Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine injection on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury
- Authors:
- Published online on: October 11, 2016 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5822
- Pages: 4537-4544
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Copyright: © Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases have the highest morbidity rate worldwide, including angina, coronary heart disease, hypertension and myocardial infarction (MI) (1). A previous study determined that by the year 2020, MI may be the primary cause of mortality worldwide (2). MI occurs when coronary blood flow is inadequate, leading to cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias and sudden mortality (3). Prevention of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is vital for successful coronary heart disease surgery and recovery (4). It is important to develop novel treatments to inhibit or reduce disease process and gain time for subsequent treatment. Traditional Chinese Medicine has gained increasing attention for the treatment of various diseases. The use of Chinese medicine for ventricular remodeling treatments has been investigated previously; however, it has been demonstrated that using Traditional Chinese Medicine may affect the occurrence and development of ventricular remodeling in a number of aspects, for example proliferation and apoptosis (5). Additionally, previous studies have determined that specific agents, including statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor inhibitors, may improve ventricular remodeling by increasing cell apoptosis and reducing cell proliferation in smooth muscle cells in hypertensive animal models (6,7).
Danshen is a Traditional Chinese Medicine and is primarily used as treatment for cardiovascular diseases, including angina pectoris, MI and stroke (8). Previous in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that danshen exerts various pharmacological effects, including relaxation of the coronary artery, anticoagulation, reduction of myocardial I/R injury and antiarrhythmic effects (9–11). By contrast, ligustrazine has been previously reported to increase coronary blood flow and systemic circulation by protecting mitochondria and improving energy metabolism, scavenging oxygen free radicals in order to inhibit lipid peroxidation, inhibition of apoptosis and protection of myocardial cells, reducing the inflammatory reaction, mitigating cell injury, and protecting myocardial cells (12–14). Our previous study demonstrated that a compound of Salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine may act synergistically on the cardiovascular system in rats (15). The present study determined the effect of S. miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine injection (SLI) (ratio of S. miltiorrhiza to ligustrazine was 1:50) on myocardial I/R injury and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism.
Materials and methods
Animals and treatment
SLI was obtained from Jilin Sichang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Jilin, China). A total of 80 male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight, 250–280 g; age, 8 weeks) were purchased from the Animal Research Center of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China). The animal procedures were performed according to a protocol approved by the Central Animal Facility of Sun Yat-sen University (no. scxk 2011-0029). All animals were housed in a room with a 12 h light-dark cycle at a temperature 22–24°C and humidity of 50–60%, with standard laboratory rodent chow and water ad libitum. Rats were euthanized by overdose of anesthetic.
Myocardial I/R injury model of rats
The cardiac I/R surgery was performed on the rats, as previously described with certain modifications (16). The rats were anaesthetized via intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (60 mg/kg body weight; Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany), using a heating pad to maintain animal body temperature at 37°C during surgery. A tracheotomy was performed and the trachea was cannulated with a mechanical ventilator (Alcott Biology, Shanghai, China) to establish artificial respiration using oxygen at a frequency of 70–80 breaths/min and tidal volume of 15 ml/kg. The chest was opened at the left fourth intercostal space to expose the heart using a left thoracotomy. The left anterior descending (LAD) artery was passed using a 6–0 silk suture, its ends were threaded through a tube in order to form a snare. Successful LAD artery occlusion was confirmed by electrocardiogram (ECG) to identify injury and myocardial cyanosis. The heart was subjected to regional ischemia for 35 min, followed by coronary reperfusion for 2 h following the release of the tube.
Treatment groups
The animals were randomly divided into the following six treatment groups (n=8/group): i) Sham, ii) I/R, iii) Low (L-)SLI, iv) Medium (M-)SLI, v) High (H-)SLI; vi) verapamil (Ver; Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zibo, China) groups. The animals in the sham group underwent identical surgical procedures without LAD ligation. In the I/R group, the coronary artery was occluded and vehicle (veh) treatment was administered. For the SLI treatment groups, SLI was dissolved in saline at a final concentration of 6.8, 20.4 and 61.2 mg/kg (0.133:6.667, 0.4:20 and 1.2:60 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza:ligustrazine) for the L-, M- and H-SLI groups, respectively, administered by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 3 days prior to surgery. The rats in the Ver group were treated with 6 mg/kg Ver by intraperitoneal injection once/day for 3 days.
Hemodynamics and ECG in rats
The right carotid artery was isolated and a catheter was inserted. A biotic signal system (PowerLab; AD Instruments, Sydney, Australia) was used to record various cardiac functions of the rats in the different groups, including the left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP), first derivative of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dt), heart rate (HR) and ECG.
Determination of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), creatine kinase (CK) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity in blood serum
After 3 h reperfusion, blood samples were collected from the abdominal aortic artery and blood serum was stored at −80°C until analysis. The levels of LDH, SOD, CK and MDA were determined using a Hitachi 7180 automated biochemical analyzer system (Diamond Diagnostics, Holliston, MA, USA).
Determination of the infarct size
The size of the cardiac infarct was determined using a triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining method, as previously described (17,18). Rats were sacrificed by intraperitoneal injectino of an overdose of pentobarbital sodium anesthesia (300 mg/kg body weight) subsequent to the collection of the serum samples, the heart was excised and weighed immediately. The left ventricle was sliced parallel to the atrioventricular groove into five sections with a thickness of 2–3 mm. The myocardial slices were incubated for 15 min at 37°C in 1% TTC solution in phosphate-buffered saline. Next, images of the slices were captured. The infarct area was analyzed using Image-Pro Plus version 5.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA). Infarct size was expressed as a percentage, calculated by dividing the infarct mass of the left ventricle by its total mass. This was analyzed using Image J version 1.26 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).
Histopathological examination of the cardiac tissues
Cardiac tissues were obtained below ligation to the apex area of the heart and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Tissue sections (~7 µm) were prepared from the paraffin-embedded tissues. The tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The extent of the tissue injury was determined using a microscope at a magnification × 400.
Cell culture and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury
The H9C2 rat cardiomyocyte cell line was obtained from the China Infrastructure of Cell Line Resources (Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China). H9C2 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) with 10% fetal calf serum (PAA; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) and 1% of penicillin-streptomycin, and were incubated at 37°C, with 5% CO2. New medium was applied every 2–3 days. The cells were subjected to experimental procedures at 80–90% confluence.
The H/R injury model was implemented, as previously described (1–3). Briefly, H9C2 cells were exposed to ischemia by replacing the medium with an ‘hypoxic buffer’ (0.9 mM NaH2PO4, 6.0 mM NaHCO3, 98.5 mM NaCl, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 10 mM KCl, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 40 mM sodium lactate, 20 mM HEPES; pH 6.8). The cells were incubated in a hypoxic chamber at 37°C for 2 h in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% nitrogen. Following 2 h of hypoxic conditions, the cells were exposed to reoxygenation by replacing the medium with a ‘reoxygenation buffer’ (20.0 mM NaHCO3, 0.9 mM NaH2PO4, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 20.0 mM HEPES, 5.0 mM KCl, 129.5 mM NaCl, 5.5 mM glucose; pH 7.4) in a standard incubator for 3 h. The cells in the control group were cultured with normal Tyrode's solution (pH 7.4; Beijing Reagant Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) in a standard incubator for 5 h (4). A total of five treatment groups were established: i) Control; ii) H/R; iii) L-SLI; iv) M-SLI; and v) H-SLI. SLI was administered prior to 2-h H/R injury within the normal culture medium at 37°C.
Cell viability assay
Cell viability was determined using a Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assay (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Inc., Guangzhou, China), according to the manufacturer's protocol. H9C2 cells were seeded at a density of 5×104 cells/well into 96-well plates. Following the aforementioned treatments, the cells were exposed to 10 µl CCK-8 solution for 2 h and the absorbance was determined at 450 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA).
Western blot analysis
H9C2 cells were lysed in lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Inc.) containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Merck Millipore) on ice for 30 min. Cellular proteins were collected using a cell scraper and the lysates were centrifuged at 4°C for 15 min at 10,000 × g. A BCA Protein Assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Inc.) was used to determine protein concentrations. Equal quantities of protein (2 µg/µl) were separated on 8% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels and transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk for 30 min at room temperature. Following blocking, the membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies against rabbit IgG p-eNOS/eNOS (1:1,000; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), rabbit IgG p-Akt/Akt (1:1,000; BD Biosciences), Bcl-2 (1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA), Bax (1:2,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) and caspase-3 (1:3,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) overnight at 4°C. The membranes were washed with Tris-buffered saline containing Tween 20 and were subsequently incubated with secondary antibodies: Anti-mouse (IgG; 1:5,000) or horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit (IgG; 1:1,000) for 1 h (all obtained from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.). The membranes were washed as before. β-actin (IgG; 1:3,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) was used as the internal reference. The protein bands were obtained using an enhanced chemiluminescence system (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Inc.). The band density was scanned and quantified using Image-J software (National Institutes of Health).
Statistical analysis
The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance. SPSS software, version 19 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
SLI improves cardiac function
Changes in the hemodynamic data that occurred during the experiments are presented in Tables I–III. No difference in the baseline was observed between the different groups. Additionally, no significant difference was identified during the experiment in the sham group (Table I). Pretreatment with all doses of SLI and Ver significantly increased LVSP (P<0.05; Table I) and the +dp/dt max (P<0.05; Table II) compared with the I/R group. LVDP (P<0.05; Table I) and the -dp/dt max (P<0.05; Table II) were significantly decreased in response to pretreatment with SLI and Ver. However, no significant difference was observed in the heart rate between the different groups during coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion (Table III).
Effect of SLI on the ST segment of the ECG in I/R rats
Changes in ECG, including the degrees of T wave and ST segment, may be used to evaluate MI in the animals. The present study determined that T waves were consistent in the sham group rats. The ST-segments were elevated in the I/R group following the ischemia surgery. The ST-segments in the remaining groups were reduced compared with the I/R group following reperfusion (data not shown; Fig. 1).
Effect of SLI on LDH, CK, SOD and MDA levels in blood serum
In order to determine whether S. miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine may reduce the damage of cardiomyocytes following I/R, characterized by cell membrane disruption and cell content release, the activities of CK, LDH, SOD and MDA in blood serum were determined at the end of reperfusion. As shown in Fig. 2, the levels of CK, LDH and MDA were increased in the I/R group and SOD levels were significantly decreased in the I/R group compared with the sham group (P<0.05; Fig. 2B). Pretreatment with SLI and Ver significantly decreased the levels of CK, LDH and MDA in blood serum (P<0.05 and P<0.01; Fig. 2A, C and D) and significantly increased the levels of SOD compared with rats in the I/R group (P<0.05; P<0.01; Fig. 2B). These findings suggested that SLI may protect the heart against I/R-induced myocardial injury in vivo.
Effect of SLI on myocardial infarct size in I/R rats
The ratios of infarct areas are shown in Fig. 3. MI was not observed in the hearts of the sham group, as expected. The ratio of infarct size was 50.24±9.51, 31.87±3.75, 42.63±8.56 and 28.67±7.55% in the I/R, L-SLI, M-SLI and H-SLI groups, respectively. The M-SLI and H-SLI pretreatment groups exhibited significantly reduced infarct size compared with the I/R group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively; Fig. 3B). No significant difference was observed between the L-SLI and I/R groups (Fig. 3B).
Histological effect of SLI on the myocardium in I/R rats
The structure of the myocardium in the sham group was normal, with uniform cytoplasmic staining, consistent round or oval shape of cells and nuclear chromatin was uniformly distributed (Fig. 4A). The I/R group exhibited significant cardiomyocyte damage with extensive edema, myonecrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. The nuclei were also chipped and dissolved (Fig. 4B). Pretreatment with H-SLI and Ver protected the cardiomyocytes from damage compared with the I/R group, as myofibril loss and inflammatory cell infiltration were decreased (Fig. 4E and F).
Effects of SLI on cell viability
Cell viability was assessed using a CCK-8 assay. The viability of H9C2 cells incubated with SLI at various concentrations for 2 h was determined (Fig. 5). SLI concentrations between 0.01 and 1 µM did not significantly affect cell viability (Fig. 5A). Conversely, 10 and 100 µM SLI significantly reduced cell viability compared with the control group (P<0.01; Fig. 5A) Pretreatment with SLI reduced H/R-induced damage in H9C2 cells, and significantly increased cell viability (P<0.05 and P<0.01; Fig. 5B). Therefore, 0.1 µM SLI was used in subsequent in vitro experiments.
SLI increases Bcl-2 and decreases Bax and caspase-3 expression levels
Bcl-2 and Bax are important for mediating cell survival or death following apoptotic stimuli. As presented in Fig. 6A, pretreatment with 0.1 µM SLI increased the expression of Bcl-2 and inhibited the expression of Bax, resulting in a significantly increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio compared with the H/R group (P<0.01). The caspase family of proteins are apoptosis regulators. Caspase-3 is an important mediator for apoptosis and may be considered as a marker of H/R apoptosis. As presented in Fig. 6B, H/R significantly increased the activity of caspase-3 compared with the control group (P<0.05), whereas 0.1 µM SLI significantly reduced the levels of caspase-3 compared with the H/R group (P<0.01).
SLI increases the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS
The molecular mechanism underlying SLI-mediated cardioprotection was investigated by western blot analysis. It has been previously reported that eNOS is a substrate for Akt and NO production following Akt-induced eNOS phosphorylation. The protein expression levels of p-Akt/Akt and p-eNOS in H9C2 cells were determined following induction of H/R. SLI pretreatment significantly increased the expression levels of p-Akt and p-eNOS compared with the H/R group (P<0.01; Fig. 7). Simultaneously, the Akt inhibitor, LY294002 significantly reduced the ratio of p-Akt/Akt compared with the SLI group (P<0.05; Fig. 7A). No significant difference was identified in the total protein expression levels of Akt and eNOS. These findings demonstrated that SLI may activate Akt and induce p-eNOS expression in cells where H/R is induced (Fig. 7).
Discussion
The present study evaluated the effects of SLI on myocardial I/R injury in a rat model and H/R injury in a rat myocardium cell line. The present study determined that SLI attenuated the effects of I/R injury in vivo and H/R injury in vitro.
To evaluate the effect of SLI on cardiac dysfunction following myocardial ischemia, hemodynamic parameters such as LVSP, LVDP and ±dp/dt max were recorded. In the present study, the I/R injury group exhibited significant cardiac dysfunction, with reduced LVSP, LVDP and ±dp/dt max. Pretreatment with SLI significantly reduced the changes in LVSP, LVDP and ±dp/dt max following the induction of I/R. Therefore, SLI may ameliorate heart function impairment due to I/R injury. Cytosolic enzymes, including LDH and CK, may be used as diagnostic markers of myocardial ischemia injury, as they are released from the damaged myocardial tissues into the blood serum when cell membrane was induced to permeate or rupture. Therefore, LDH and CK levels in blood serum reflected changes in membrane integrity and the extent of myocardial injury. The present study determined that pretreatment with SLI reduced the elevated blood serum levels of LDH and CK induced by I/R injury, suggesting that SLI may reduce cell membrane damage in myocardial ischemic injury.
A previous study reported that oxidative stress is the primary contribution to myocardial I/R injury (19). Overproduction of reactive oxygen species may also result in lipid peroxidation process. SOD is often the primary mediator of oxygen free radicals due to its ability to reduce the production of free radicals and alleviate H/R injury in myocardial cells. MDA is a terminal product of lipid peroxidation and its concentration in blood serum may reflect the extent of myocardial injury (1). In the present study, pretreatment with SLI significantly reduced MDA levels and increased SOD activity. The current findings indicated that SLI may enhance the elimination of oxygen free radicals and reduce myocardial injury.
Calculation of the MI area and the myocardial pathomorphism are the most intuitive methods of assessing myocardial damage. Myocardial injury may lead to membrane damage of cardiomyocytes with extensive edema, myonecrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, disrupted cristae, chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic vacuoles and loss of myofibrils. SLI pretreatment may reduce cardiomyocyte membrane damage induced during MI with smaller areas of myofibril loss and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, swelling and vacuolation of mitochondrial cristae and decreased the infarct size. In order to determine the mechanism behind the positive SLI effects in H9C2 cells. Akt was identified as the primary target enzyme; therefore, phosphorylation and expression of Akt may influence protein synthesis of apoptotic factors, including inhibiting the activation of caspase-3 and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Conversely, previous studies have determined that phosphorylation of Akt may activate eNOS, which is the downstream target of RISK pathways, and may induce p-eNOS function as a cardiovascular protective molecule (20–22). Further investigation is required in order to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the protective effect of SLI on I/R and H/R -damaged myocardial tissues.
To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that SLI exerted cardioprotective effects in rats with myocardial I/R injury via the regulation of myocardial enzymes and increasing the levels of enzymes responsible for eliminating oxygen free radicals. Additionally, SLI pretreatment may inhibit cell apoptosis via activation of the Akt-eNOS signaling pathway.
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