD1 is a downstream gene of YAP in the Hippo signalling pathway (5,11). It has been hypothesized that the activity of the TEAD1 gene is regulated by the YAP protein, and binds with the TEAD1 combining domain to form a compound, which generates TEAD1 protein (12). In the present study, the PC-3 cells transfected with RNAi-YAP-1, the mRNA expression was significantly lower, compared with those in the NT and NC groups (P=0.001; Fig. 8A). A western blot assay was also performed, which demonstrated that the protein expression of TEAD1 was also lower in the cells transfected with RNAi-YAP-1 (P=0.005; Fig. 8B). By contrast, YAP was inhibited successfully following TEAD1 inhibition.

Figure 8 mRNA and protein expression of TEAD1 in the different groups of cells. (A) mRNA expression of TEAD1 was lower in the RNAi-YAP-1 group, determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (B) Protein expression of TEAD1 was lower in the RNAi-YAP-1 group, determined using western blotting; The mRNA and protein expression levels of TEAD1 were inhibited following YAP knockdown. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; *P<0.05, **P<0.001 vs. control. RNAi, RNA interference; YAP, yes-associated protein; NT, non-transfected; NC, negative control; TEAD1, TEA domain family member 1; M, marker.

Discussion

Carcinoma results from the loss of normal cell communication, which causes unregulated cell proliferation, migration and the inhibition of apoptosis (31). The Hippo pathway is important in the regulation of tumour cells and tissue growth (32). The overexpression of YAP, which is the core component in the Hippo-YAP pathway, increased organ size and caused cancer in transgenic mice (33). The expression of YAP has been significantly associated with tumour metastasis, grade and stage (34,35). YAP depletion suppresses the expression of cell cycle-promoting genes in tumour cells and regulates tumour growth and metastasis (32,36). There is also evidence that YAP is a valid molecular target (37). In the present study, it was demonstrated that YAP closely correlates with PCa, and that the knockdown of YAP is essential in growth suppression and cell cycle dysregulation in CRPC cells.

Initially, the present study demonstrated that the protein level of YAP protein was correlated with YAP biological activities, with certain traits that have been associated with PCa staging and grading. Para-PCa and BPH tissues had low frequencies of YAP-positive cells, whereas PCa tissue had high frequencies (P= 0.008). In addition, the frequency of YAP-positive cells increased significantly between low-grade PCa and high-grade PCa (P=0.033). It was suggested that the YAP activity was closely-associated with progression between well-differentiated and high-grade tumours. YAP activity is a clinically relevant tool to predict an increasing proclivity to develop metastases and higher PSA levels (P=0.0032). Correlation analysis demonstrated that the protein expression of YAP was significantly correlated with the mRNA expression, indicating that the YAP gene transcription and protein expression were coordinated. In the earlier stages of PCa, high levels of expression of YAP were observed, and increased expression of YAP was accompanied by increased stages of malignancy. The YAP gene is a tumour-specific gene, which may be involved in the occurrence and development of PCa.

It is known that current treatments, including docetaxel only provide a modest increase in survival rates of patients with CRPC, and the majority of patients eventually progress due to drug resistance (38). Therefore, the present study investigated PC-3 cells to determine whether there an association exists between YAP and CRPC, and the results demonstrated that YAP was expressed in PC-3 cells enabling further investigations.

The potency of the Hippo pathway in driving tissue growth appears to reside in its ability to coordinately stimulate cell proliferation and suppress apoptosis (39). A key goal is to understand how this coordinated control is achieved. The results of the present study demonstrated that pMagic7.1-Puro/GFP-RNAi can target YAP in PC-3 cells. Specific RNAi vectors targeting human YAP were transfected into PC-3 cells with liposomes, and cell lines that stably expressrf pMagic7.1-Puro/GFP-RNAi-YAP were obtained, as indicated by the expression of GFP. Using RT-qPCR and western blotting, the present study demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expression of YAP were inhibited effectively in these cells. Using FCM and an MTT colorimetric assay, it was observed that the proliferation of the PC-3 cells decreased significantly, and cell-cycle was arrested at the G1 stage in vitro when the YAP gene was suppressed. This result was consistent with previous findings associated with YAP in the majority of other tumour types (40). The mRNA and protein expression of TEAD1 was also inhibited following the inhibited YAP.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the efficacy of potent YAP knockdown in inhibiting the growth and inducing apoptosis of CRPC cells in vitro. The inhibitory effect induced by the deactivation of YAP may be explained, in part, by inactivation of the Hippo-YAP pathway in the CRPC cells. An important direction for future investigations is to elucidate how YAP is involved in the development and progression of CRPC and how it regulates the proliferation and cell-cycle of CRPC cells. This may be facilitated by investigating the mechanism underlying the Hippo-YAP pathway in CRPC. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the importance of YAP activity in CRPC cell biology and indicate that further analysis of the molecular basis for its tumour suppressive role is warranted. Understanding these mechanisms may contribute to the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CRPC.

Acknowledgments

The present study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 30972999). The contents of the present study are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Natural Science Foundation of China.

References