Identification of miR‑30b as an oncogene in renal cell carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: February 13, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6197
- Pages: 1837-1846
Abstract
Introduction
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, accounting for ~5% of malignant cancers in males, and 3% in females, according to a survey in 2013 in the USA (1,2). The estimated statistics in the study demonstrated that the incidence and the mortality rate of RCC were among the ten leading types of cancer, with >65150 new cases accounting for >13680 mortalities recorded (2). During the early stage of RCC, patients have no characteristic clinical feature and 30% of the RCC patients have an evidence of metastasis at diagnosis (3). Common metastatic sites of RCC are the lung, bone, lymph node, liver, adrenal glands and brain (4,5). Surgical treatment followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the predominant therapeutic strategy for RCC. However, high recurrence rates of 20–40% patients are observed during the treatment (6). The 5-year survival rate of RCC is estimated to be ~55% and <10% in patients with metastatic RCC (7). Thus, diagnosis of RCC at an early stage may improve the prognosis of RCC patients, and it is key to identify a novel biomarker to diagnose or offer a targeted therapy for RCC.
Noncoding RNA (ncRNA) is considered to serve a critical role in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. microRNAs (miR) are a class of small ncRNAs at a length of ~20 nucleotides (8,9). In the majority of types of cancer, miRNAs may modulate key processes by binding to mRNA to induce translational repression or degradation (10,11). miRs may act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, according to the mRNA that they target (12). A number of studies have focused on aberrantly expressed miRs and function in different diseases, particularly in tumors. miR-30b, a member of the miR-30b family, has been identified as abnormally expressed in different tumors, including those found in gastric cancer, colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (13–15). A previous study demonstrated using microarray that miR-30b was downregulated in RCC (16), whilst another indicated miR-30b was upregulated in RCC tissues and serum (17). The expression of miR-30b has not previously been verified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in RCC tissues. In the present study, the expression of miR-30b was detected in RCC tissues and cell lines, and, the function of miR-30b in RCC cell lines (ACHN and 786-O) was investigated.
Materials and methods
Sample collection
A total of 31 paired tissues were collected from Peking University Shenzhen Hospital (Shenzhen, China) between December 2012 and December 2014. There were 19 males and 12 female patients (age range, 25–75). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Collection and usage of the samples were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committees of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital. The tissues were immersed in RNAlater (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) for 30 min following dissection, prior to storing the tissues at −80°C until further use. A pair of tissue constitutes an affected RCC tissue and adjacent normal tissue, which is 2 cm away from visible RCC lesions. The tissues collected were reviewed and classified by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The clinical and pathological characteristics of the patients are presented in Table I.
Cell culture
The 293T human embryo kidney cell line was obtained from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Shanghai, China) and three RCC cell lines, 786-O, ACHN and 769-P were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) for use in the present study.
Cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo, Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 1% antibiotics (100 µl/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin sulfates) and 1% glutamine in the humidified incubator containing 5% CO2 at 37°C.
RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and qPCR
Total RNA was extracted from the tissues and cells by TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and purified with the RNeasy Maxi kit (Qiagen GmbH) according to the manufacturer's protocols. The concentration of RNA was measured using a NanoDrop 2000/2000c (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). A total of 1 µg total RNA of each sample was used for reverse transcription by miScript Reverse Transcription kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions to obtain cDNA. RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression level of miR-30b using the miScript SYBR®green PCR Kit (Qiagen GmbH) on the Roche Lightcycler 480 Real-Time PCR system (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) according to the manufacturer's protocols. The conditions of RT-qPCR were: 95°C for 1 min, then 95°C for 10 sec, 55°C for 30 sec, 70°C for 30 sec, for 40 cycles. U6 served as the internal control. The sequences of the primers are presented in Table II. The universal primer was provided by the miScript SYBR®green PCR kit, which was used as the reverse primer for miR-30b. The expression levels of miR-30b were analyzed using the 2-ΔΔCq method (18).
Cell transfection
For upregulation or downregulation of miR-30b, synthesized miR-30b mimic or inhibitor (Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was transfected into cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), which was mixed in Opti-MEM® I Reduced Serum medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) following plating for 24 h. Cells were transfected for 4 h at 37°C. Cells transfected with the miR-30b mimic negative control (NC) or inhibitor NC formed the control group. RT-qPCR was then performed, as before, to verify the changes of miR-30b expression following transfection for 24 h. The sequences are presented in Table II.
Wound healing assay
The wound healing assay was performed to assess the cell migration ability of 786-O and ACHN cells in vitro. Approximately 3×105 cells were seeded in each well of the 12-well plate, and the cells were transfected with 40 pmol of miR-30b mimics, inhibitors, negative control or inhibitor negative control after 24 h. A vertical horizontal line was scratched with a sterile 200 µl pipette tip 6 h after transfection. The cells were rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to remove the floating cells. A digital camera system was used to acquire the images of the scratches at 0 and 24 h following the scratch. The experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated at least three times.
Transwell assay
A Transwell assay was performed to assess the cell migration and invasion ability of 786-O and ACHN cells in vitro. Transwell chamber inserts (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) with (for invasion) or without Matrigel (BD Biosciences) were used in the assay according to the manufacturer's protocols. The transfected cells were seeded in the upper chamber of the insert at a density of 1×104 cells in 200 µl serum-free medium. The bottom of the inserts was incubated in the medium supplemented with 10% FBS. The cells were allowed to migrate for 40 h and invade for 60 h. The cells that had migrated or invaded to the bottom of the inserts were stained with crystal violet and counted using a light microscope.
MTT assay
An MTT assay was performed to assess the cell proliferation ability of 786-O and ACHN cells in vitro. In each well of the 96-well plate, ~5,000 cells were seeded and then transfected with 5 pmol miR-30b mimics, inhibitors, mimic NC or inhibitor NC. MTT (20 µl, 5 mg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck-Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) was added into the wells to be detected at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h post-transfection. Following this, the 96-well plate was incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The mixed medium was then replaced by 150 µl dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck Millipore) and then agitated for 15 min at room temperature. Subsequently, the optical density (OD) of each well was measured by an ELISA microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) at a wavelength of 490 nm.
Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
Cell proliferation of 786-O and ACHN cells was also detected using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China) following the manufacturer's protocols. In each well of 96-well plate ~5,000 cells were seeded and 24 h later the cells were be transfected with 5 pmol miR-30b mimics, inhibitors, mimic NC or inhibitor NC. At 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after transfection, 15 µl CCK-8 was added to the wells and OD of each well was measured after 1.5 h by an ELISA microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) at a wavelength of 490 nm.
Flow cytometry assay for apoptosis
The apoptosis rates of 786-O and ACHN cells in vitro were measured by performing a flow cytometry assay. A total of ~3×105 cells were seeded in each well of a 6-well plate and then transfected with 200 pmol miR-30b mimics, inhibitors, mimic NC or inhibitor NC. At 48 h post-transfection, all cells were harvested and washed twice with cold PBS. Subsequently, the cells were resuspended in 100 µl 1X binding buffer, and 5 µl Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 5 µl propidium iodide (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) were added into each cell suspension. After 15 min, 400 µl binding buffer was added to each tube and flow cytometry (EPICS XL 4; Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA) was used to quantify and analyze the apoptosis rate. FlowJo software (version, X) fl (FlowJo LLC, Ashland, OR) was used.
Hoechst 33342 staining assay
Cell apoptosis was observed using a Hoechst 33342 staining assay. After 48 h transfection, ~1×105 cells were cultured in a six-well plates and were washed with PBS and stained with Hoechst 33342 (5 µg/ml; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 10 min. Following washing with PBS twice, images of the cells were acquired with a fluorescence microscope.
Statistical analysis
A paired Student's t-test was used to compare the expression levels of miR-30b in matching tissues. Student's t-test was used to analyze assays for characterizing phenotypes of cells. The association between the expression level of miR-30b and clinical clinicopathological parameters was analyzed by Fisher's exact test or χ2 test. All statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS software (version, 19.0; IBM SPSS. Armonk, NY, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
miR-30b was upregulated in RCC tissues and cell lines
To determine the expression of miR-30b in RCC tissues and cell lines, RT-qPCR was performed in RCC cell lines and 31 paired tissues. The ratios of miR-30b in 31 paired tissues [log2 ratio (T/N)] are presented in Fig. 1A, in which miR-30b was upregulated in 20 RCC tissues. The results demonstrated that the expression of miR-30b in RCC tissues (mean relative expression=6.83) was significantly higher than normal tissues (P=0.009). Relative expression of miR-30b in paired tissues is presented in Fig. 1B. The expression levels of miR-30b in RCC cell lines (786-O, ACHN and 769-P) were significantly higher when compared with the 293T human embryo kidney cell line (786-O, P=0.032; ACHN, P=0.012; 769-P, P=0.006), as indicated in Fig. 1C. The results suggest that miR-30b may function as an oncogene in RCC.
Association between the expression level of miR-30b and clinicopathological characteristics in RCC patients
Patients were divided into two groups (high expression and low expression groups) according to the mean expression level of miR-30b. Fisher's exact test or χ2 test was performed to investigate the association between the expression and clinicopathological characteristics of patients. No association was observed between the expression of miR-30b and the age, gender, T stage, histological type, Fuhrman grade and American Joint Committee on Cancer clinical stages (all P>0.05). However, the validity of the results must be questioned due to the low number of experimental cases; the results should be verified in future studies (Data not shown).
Validation of cell transfection efficiency
RT-qPCR was performed to quantify the transfection efficiency of miR-30b mimics or inhibitors compared with mimic NC or inhibitor NC. The results indicated that the expression levels of miR-30b in the miR-30b mimic group were 271.58-fold higher (786-O) and 417.68-fold higher (ACHN) when compared with the negative control group (P=0.005 786-O, P=0.008, ACHN), and expression in the inhibitor group was 0.38 times (786-O) and 0.40 times of the inhibitor NC group (P=0.002 786-O, P=0.008 ACHN, Fig. 1D).
miR-30b promotes cell proliferation
Cell proliferation was measured using MTT and CCK-8 assays in vitro. The results of MTT and CCK-8 assay suggested that upregulation of miR-30b promoted cell proliferation, whereas downregulation of miR-30b attenuated cell proliferation. As demonstrated in Fig. 2A, the CCK-8 assay reduced cell proliferation of 786-O cells in the inhibitor group by 13.76% (P>0.05), 16.01% (P=0.002), 17.78% (P=0.048), while the mimic group was promoted by 0.64% (P>0.05), 23.75% (P=0.013), 10.90% (P=0.047), after transfection at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, compared with those transfected with the respective inhibitor NC or mimic NC. Similarly, the MTT assay (Fig. 2B) demonstrated that cell proliferation of 786-O cells in the inhibitor group was reduced by 2.70% (P>0.05), 11.94% (P=0.009), 9.78% (P=0.0002), with the mimic group promoted by 2.31% (P>0.05), 12.86% (P=0.006), 14.98% (P=0.015) compared with the inhibitor NC or mimic NC group at 24, 48 and 72 h post-transfection, respectively.
In ACHN cells, the results demonstrated that cell proliferation of cells transfected with the miR-30b inhibitor was reduced by 17.43% (P=0.002), 21.59% (P=0.004), 16.41% (P=0.011) in CCK-8 assay (Fig. 2C) and 12.12% (P>0.05), 10.76% (P=0.009), 7.11% (P=0.0003) in MTT (Fig. 2D) after transfection at 24, 48 and 72 h compared with cells transfected with inhibitor NC. Inversely, the proliferation of ACHN cells transfected with miR-30b mimic was promoted by 11.86% (P=0.018), 14.97% (P=0.0007), 12.36% (P=0.037) in CCK-8 assay (Fig. 2C), with 12.59 (P=0.031), 10.16% (P=0.005), 22.45% (P=0.001) in MTT assay (Fig. 2D) at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, compared with cells transfected with mimic NC.
miR-30b promoted RCC cell mobility
In order to investigate the effect of miR-30b on cell mobility in RCC cell lines (786-O and ACHN), Transwell invasion, migration and wound scratch assays were performed. As demonstrated in Fig. 3A and B, the results of the wound scratch assay of 786-O indicated that the migratory distance of cells transfected with miR-30b inhibitor was reduced significantly by 40.58% (P=0.001) at 24 h post-transfection compared with cells transfected with inhibitor NC. In contrast, upregulation of miR-30b by transfecting the miR-30b mimic promoted migratory distances by 63.45% (P=0.003) in 786-O at 24 h post-transfection compared with cells transfected with mimic NC. In ACHN cells, the downregulation of miR-30b reduced the migratory distance by 20.68% (P=0.001) at 24 h post-transfection (Fig. 3A and C). By contrast, upregulation of miR-30b promoted migratory distances by 35.64% (P=0.008) in ACHN cells at 24 h post-transfection (Fig. 3A and C).
As indicated in Fig. 4, the results demonstrated that the invasive ability of 786-O cells transfected with miR-30b inhibitors was reduced significantly by 36.80% (P=0.003) when compared with cells transfected with inhibitor NC, and promoted by 50.09% in the miR-30b mimic group (P=0.002) when compared with the mimic NC group (Fig. 4A and B). The migratory ability of 786-O cells transfected with miR-30b inhibitors was reduced by 47.54% (P=0.004) and promoted by 60.95% (P=0.003) in cells transfected with miR-30b mimic, when compared with the inhibitor NC or mimic NC group (Fig. 4A and C). In ACHN cells, the Transwell invasion assay demonstrated that the invasive ability of cells transfected with miR-30b mimic was increased by 39.60% (P=0.004) and reduced by 38.78% (P=0.004) in cells transfected with miR-30b inhibitor compared with the mimic NC or inhibitor NC group (Fig. 5A and B). As indicated in Fig. 5A and C, the migratory ability of cells transfected with miR-30b mimic was increased by 40.93% (P=0.003) and reduced by 33.54% (P=0.006) in cells transfected with miR-30b inhibitor, compared with cells transfected with mimic NC or inhibitor NC. The results of the Transwell invasion, migration and wound scratch assays indicated that miR-30b promoted the ability of RCC cell mobility.
miR-30b suppressed apoptosis
Apoptosis rate was qualified by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining assay. The results of the flow cytometry indicated that miR-30b had a negative effect on apoptosis, as the upregulation of miR-30b suppressed apoptosis while downregulation of miR-30b invoked apoptosis in RCC cells (Figs. 6 and 7). After a 48 h transfection of the miR-30b mimic, inhibitor, mimic NC or inhibitor NC, all cells were collected for measurement. As presented in Fig. 6C, the results demonstrated that the early apoptosis rate of cells transfected with miR-30b inhibitor or inhibitor NC was 25.74±3.55 vs. 7.71±2.04 (P=0.025) in 786-O cells. Fig. 7C demonstrated that the apoptotic rate of ACHN cells was 27.76±0.42 vs. 11.88±0.42% (P=0.0002), while upregulation of miR-30b by transfection the miR-30b mimic reduced the apoptotic rate from 14.81±1.62 to 3.64±0.71% (P=0.003) in 786O cells (Fig. 6D) and 15.80±0.57 to 7.78±0.60% (P=0.002) in ACHN cells (Fig. 7D), respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that upregulation of miR-30b may inhibit cell apoptosis, while downregulation of miR-30b may induce apoptosis in RCC cells.
The results of Hoechst 33342 staining assay are consistent with results of the flow cytometry. As indicated in Fig. 8A, the apoptotic rate of 786-O cells was 47.33% in the inhibitor group and 30.78% in the inhibitor NC group (P=0.011). The apoptotic rate in cells transfected with the miR-30b mimic was 13.39%, and 32.27% in cells transfected with the miR-30b mimic NC (P=0.0001). The results indicated that miR-30b may inhibit cell apoptosis. In ACHN cells transfected with the miR-30b inhibitor, the apoptotic rate was 36.80, and 25.89% in cells transfected with inhibitor NC (P=0.003). The apoptotic rate of cells transfected with the miR-30b mimic and mimic NC was 11.93 and 27.17%, respectively (P=0.008; Fig. 8B). The results demonstrated that miR-30b may regulate RCC cell apoptosis.
Discussion
The identification of biomarkers for the diagnosis of cancer may lead to more efficient treatment and lower mortality rates (19). However, there are currently no reliable biomarkers for patients with RCC. MicroRNAs have been identified as a potential source of cancer biomarkers, due to their abnormal expression in numerous types of cancers.
Tumorigenesis is associated with activation of oncogenes and dysfunction of anti-oncogenes. MicroRNAs may serve an important role as either as an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene via regulating the expression of oncogenes or anti-oncogenes at post-transcription level (20). Upregulated microRNAs could act as oncogenes, the downregulated microRNAs as tumor suppressors.
miR-30b has been previously described as a tumor suppressor in certain types of cancer, including NSCLC, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) (14,21,22). Conversely, miR-30b has been described as an oncogene in bladder cancer (23), oral squamous cell cancer (10) and medulloblastoma (24). However, the function of miR-30b in RCC remains to be elucidated. Previous microarray studies have indicated different levels of expression of miR-30b in RCC, which may result from the high sensitivity and limited number of sample tissues (16,17). Another previous study revealed that the deregulation of miR-30 family (miR-30a, miR-30b and miR-30c) was correlated with distant metastasis (25). Thus, in the present study, RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression level of miR-30b in RCC tissues and cell lines. The association between expression of miR-30b and clinicopathological characteristic was also investigated in the current study. The function of miR-30b in RCC cell lines was investigated by performing MTT, CCK-8, Transwell, wound scratch, Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry assays. The results revealed that miR-30b was upregulated in RCC tissues and cell lines (ACHN, 786-O and 769-P) when compared with adjacent normal tissues and 293T cells. In addition, miR-30b may regulate RCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. All the results suggested miR-30b acts as an oncogene in RCC. No association was identified between the expression of miR-30b and the clinicopathological characteristics observed in patients. The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to describe miR-30b as an oncogene in RCC.
In certain types of cancer, the mechanism of miR-30b is understood. Tian et al (22) demonstrated that miR-30b regulated gastric cancer cell processes by targeting eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2. In gastric cancer, Zhu et al (15) indicated that miR-30b could promote cell apoptosis and suppress tumor growth in vivo by targeting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. In addition, it has been reported that DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 may suppress miR-30b expression partly via methylation of its promoter (12). In NSCLC, miR-30b may target the collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 protein to inhibit cell invasion and migration (13). Gu et al (26) identified that patients with low miR-30b expression in NSCLC had a lower overall survival rate, which indicated that miR-30b could be selected as a biomarker for NSCLC. Furthermore, it was reported that miR-30b could regulate migration and invasion of CRC by targeting SIX homeobox 1 (14). In CRC, miR-30b was also reported to serve a role as a tumor suppressor by targeting the KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit δ and B-cell lymphoma 2 genes (27).
A previous study identified that the miR-30 family may modulate endothelial cell behavior during angiogenesis by targeting delta-like 4 (28). Another previous study reported that the expression of miR-30 family is inversely correlated with MYB proto-oncogene like 2 in acute myeloid leukemia patients (29). Furthermore, miR-30b has been demonstrated to be associated with cancer therapy. It has been reported that overexpression miR-30b may improve p53 gene therapy for laryngeal carcinoma (30). In breast cancer cells, trastuzumab produces therapeutic actions by upregulating miR-30b and miR-26a (31). These findings suggest that miR-30b is closely associated with tumorigenesis, where it acts as an oncogene or anti-oncogene.
The underlying mechanism of miR-30b in RCC requires further elucidation. The present study demonstrated its role as an oncogene in RCC. The overexpression may promote RCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and inhibit cell apoptosis. Whilst the downregulation of miR-30b could inhibit RCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and promote cell apoptosis. Thus, miR-30b has the potential to be an effective biomarker of RCC.
In conclusion, the current study is the first to describe miR-30b as an oncogene within RCC, in addition to identifying that miR-30b could regulate cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. Further research should focus on the underlying mechanism of miR-30b in RCC, and on investigating the possible use of miR-30 as a biomarker for RCC.
Acknowledgements
The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81101922), the Science and Technology Development Fund Project of Shenzhen (grant nos. JCYJ20130402114702124 and JCYJ20150403091443329) and the Fund of Guangdong Key Medical Subject.
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