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Introduction

Neuroglioma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the adult central nervous system and is known for its aggressive proliferation (1,2). Despite advances in the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for neuroglioma, the average survival rate of patients with malignant glioma has improved only marginally in previous decades, and >70% of patients succumb to the mortality within 2 years of diagnosis (3–5). Currently, the treatment of neuroglioma primarily includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, however, there are a number of side effects and tangible improvements in the final clinical outcome of patients are minimal (6). In order to improve clinical outcomes, understanding of the exact molecular mechanisms in the development and progression of neuroglioma is considered essential. Previous studies have demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, the Akt-pathway and the nuclear factor-κB pathway are associated with glioma invasion (7). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated post-transcriptional regulation in glioma remain to be elucidated.

miRNAs are a class of small non-coding (18–25 nucleotides), naturally occurring endogenous, RNA molecules, which regulate the translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by binding to the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) of target mRNAs (8). The key features of miRNAs involve their regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in various cell types (9,10). An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the pathogenic changes in various tissues are linked to miRNAs, and abnormal miRNAs expression via various cell signaling pathways regulates cancer development (11). A number of miRNAs have been identified to be markedly upregulated or downregulated in neuroglioma (3,7,12,13). A previous study confirmed that low levels of miR-1271 in cancer tissues are correlated with a low rate of patient survival, and the overexpression of miR-1271 can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms via targeting of cyclin G1 (14), forkhead box Q1 (15) or homeobox A5 (HOXA5) by miR-1271 have been reported in various types of cancer (16). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of miR-1271 in glioma by targeting fibronectin 1 (FN1) remain to be elucidated.

FN1 is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, which is present in blood plasma in its soluble form (plasma type) and in its insoluble form (cellular type) as a component of the ECM in almost every tissue within organisms (17). Previous studies have indicated that overexpressed FN distorts the architecture of the liver, and leads to hepatic cirrhosis and consequently to hepatocellular cancer (18,19). The abundant ECM in the glioma microenvironment is critical in the maintenance of glioma morphology, cell differentiation and proliferation, and FNs are expressed at high levels in the ECM of glioma spheroids in vitro and glioma tissues in vivo (20). However, the feasibility of post-transcriptional regulation via FN1 as a therapeutic target for glioma therapy remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated whether the expression of FN1 was regulated by miRNAs, and whether the tumorigenic role of FN1 was affected by miRNAs in vitro.

Materials and methods

Patient samples

A total of 36 pairs of glioma tumor tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues (NC) were collected from patients who had undergone surgical excision at Linyi People's Hospital (Linyi, China) between June 2010 and June 2014. All collected tissue samples were immediately stored in liquid nitrogen until use. The human tissue samples were obtained with written informed consent from all patients. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Linyi People's Hospital. The clinicopathological characteristics of the patients are shown in Table I.

Table I. Correlation between clinicopathological factors and expression levels of miRNA-1271 in patients with glioma.

Table I.

Correlation between clinicopathological factors and expression levels of miRNA-1271 in patients with glioma.

Variable	Patients (n)	miRNA-1271 low (n)	miRNA-1271 high (n)	P-value
Sex				0.385
Male	20	9	11
Female	16	9	7
Age (years)				0.517
<60	22	10	12
≥60	14	8	6
Tumor size (cm)
<3	12	7	5	0.274
≥3	24	11	13
TNM stage				0.001
I–II	22	14	8
III–IV	14	4	10

[i] miRNA, microRNA; TNM, tumor-node-metastasis.

Cell culture

Glioma cell lines (H4, A172, U251 and U87-MG) and a normal astrocyte cell line (HA-1800) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) containing 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 10% L-glutamine, 0.5% penicillin/streptomycin, 10% nonessential amino acids and 10% pyruvate, in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C.

Analysis of proliferation using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay

Cell (2×105 cells/well) proliferation was measured using an MTT Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay kit (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Caspase-3 activity assay

Cells (2×106 cells/well) lysates were prepared in NP-40 buffer at ice-bath condition for 15 min and centrifuged at 900 × g for 10 min at 4°C, and the supernatant was collected. In brief, 20 µl of cell lysate incubated with anti-caspase-3 antibody (cat. no. sc-7272; dilution, 1:200) at 37°C for 1 h. The immunocomplexes were then incubated with peptide substrate (2 µl of 10 mM acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-p-nitroanilide) in assay buffer (100 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 20% v/v glycerol, 5 mM dithiothreitol, and 0.5 mM EDTA) for 2 h at 37°C. The release of p-nitroaniline was measured at 405 nm using an ELISA reader (MD SpectraMax M5; Molecular Devices, LLC, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Quantification of apoptosis using flow cytometry

The quantitative assessment of apoptotic cells was assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) method, which enabled examination of DNA-strand breaks during apoptosis using a BD ApoAlertTM DNA Fragmentation Assay kit (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The cells were trypsinized, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton-X-100 in 0.1% sodium citrate. Subsequent to being washed with PBS three times, the cells (2×105 cells/well) were incubated with the reaction mixture for 60 min at 37°C. The cells were immediately analyzed using a FACScan flow cytometer and the CellQuest version 5.1 (BD Biosciences).

Immunohistochemical staining

The paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were cut into ~4 µm sections and mounted on glass slides for staining with immunoperoxidase. The paraffinized sections were heated in an oven at 65°C for 24 h, dewaxed to water and rinsed with PBS three times. The washed sections were placed in EDTA buffer for microwave antigen retrieval, boiled, and then boiled at a low heat following an interval of 10 min. Following natural cooling, the sections were washed with PBS three times, and were then placed into 3% hydrogen peroxide solution for incubation at room temperature for 10 min, to block endogenous peroxidase. The sections were washed with PBS three times, and 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA; cat. no. ST023; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China) was added for 20 min at room temperature. Following removal of the BSA, each section was incubated with 50 µl diluted FN1-antibody (cat. no. sc-81769; dilution, 1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA) overnight at 4°C, and then washed with PBS three times. Following the removal of PBS, each section was incubated with 50–100 µl secondary (cat. no. sc-516102; dilution, 1:2,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) antibody at 4°C for 50 min. The sections were washed again with PBS three times, and each section was added to 50–100 µl freshly prepared DAB solution with the use of a microscope for controlling color. Following washing, the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin, rinsed with tap water, dehydrated and mounted for visualization under a microscope (Leica DM 2500; Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany).

Luciferase reporter gene activity assay

The 3′-UTR of the FN1 gene containing the predicated target sites for miRNA-1271 was obtained by online predict software (miRanda-mirSVR; www.microrna.org), DIANA TOOLS (diana.imis.athena-innovation.gr) and TargetScan (www.targetscan.org), and synthesized by GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The fragment was inserted into multiple cloning sites in the pMIR-REPORT luciferase microRNA expression reporter vector (Ambion; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The H4 cells (5×105 cells/well) were co-transfected with luciferase reporters containing the FN1 3′-UTR and miRNA-1271 mimics (50 or 100 nM) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The luciferase activity was measured using a dual luciferase reporter assay kit (cat. no. RG027; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Transfection with miRNA-1271 mimics and inhibitor

The FAM modified 2′-OMe-oligonucleotides were chemically synthesized and purified using high-performance liquid chromatography (GenePharma, Co., Ltd.). The 2′-OMe-miR-1271 mimics were composed of RNA duplexes with the following sequence: 5′-CUUGGCACCUAGCAAGCACUCA-3′. The sequences of the 2′-OMe-miR-1271 inhibitor and 2′-Ome-scramble oligonucleotides were as follows: 5′-UGAGUGCUUGCUAGGUGCCAAG-3′ and 5′-UCAGGAGCGUUGCCUGGCUCGG-3′. The H4 (5×105 cells/well) and U251 cells (5×105 cells/well) were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at a final concentration of 100 nM. At 24 h post-transfection, the culture medium was replaced and, cells were harvested at 48 h for analysis.

Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis

RNA extraction was performed using TRIzol according to the manufacturer's protocol (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The synthesis of cDNAs was performed by RT reactions with 4 µg of total RNA using moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with oligo dT (15) primers (Fermentas; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. PCR reaction mixtures (25 µl) were prepared, including 12.5 µl SYBR-Green Supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA), 1 µl cDNA, 300 nM of each primer, and DEPC H2O to a final volume of 25 µl. The levels of miRNA-1271 were quantified using the mirVana qRT-PCR miRNA detection kit (Ambion; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) in conjunction with qPCR with SYBR Green. Following the cycling reactions: 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec, 58°C for 30 sec, and 72°C for 30 sec, the quantification cycle (Cq) was determined and the relative miRNA-1271 level was calculated based on the 2−ΔΔCq method (21) and normalized to the level of U6 in each sample, and relative expression levels of FN1 were normalized to GAPDH. PCR was performed using the following primers: FN1, forward 5′-GCGCCGGCTGTGCTGCACAGG-3′ and reverse 5′-GCCTGGGGACAGCGGTGCCC-3′; GAPDH, forward 5′-GCACCGTCAAGCTGAGAAC-3′ and reverse 5′-TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA-3′.

Western blot analysis

The tumor tissues, corresponding adjacent normal tissues and glioma cells were homogenized and extracted in NP-40 buffer, respectively, followed by 5–10 min boiling and centrifugation at 12,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C to obtain the supernatant. Protein concentrations were determined using the bicinchoninic acid kit (cat. no. BCA1-1KT; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Samples containing 50 µg of protein were separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). Following saturation with 5% (w/v) non-fat dry milk in TBS and 0.1 % (w/v) Tween-20 (TBST), the membranes were incubated at 37°C for 2 h with the following primary antibodies: FN1 (cat. no. sc-81769; 1:1,000), caspase-3 (cat. no. sc-271028; 1:2,000), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2; cat. no. sc-56015; 1:1,000) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax; cat. no. sc6236; 1:1,000) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Following three washes with TBST, the membranes were incubated with the appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (cat. no. sc-516102; 1:10,000) for 1 h at 37°C, following visualized using chemiluminescence (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Densitometry was used to assess the signals with Quantity One software version 4.5 (Bio Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) and normalized to β-actin (cat. no. sc-130065; 1:2,000).

Statistical analysis

The data from experiments are reported as the mean ± standard deviation for each group. All statistical analyses were performed using PRISM version 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). Statistical differences between two groups were determined using Student's t test. The correlation between FN1 and miR-1271 levels was analyzed using linear regression analysis. Groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison as a post hoc test to compare the mean values of each group. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test applied for comparison. Differences between the expression levels of miRNA-1271 and different clinicopathological factors were calculated using the χ2 test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Profiles of miRNAs in glioma tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues

To identify the critical miRNAs involved in glioma, tumor tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues were collected from 36 patients with neuroglioma, and miRNA microarray chips were performed in two pairs of randomly selected tumor tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues. A total of 13 miRNAs (miR-134, miR-1271, miR-139-5p, miR-517c, miR-195, miR-135a, miR-101, miR-199a, miR-792, miR-138, miR-504, miR-595 and miR-185) were downregulated and 13 miRNAs were upregulated in the tumor tissues, compared with corresponding adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 1A). Among these miRNAs, the levels of miRNA-1271 were markedly lower, compared with those of other miRNAs in the tumor tissues. Therefore, the present study focused on miRNA-1271. To further validate the miRNA microarray results, the levels of miRNA-1271 were measured using RT-qPCR analysis in the 36 pairs of tumor tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues. The results showed that the expression of miRNA-1271 was markedly suppressed in tumor tissues, compared with corresponding adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 1B). In addition, to validate the clinical significance of miRNA-1271 in glioma, the association between the expression of miRNA-1271 and clinicopathological parameters, including tumor size and clinical stage, were assessed. As shown in Fig. 1C, the expression levels of miRNA-1271 were significantly lower in patients with stage III/IV glioma, compared with patients with stage I/II glioma, however, no significant difference was found in the expression of miRNA-1271 with tumor size in the patients with glioma (data not shown). A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to evaluate whether the expression level of miRNA-1271 was associated with overall survival rate. Patients were segregated into a miRNA-1271-high group and miRNA-1271-low group according to the median expression of miRNA-1271 in tumor tissues. Patients with low levels of miRNA-1271 had a significantly poorer prognosis, compared with those with high expression (Fig. 1D; P<0.01). Based on the above observations, analysis of the expression of miRNA-1271 was performed among four glioma cell lines (H4, A172, U251 and U87-MG) and a normal astrocyte cell line (HA-1800). miRNA-1271 levels were significantly downregulated in the four glioma cell lines, compared with the level in the HA-1800 cells, particularly in the H4 and U251 cell lines (Fig. 1E). Therefore, the H4 and U251 cell lines were selected as representative glioma cells in the following experiments.

Figure 1. Profiles of miRNAs in glioma tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues. (A) Microarray and hierarchical cluster analysis of the significantly regulated miRNAs in patients with glioma. MeV software version 4.2.6 was used for representation of data. Correlation similarity matrix and average linkage algorithms were used in the cluster analysis. Each row represents an individual miRNA and each column represents a sample. The dendrogram at the left and above display similarities in expression among miRNAs and samples individually. The color legend at the top represents the expression level of miRNA, with red indicating high expression and green indicating low expression. (B) miRNA-1271 expression was examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and normalized to the expression of U6 in 36 pairs of glioma tumor tissues (tumor) and corresponding adjacent normal tissues. (C) Relative miRNA-1271 expression was measured in different clinical stages. (D) A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to evaluate whether expression levels of miRNA-1271 were associated with overall survival rate. (E) miRNA-1271 expression was measured in H4, A172, U251 and U87-MG glioma cell lines, and the normal astrocyte HA-1800 cell line. Values were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001, vs. HA-1800 group. miRNA, microRNA; NC, normal tissues; Con, control.

Expression of FN1 is upregulated in glioma tissues

The results of the present study showed that the expression of FN1 differed significantly between the glioma tissues and the corresponding adjacent normal tissues, and the mRNA levels of FN1 were significantly increased in the glioma tissues, compared with the corresponding adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 2A). In addition, the results of the western blot analysis (Fig. 2B) and immunohistochemical staining (Fig. 2C) showed a marked increase in the levels of FN1 in the glioma tissues, compared with those in the corresponding adjacent normal tissues. Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that the expression levels of FN1 and miRNA-1271 were inversely correlated in the 36 human glioma tissues (Spearman's R=−0.754; P<0.001; Fig. 2D). Furthermore, a Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to evaluate whether the expression level of FN1 was associated with overall survival rate. Patients were segregated into an FN1-high group and FN1-low group according to the median mRNA expression of FN1 in tumor tissues. Patients with high mRNA levels of FN1 had a significantly poorer prognosis, compared with those with a low levels (Fig. 2E; P<0.001).

Figure 2. Expression of FN1 is upregulated in glioma tissues. (A) mRNA and (B) protein expression levels of FN1 were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. (C) Expression of FN was measured using immunohistochemical staining in glioma tumor tissues (tumor) and corresponding adjacent normal tissues (magnification, ×100). (D) Inverse correlation of miRNA-1271 and mRNA expression of FN1 in glioma tumor tissues. (E) A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to evaluate whether mRNA expression levels of FN1 were associated with overall survival rate in patients with glioma. FN1, fibronectin 1; miR, microRNA; T, tumor; N/NC, normal non-tumor tissues.

FN1 is a direct target of miRNA-1271

To investigate the mechanisms by which miRNA-1271 regulates the expression of FN1. Binding sites in the FN1 3′-UTR were predicted using bioinformatics analysis (Fig. 3A). The pmirGLO-wild-FN1 and pmirGLO-mut-FN1 plasmids were synthesized and the FN1 3′-UTR luciferase reporter assay was performed in H4 cells. The luciferase activity was markedly decreased in H4 cells transfected with the miRNA-1271 mimics (50 or 100 nM) and pmirGLO-wild-FN1, however, no significant difference in luciferase activity was observed between H4 cells transfected with the pmirGLO-mut-FN1 and the control group (Fig. 3B). These results suggested that FN1 was a direct target of miRNA-1271. Based on the above, the mRNA expression levels of FN1 were measured among the four glioma cell lines (H4, A172, U251 and U87-MG) and the normal astrocyte line (HA-1800). The results indicated that FN1 was significantly upregulated in the H4 and U251 cell lines, compared with the HA-1800 cell lines, however, there was no significant difference in the mRNA expression of FN1 in the A172 and U87-MG cells, compared with the HA-1800 cells (Fig. 3C). To confirm the association between FN1 and miRNA-1271, RT-qPCR and western blot analyses were performed to investigate the expression levels of FN1 in the H4 and U251 cell lines following transfection with miRNA-1271 mimics, miRNA-1271 inhibitor, or the corresponding NC or scramble. As shown in Fig. 3D and E, the mRNA and protein expression levels of FN1 in the H4 and U251 cell lines were significantly decreased following transfection with the miRNA-1271 mimics and increased following transfection with the miRNA-1271 inhibitor.

Figure 3. FN1 is a direct target of miRNA-1271. (A) Schematic representation of the putative miRNA-1271 binding site in the FN1 3′UTR and (B) luciferase activity assay. (C) mRNA expression levels of FN1 were analyzed using RT-qPCR analysis in H4, A172, U251 and U87-MG glioma cell lines and the HA-1800 normal astrocyte cell line. (D) mRNA and (E) protein expression levels of FN1 were analyzed using RT-qPCR or western blot analysis, respectively, in H4 and U251 cell lines transfected with miRNA-1271 mimics or inhibitor. Values were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n=3 in each group). **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001, vs. control group. FN1, fibronectin 1; miR, microRNA; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction; NC, normal tissue; 3′UTR, 3′untranslated region.

Overexpression of miRNA-1271 induces cell apoptosis

As described above, the present study found that the expression of miRNA-1271 was downregulated in tumor tissues and glioma cell lines. It was also demonstrated that miRNA-1271 directly regulated the expression of FN1 via binding sites within the 3′-UTR of FN1. To examine the role of miRNA-1271 in glioma cell apoptosis in vitro, cell viability was examined using an MTT assay in cells transfected with the miRNA-1271 mimics or inhibitor for 24, 48 and 72 h. The viabilities of the H4 and U251 cells were significantly suppressed following transfection with the miRNA-1271 mimics and increased following transfection with the miRNA-1271 inhibitor (Fig. 4A). An apoptosis assay, caspase-3 activity assay and TUNEL staining were performed following transfection of the H4 and U251 cells with miRNA-1271 mimics or inhibitor for 48 h. The results indicated that the activity of caspase-3 in the miRNA-1271 mimic group was significantly higher, compared with that of the control group. This was in contrast to the H4 and U251 cells transfected with miRNA-1271 inhibitor, which suppressed the activity of caspase-3 (Fig. 4B). The TUNEL staining showed that the miRNA-1271 mimics induced apoptosis, whereas the miRNA-1271 inhibitor suppressed apoptosis of the H4 and U251 cells (Fig. 4C). Furthermore, apoptosis-associated proteins were measured using western blot analysis in H4 and U251 cells transfected with miRNA-1271 mimics or inhibitor for 48 h. As shown in Fig. 4D-F, the protein expression levels of caspase-3 and Bax were markedly increased following transfection with the miRNA-1271 mimics and decreased following transfection with the miRNA-1271 inhibitor. By contrast, the protein expression of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased following transfection with the miRNA-1271 mimics and increased following transfection with the miRNA-1271 inhibitor.

Figure 4. Overexpression of miRNA-1271 induces cell apoptosis. (A) 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays were performed on H4 and U251 cell lines transfected with miRNA-1271 mimics or inhibitor for 24, 48 and 72 h. (B) A Caspase-3 activity assay and (C) TUNEL staining were performed following transfection of the H4 and U251 cell lines with miRNA-1271 mimics or inhibitor for 48 h. The protein expression of (D) caspase-3, (E) Bax and (F) Bcl-2 were measured using western blot analysis in H4 and U251 cell lines transfected with miRNA-1271 mimics or inhibitor for 48 h. FN1, fibronectin 1; miR, microRNA; Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma-2; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; NC, normal tissue; TUNEL, triphosphate nick-end labeling; OD, optical density.

Discussion

Previous studies have demonstrated the essential role of miRNAs in the progression of cancer (22,23), however, the role of miRNA-1271 in glioma has not been determined. In the present study, the clinical significance and underlying molecular mechanisms of miRNA-1271 in the development of glioma were investigated. The results showed that miRNA-1271 was downregulated in glioma tumor tissues and cell lines. In addition, it was demonstrated that low levels of miRNA-1271 in patients with glioma were correlated with low survival rates. In vitro, cell viability was significantly suppressed following transfection with the miRNA-1271 mimics and increased following transfection with the miRNA-1271 inhibitor. The miRNA-1271 mimics induced cell apoptosis, whereas the miRNA-1271 inhibitor suppressed cell apoptosis in the H4 and U251 cell lines. Furthermore, 3′-UTR of FN1 was bound by miRNA-1271. Therefore, it was concluded that miRNA-1271 inhibited glioma cell growth by targeting FN1, and the levels of miRNA-1271 in glioma tumor tissues were associated with lower survival rates in patients with glioma.

Although it has been reported that miRNA-1271 is markedly suppressed in various types of tumor, and is associated with tumor proliferation and metastasis (14,15,24,25), data concerning miRNA-1271 in human glioma remains limited. The results of the present study revealed the antitumor role of miRNA-1271 in human glioma and showed that miRNA-1271 offered potential for use as a prognostic predictor. The present study demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that miRNA-1271 was downregulated in glioma tumor tissues, compared with corresponding adjacent normal tissues, and was closely associated with clinical stage. However, how miRNA-1271 contributes to the malignant behavior of glioma cells remains to be fully elucidated. Previous studies have indicated that miRNA-1271 inhibits ovarian cancer growth by targeting cyclin G1 (14), regulates cisplatin resistance of human gastric cancer cell lines by targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, mammalian target of rapamycin and Bcl-2 (26), and promotes non-small-cell lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion by targeting HOXA5 (16). In addition, the downregulation of miRNA-1271 has been associated with the concomitant upregulation of glypican-3, one of the most abnormally expressed genes contributing to liver carcinogenesis (27). In the present study, bioinformatics analysis was performed, and it was found that miRNA-1271 directly regulated the expression of FN by targeting its 3′-UTR in glioma cells. miRNA-1271 mimics induced apoptosis and miRNA-1271 inhibitor suppressed apoptosis in the H4 and U251 cell lines. In addition, the correlation between miRNA-1271 and FN1 showed that endogenous miRNA-1271 was negatively correlated with the mRNA levels of FN1 in glioma tissues. These data provided further evidence of a functional link between miRNA-1271 and FN1 in human glioma.

In conclusion, the present study identified miRNA-1271 as a novel tumor suppressor, which inhibited human glioma cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis through the suppression of FN1. The findings that miRNA-1271 targeted FN1 as a post-translational mechanism provides novel insight into the underlying mechanism and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human glioma.

References