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Introduction

CML is a malignant clonal disorder of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. Patients with CML have a t (9;22) (q34;q11) translocation that results in a breakpoint cluster region (BCR)-ABL fusion gene. In general, three breakpoint cluster regions in the BCR gene have been described: Major (M-bcr), minor (m-bcr) and micro (u-bcr). The M-bcr region consists of BCR introns downstream of either exon 13 (e13, previously known as b2) or 14 (e14, previously known as b3) and introns upstream of ABL exon 2 (a2). These BCR-ABL e13a2 and e14a2 fusions result in a 210-kDa fusion protein. m-bcr and u-bcr are two less common breakpoints in the intronic region between the alternative BCR exon 2 and exons 19 and 20, which encode a 190-kDa (e1a2) and 230-kDa fusion protein (e19a2), respectively.

However, a number of 'atypical' BCR-ABL transcripts (e1a3, e13a3, e14a3, e19a3, e6a2 and e8a2) resulting from chromosomal breakpoints outside the ABL intron 1 or BCR intron 1, 13 or 14, have been reported (1). These atypical transcripts may escape detection when using methods that are optimized to detect only the typical ones (1).

In the present study, a case of CML, which tested positive for the BCR-ABL translocation by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and cytogenetic analysis, but tested negative by reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) molecular analysis at the time of diagnosis was reported. Further RT-qPCR analysis with alternative primer sets demonstrated the presence of an e13a3 BCR-ABL fusion gene (2), in which ABL exon 3 rather than exon 2 was fused to BCR, which is extremely rare (3). BCR-ABL with the e13a3 transcript in CML patients, however, usually predicts improved treatment response and a longer survival time (4). This patient responded immediately to Nilotinib with the achievement of a complete cytogenetic remission.

Case report

A 32-year-old male was admitted to the Department of General Surgery at The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University (Lanzhou, China) in June 2014 with a history of weight loss and splenomegaly. Routine peripheral blood analysis demonstrated white blood cell (WBC) counts of 310.10×109/l (2% blasts, 2% promyelocytes, 25% myelocytes, 9% metamyelocytes, 19% band neutrophils, 26% segmented neutrophils, 5.0% basophils, 9% eosinophils and 3% lymphocytes), a hemoglobin count of 8.7 g/dl and a platelet count of 130×109/l. In conclusion, the patient was diagnosed with leukemia and admitted to the Department of Hematology. Following this, the patient underwent a bone marrow aspirate, which demonstrated hypercellularity with a marked myeloid predominance. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were cultured according to standard methods and the karyotypes were analyzed by G-banding, which demonstrated 46,XY, t (9,22) in 20/20 metaphases (Fig. 1). The positive rate of BCR-ABL fusion was 100% as determined by FISH (results were considered clonal when the percentage of cells containing a reciprocal t(9;22) exceeded 4.0%; Fig. 2). No BCR-ABL fusion gene (e13a2, e14a2, e1a2 and e19a2) was detected by RT-qPCR. However, further detection by RT-PCR demonstrated the presence of the e13a3 fusion gene (Fig. 3). Subsequently, the patient was treated initially with hydroxyurea (3,000 mg/day) with reasonably good control of WBCs. After 3 weeks, the WBC count was decreased (9.8×109/l) and the previous relevant symptoms disappeared. Following this, the patient was administered 800 mg of Nilotinib daily. No side effects or hematologic toxicity were observed. The karyotype was normalized [46,XY (20/20)] and FISH for BCR-ABL decreased to 0% after 3 months on Nilotinib, indicating a complete cytogenetic response (Fig. 4). Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Hospital of Lanzhou University.

Figure 1 G-banded karyotype. Arrows indicate the t(9;22) translocation.

Figure 2 FISH analysis showing a typical pattern of t(9;22) (1O1G2R). FISH was performed using a GLP BCR/GLP ABL to identify BCR-ABL fusion genes. A normal cell shows two separate sets of red and green signals (2R2G), while a cell containing a reciprocal t(9;22) translocation shows individual red and green signals from the normal 9 and 22 chromosomes and red/green fusion signals from the derivative 9 and 22 chromosomes (1O1G2R). The two fusions are indicated by arrows. FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GLP, gene locus-specific probe.

Figure 3 Polymerase chain reaction products and schematic representation of BCR-ABL transcripts. (A) Lane M, bp markers; lane 1, e13a2-positive control (343 bp); lane 2, negative control; lane 3, internal control (718 bp); lane 4, patient with e13a3 (169 bp). (B) The arrows indicate the position of the primers. The ABL primer was located in ABL exon 3 to enable the detection of fusions with either ABL exon 2 (a2) or exon 3 (a3) (5′-CCA TTG TGA TTA TAG CCT AAG ACC CGGAG-3′). The BCR primer was located in exon 12 (e12) for the M-bcr transcripts (5′-AGA ACA TCC GGG AGC AGC AGA AGAA-3′). The internal control primers were 5′-AGA ACA TCC GGG AGC AGC AGA AGAA-3′ and 5′-ATG TCC GTG GCC ACA CCG GACAC-3′, which were from the normal BCR gene (1).

Figure 4 Follow up of G-banded and FISH analysis. (A) G-banding demonstrated that the patient's karyotype was altered from the t(9;22) translocation to a normal karyotype following treatment with Nilotinib for 3 months. (B) FISH demonstrated a markedly reduced BCR-ABL fusion rate of 0% (2G2R), indicating a complete cytogenetic response. FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Discussion

BCR-ABL transcripts with intronic breakpoints downstream of ABL a2, lacking ABL exon 2, are rare. The present study described a chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) case with an e13a3 BCR-ABL fusion transcript. To date, only 16 cases of CML with e13a3 BCR-ABL transcripts have been reported (3,5–7). Ito et al reported the frequency and distribution of BCR-ABL transcript types among the Japanese. Overall, the percentage of patients with the e14a2, e13a2 and e13a3 transcript types was 67.50 (85/126), 30.20 (38/126) and 0.80% (1/126), respectively (8). Goh et al reported that the majority of patients (538/548, 98.18%) were found to have e14a2 or e13a2 in Korea, and the frequency of occurrence of e13a3 was 0.18% (1/548) (9). In a previous study by Todoric-Zivanovic et al, the e14a2 form of BCR-ABL was detected in 100 patients (73.5%) and the e13a2 form was detected in 34 patients (25%). One (0.75%) patient had the e1a1 transcript of BCR-ABL, however, no BCR-a3 case was detected (10).

The number of reported BCR-a3 cases is small compared with the theoretical frequency of BCR-a3 cases. An explanation for this mismatch may be due to the methodology of RT-qPCR. Initially, the e13a3 fusion transcript was missed by RT-qPCR using the primer corresponding to ABL a2 sequences despite the existence of the t (9;22) (q34;q11) translocation by G-banding. In addition, FISH also detected this translocation due to the large size of the probes used. Following this, RT-qPCR analysis with the ABL primer, which was located in ABL exon 3 to enable the detection of fusions with either ABL exon 2 (a2) or exon 3 (a3) demonstrated a 169 bp band in the present case, in comparison with an e13a2-positive control band (343 bp), suggesting that the ABL a2 region (174 bp) was completely deficient. There may be more cases that present BCR-a3 fusion transcripts if a proper primer is used routinely in RT-qPCR. The patient was administered 800 mg of Nilotinib daily, and using classic cytogenetics, the Ph+ metaphases decreased from 100% prior to Nilotinib treatment to 0% by 3 months. The patient did respond quickly and completely to Nilotinib, with rapid achievement of complete hematologic and cytogenetic remission.

The ABL a2 region encodes a part of the Src homology (SH)3 domain. The SH3 domain is considered to have a negative regulatory role in the kinase domain (SH1). Therefore, the lack of a SH3 domain may result in a more aggressive form of Ph-positive leukemia. By contrast, the SH3 domain is required for activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 by the BCR-ABL protein, leading to full leukemogenesis. Thus, deletion of the SH3 domain may induce a less progressive clinical course (5,11). The BCR-ABL a3 break-point does not alter the sequence coding for the ATP/imatinib binding domain, but alterations in tertiary structure compared with a typical a2 fusion could affect drug response. The clinical outcomes specific to CML patients with BCR-ABL a3 fusions are difficult to define due to the limited number of cases reported (2,4).

In conclusion, CML with a BCR-ABL a3 fusion gene is a rare and challenging disease, which could lead to negative RT-qPCR results and be erroneously interpreted. According to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) practice guidelines, cytogenetics, FISH and RT-qPCR are recommended as the initial workup for chronic phase adult CML, as each essay can provide unique information. As mentioned, FISH and standard cytogenetics can identify uncommon BCR-ABL translocations that may be missed by RT-qPCR. Karyotyping identifies other cytogenetic abnormalities that may have prognostic significance. Once a complete cytogenetic remission has been obtained, the NCCN guidelines recommend RT-qPCR every 3 to 6 months, which may not be effective for patients with rare breakpoints. Further studies are required to interpret natural frequency and unique clinical manifestations of this rare BCR-ABL fusion in patients with CML.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank High Trust Diagnostics Inc. and Dr Ren Li and Dr Luo Xiu Feng for their assistance with the experiment.

References