Karyopherin alpha 2 expression is a novel diagnostic and prognostic factor for colorectal cancer
- Authors:
- Published online on: January 10, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.5579
- Pages: 1194-1200
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Copyright: © Yu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in the United States. Although the incidence and mortality rates of CRC have decreased in recent decades as a result of earlier diagnosis, >10,000 new cases are diagnosed annually in the USA (1).
The efficacy of CRC treatment is dependent on the preoperative condition of patients, which includes the local depth of tumor incision (T stage), lymph-node metastasis (N stage) and the histological grade of tumors (1). Although useful, in certain cases these factors fail to differentiate tumors from each other, which is important for CRC patients with lymph node metastasis that require adjuvant chemotherapy following curative resection (1). However, certain patients may not benefit from additional therapy (1). As a result, the identification of a biomarker that accurately corresponds with the various stages of CRC is urgently required.
Dysfunction of the cellular transport machinery is common in cancer cells, and this observation has led to the development of therapies that target this machinery (2). Karyopherin α (KPNA) belongs to a family of nuclear transport proteins, which interact with cellular cargo via the nuclear localization signal (3,4). In addition to combined action, importin α also binds the nuclear cargoes directly without the assistance of importin β (5). As a member of the KPNA family, KPNA2 is a 58 kDa protein composed of 529 amino acids (5,6). A change of bowel habit and blood in the stool are most common symptoms in patients with CRC. Although the cause of CRC is remains unclear, certain health history can affect the risk of developing CRC, including a family history of CRC, certain hereditary conditions (Lynch syndrome), a history of ulcerative colitis and polyps in the colon and rectum.
A number of studies have demonstrated that KPNA2 is expressed at a high level in a variety of types of cancer, including breast and lung (7–11). However, few studies have investigated the expression of KPNA2 in CRC. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze KPNA2 expression in malignant colorectal tumors and to elucidate its function as an oncogene in CRC.
Materials and methods
Ethics statement
All protocols were reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Patients and tissue preparation
A total of 30 CRC patients (15 males and 15 females; mean age, 56.4 years) diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma (stage I–IV), who received surgical treatment at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China) between January 2014 and June 2014, were enrolled in the present study, as well as 30 healthy volunteers (15 males and 15 females; mean age, 59.1 years). None of the patients had previously undergone neoadjuvant treatment. For enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), preoperative venous blood (10 ml) was collected from each participant and centrifuged (1006.2 × g) at 4°C for serum collection. The serum samples collected were stored at −80°C until additional analysis occurred. For reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), cancerous and paired normal tissues (resected 6-cm from the cancerous tissues) were collected from each participant. For RNA extraction, the specimens resected during surgery were immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently stored at −80°C, followed by fixing in 10% buffered formalin (Sigma Aldrich; EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) for 24 h and embedding in paraffin (Sigma-Aldrich; EMD Millipore). To investigate the association between KPNA2 expression, clinicopathological features and survival of CRC patients following radical surgery, a larger sample size was required. Therefore, an additional 300 patients with CRC that underwent radical resection at The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China) between January 2007 and December 2008 were included in the present study. Patients that had received preoperative chemotherapy or irradiation were excluded. Tumors were staged according to the Union for International Cancer Control staging system. The patient cohort included 175 men and 125 women (mean age, 62.1 years; range, 23–83 years). Cancerous tissues and paired normal tissues were excised and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 h and embedded in paraffin blocks. For all samples, histological diagnosis was performed by three independent and experienced pathologists.
Immunohistochemical analysis
Tissue samples underwent immunohistochemical analysis using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Sections were deparaffinized in xylene (Sigma-Aldrich; EMD Millipore) and dehydrated using graded alcohol prior to endogenous peroxidase activity blocking using 0.5% hydrogen peroxide (Sigma-Aldrich; EMD Millipore) in methanol (Sigma-Aldrich; EMD Millipore) for 10 min. Non-specific binding was blocked by incubating tissue sections with 10% normal goat serum (Sigma-Aldrich; EMD Millipore) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 1 h at room temperature. The sections were subsequently incubated with polyclonal human KPNA2 antibody (dilution, 1:300; catalog no., 10819-1-AP; Proteintech, Inc., Wuhan, China) in PBS at 4°C overnight, followed by 1 h of incubation with biotinylated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG; ZDR 5210; dilution, 1:400; ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China) at room temperature. Subsequently, sections were treated with streptavidin-peroxidase for 10 min at room temperature (Sigma-Aldrich; EMD Millipore). Sections were then incubated with 0.1% 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (ZSGB-BIO) in PBS with 0.05% hydrogen peroxide for 5 min at room temperature. All tissue specimens were assessed separately by two pathologists blinded to the clinicopathological data. KPNA2 expression in CRC specimens was evaluated microscopically (Nikon ECLIPSE Ti-E; Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at low magnification (×40) and the results were confirmed at high magnifications (×200 and ×400) by two surgical pathologists blinded to the clinical data. An immunoreactivity scoring system was applied, according to previously reported procedures (12). The percentage of positive cells was scored as follows: 0 (<5%, negative); 1 (5–25%, sporadic); 2 (25–50%, focal); and 3 (>50%, diffuse). The staining intensity was scored as follows: 0, no staining; 1, weak staining; 2, moderate staining; and 3, strong staining. The KPNA2 immunostaining score was calculated using the following formula: Immunostaining score = positive cell score × staining intensity score. The immunostaining score ranged between 0 and 9. A score of ≥4 indicated high KPNA2 expression.
RT-qPCR
Total RNA was extracted from tissue samples using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. First-strand complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using 1 µg total RNA and a RevertAid™H Minus First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Fermentas Inc., Burlington, ON, Canada) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The primers for KPNA2 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; internal control) were obtained from Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., (Dalian, China), with the following sequences: forward 5′-CAAGGCTGTGGTAGATGG-3′ and reverse, 5′-GCGGCAAAGATTAGAAAG-3′ for KPNA2; forward, 5′-CAATGACCCCTTCATTGACC-3′ and reverse, 5′-GACAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAG-3′ for GAPDH. The KPNA2 and GAPDH genes were amplified from the cDNA pool using gene-specific primers and the Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) in an ABI PRISM 7500 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). PCR was performed under the following conditions: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 20 sec, 58°C for 20 sec and 72°C for 20 sec. RT-qPCR was performed at least three times, and a negative control group was also used. KPNA2 and GAPDH were amplified in an identical reaction. The expression of the target gene was evaluated using the 2−ΔΔCq method for relative quantification using GAPDH as the internal reference gene (7).
Fluorometric sandwich ELISA
KPNA2 protein levels in human serum were determined using the KPNA2 ELISA kit (Shanghai BlueGene Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The serum from patients and healthy volunteers were incubated with a KPNA2-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate (dilution, 1:5,000; ZSR 5210) in a pre-coated plate (coated with HRP-conjugated rabbit antibody) at 37°C for 1 h. Following incubation, the wells were emptied and washed 5 times with wash solution (PBS and Tween 20). The wells were subsequently incubated with a substrate for HRP enzyme at 37°C for 15 min and subsequently a blue-colored complex was formed due to the enzyme-substrate reaction. Finally, a stop solution (1M H2SO4) was added to terminate the reaction, as signified by a color change from blue to yellow. The intensity of the yellow color was measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm using a Thermo Multiskan MK3 microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The intensity of the color was inversely proportional to the KPNA2 concentration: As KPNA2 binds more sites in the serum, fewer sites remain for KPNA2-HRP conjugate binding. A standard curve was plotted correlating the intensity of the color (optical density) with the concentration. The KPNA2 concentration in each sample was interpolated based on the standard curve.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All continuous variables were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was utilized to analyze variations in ELISA results. χ2 test was applied to evaluate the statistical significance of the association between KPNA2 expression and other clinicopathological variables. For univariate survival analysis, survival curves were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. The difference in survival rates was assessed using the log-rank test. Cox's proportional hazard model was utilized to identify factors that exhibited a significant influence on survival. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
KPNA2 is overexpressed in CRC tissues compared with paired normal tissues
Immunohistochemistry identified nuclear KPNA2 expression in the majority of cells of the cancer tissues examined (26/30 samples), and a small number of paired normal tissues (Fig. 1). In general, CRC tissues exhibited a markedly increased KPNA2 expression rate compared with paired normal tissues. KPNA2 expression was identified in 272/300 (90.7%) CRC tissues, and low KPNA2 expression was observed in 44/300 (14.7%) paired normal tissues (P<0.001; Table I), while no KPNA2 expression was observed in 256/300 paired normal tissues (Fig. 1A). KPNA2 expression in 30 human CRC tissues and paired normal tissues was measured by RT-qPCR. A total of 26/30 (86.7%) CRC samples exhibited increased KPNA2 expression compared with normal tissues. Relative KPNA2 expression was significantly increased in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues compared with paired normal tissues (P<0.001; Fig. 2). These results demonstrate that KPNA2 expression is significantly increased in cancer tissues compared with paired normal tissues.
KPNA2 serum levels are increased in CRC patients
To investigate the preoperative diagnostic value of KPNA2 expression for CRC, ELISA was used to analyze KPNA2 expression in the serum of 30 CRC patients and 10 healthy individuals. As shown in Fig. 3, the serum KPNA2 levels were significantly increased in CRC patients compared with healthy individuals (7.84±1.11 ng/ml vs. 6.24±0.42 ng/ml; P<0.001; Fig. 3).
Correlation between KPNA2 expression and patient clinicopathological features
The associations between KPNA2 expression and clinicopathological features, including age, gender, tumor size, differentiation, Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage, infiltration depth, lymph node involvement, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI) and tumor location of CRC patients, are shown in Table II. High KPNA2 expression was significantly associated with lymph node involvement (P<0.001), LVI and PNI (P<0.001) in CRC patients. In addition, KPNA2 expression was significantly associated with tumor differentiation (P=0.020), infiltration depth (P=0.012) and TNM stage (P=0.001). The results additionally demonstrated that the intensity of KPNA2 expression was increased in late-stage patients compared with those with early-stage CRC. However, no significant differences were identified between KPNA2 expression and age (P=0.285), gender (P=0.358), tumor size (P=0.457) or tumor location (P=0.312) in CRC patients.
 | Table II.Associations between KPNA2 expression and patient clinicopathological features were analyzed in 300 colorectal cancer patients. |
Survival analysis
To evaluate the prognostic value of KPNA2 for CRC, the association between KPNA2 expression and patient survival time was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank test (Figs. 4 and 5). Nuclear KPNA2 expression was significantly associated with overall survival (OS; P=0.026) and disease-free survival (DFS; P=0.037). Overall, higher KPNA2 expression was associated with shorter OS and DFS times in CRC patients.
Discussion
The present study revealed that KPNA2 expression is upregulated in primary tumors and the serum of CRC patients. The level of KPNA2 expression was associated with certain clinicopathological features, including lymph node involvement, LVI, PNI, tumor differentiation, infiltration depth and TNM stage. Furthermore, high levels of KPNA2 expression were observed to correlate with shorter survival times in CRC patients following radical surgery.
The exchange of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm is mediated by large nuclear pore complexes (2). Karyopherins are involved in this process when molecules are >40 kDa (8), acting as carrier proteins in a selective bidirectional shuttling process (8). In cancer cells, cellular transport dysfunction is common (8).
In 2006, Dahl et al (9) reported that KPNA2 expression exhibited prognostic value in breast cancer, and this was subsequently demonstrated in a variety of other malignancies, including prostate and gastric cancer (10–18). In recent years, KPNA2 has gained attention as a potential biomarker for several types of cancer, including lung cancer. The increased KPNA2 expression observed in cancer tissues is predominantly localized to the cell nucleus. This may be due to cellular stress, including oxidative stress and heat shock, which may lead to the accumulation of KPNA2 in the nucleus of tumor cells. It has been reported that cells in advanced tumors typically exhibit a high level of oxidative stress (19–25).
KPNA2 overexpression in cancer tissues has been associated with increased morbidity (7,13). The majority of previous studies have shown that increased KPNA2 expression is correlated with a poor prognosis (7,9,13). Other studies have implicated KPNA2 as an independent prognostic factor for patients with breast and lung cancer (9,15–17). Similarly, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis performed in the present study revealed that KPNA2 expression in primary tumors is a powerful predictive factor for CRC patients. Therefore, these results indicate that measuring KPNA2 expression may allow physicians to diagnose CRC patients with a poor prognosis. This may lead to better individualized risk stratification and thus, may optimize therapy for CRC patients.
Due to its involvement in molecular transport and as a tumor marker, KPNA2 has a role in a number of biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, cellular matrix adhesion, colony formation and migration (4,13,15,26–28). Recent evidence has indicated that KPNA2 may regulate cancer cell transformation (26). KPNA2 expression in cancer tissues is typically 5–10-fold higher than that in normal tissue at the transcriptional level (10,14). These differences in KPNA2 expression were additionally observed in the present study, which supports the hypothesis that KPNA2 possesses a significant role in CRC carcinogenesis. Certain viruses cause their host cells to proliferate uncontrollably (28). Such viruses, often termed tumor viruses, may lead to carcinogenesis (28). Notably, a previous study revealed that human papilloma virus, BK virus and Simian virus 40 are capable of inducing chromosomal instability and contributing to CRC development by altering cell cycle control and inhibiting apoptosis (29). KPNA2 has been reported to be involved in tumor viral infections, primarily by transporting viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (30), human papillomavirus (31,32), polyomavirus (33) and human immunodeficiency virus (34), into the nucleus. These previous studies (30–34) demonstrated that viruses infected the normal host cells and led to cell carcinogenesis via the KPNA2 signaling pathway (27). Furthermore, KPNA2 is hypothesized to function in the regulation of viral capsid assembly (35). It has additionally been postulated that KPNA2 may import DNA repair proteins and cell cycle control proteins, including breast cancer 1 and Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (36–38). In addition, KPNA2 has been implicated in the cellular processes of the carcinogenesis of various types of cancer (38). KPNA2 expression has been associated with numerous differentiation processes. In embryonic stem cells obtained from mice, due to promoter activation by Krüppel-like factor (Klf)2 and Klf4, high expression of KPNA2 was observed (39). Silencing of KPNA2 has been shown to suppress the migration and proliferation of lung cancer cells, indicating the significance of KPNA2 in tumorigenesis (13).
The present study revealed that KPNA2 expression is associated with CRC tumor stage. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that KPNA2 expression is positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and venous infiltration (9,11,14–17,40–42). A previous study suggested that KPNA2 exhibits a significant role in the malignant transformation of cancer cells (27). Thus, KPNA2 may serve as a novel diagnostic factor for early stage cancer.
In conclusion, the present study revealed that KPNA2 is overexpressed during the malignant tumor progression of CRC. In addition, univariate analyses demonstrated that increased KPNA2 expression was associated with shortened survival times in CRC patients that had undergone radical surgery. Further molecular biological experiments are required to investigate the mechanism by which high levels of KPNA2 expression promote the progression of CRC.
Acknowledgements
This paper was supported by the Foundation of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science (grant no. 201601).
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