This article is mentioned in:

Introduction

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies globally, accounting for ~70,000 new cases and 650,000 mortalities per year (1,2). Despite advances in strategies for early detection, the majority of patients still present with an advanced disease at diagnosis. The prognosis of patients with advanced tumor remains poor (3). Further decreases in mortality rates would require improved treatment outcomes in patients with advanced GC.

Chemotherapy is recognized as the most effective treatment for patients with unresectable advanced or metastatic GC. To date, multiple clinical trials have evaluated its efficacy and safety (4–9). As well as for unresectable cases, neoadjuvant chemotherapy may also be considered for potentially resectable cases to further improve their outcomes. Several previous studies have evaluated the potential usefulness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced GC (10–14).

Regarding the response assessment to the chemotherapy, an early evaluation during neoadjuvant chemotherapy would be of interest for tailoring chemotherapy based on the individual response. Correct identification of responding or non-responding patients would be important for more appropriate implementation, to avoid toxic and ineffective chemotherapy (15–17).

Histopathological classification of regression is considered to be standard criteria for response assessments to the chemotherapy in GC. The Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma (JCGC) defined histological classification of resected specimens for an early response evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (18). Previous studies have evaluated the validity of histological evaluation of resected specimens from patients with advanced GC receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (19,20). Kurokawa et al (19) compared JCGC histological-based evaluation with response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) as well as upper gastrointestinal (GI) X-ray or endoscopy based response evaluation of primary lesions, using two different cohorts. The results demonstrated the superiority of histological evaluation compared with RECIST and upper GI X-ray or endoscopy based response evaluation. Heger et al (21) performed histological based evaluations using the scoring systems of Becker et al (20). They also performed computed tomography (CT) and endoscopy-based response evaluation and confirmed a good correlation among the three evaluation systems (21).

To evaluate the validity of JCGC histological classification for an early response evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced GC, the JCGC histological based evaluation was compared with CT-based response evaluation following 2 courses of chemotherapy. The results demonstrated that histological-based evaluation was superior to the CT-based response evaluation as an independent prognostic predictor in advanced GC being treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Patients and methods

Patients, survival and response evaluation using different criteria

The studied population comprised of 78 Japanese patients with advanced GC, receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy from April 2003 to September 2012 at the Fujita Health University hospital (Toyoake, Japan) All GC cases were diagnosed histologically and were classified according to Lauren's classification (22). Detailed information concerning anatomical location, macroscopic types, depth, lymph node and other metastasis and peritoneal dissemination was obtained according to the JCGC (18).

Using CT, the response to chemotherapy was assessed following 2 courses of treatment (7–10 weeks following initial administration, which varied across the different regimens). If measurable lesions existed, RECIST was applied and cases were classified into complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) (23). CR and PR were considered to be responders according to RECIST. If RECIST was not applicable, responders were defined as cases with a clear reduction of the primary lesion in the CT images assessed by experienced physicians with the consensus was taken as the final result. Information concerning the upper GI X-ray or endoscopy-based response evaluation of primary lesions was also available for all patients. Upper GI X-ray or endoscopy-based responders were defined as PR or CR in the JCGC criteria (18). The assessment was performed by experienced physicians and the consensus was taken as the final result. Those who were not considered to be responders by CT and upper GI X-ray or endoscopy-based evaluations were considered to be CT and upper GI X-ray or endoscopy based non-responders, respectively.

All patients underwent gastrectomy with a D2 lymph node dissection following 2 courses of chemotherapy. Histological-based response evaluation of resected tumors was performed by the senior pathologists at the Fujita Health University hospital using Japanese Gastric Cancer Association criteria (18), and all cases were classified as Grade 0, 1a, 1b, 2 or 3. Patients were scored as Grade 0 if there was no evidence of chemotherapeutic effect. Patients were scored as Grade 1a if viable tumor cells remained in <2/3 of the tumorous area. Patients were scored as Grade 1b if viable tumor cells remained in >1/3 but <2/3 of the tumorous area. Patients were scored as Grade 2 if viable tumor cells remained in <1/3 of the tumorous area. Patients were scored as Grade 3 if no viable tumor cells remained in the section where the tumor was thought to have been located at the pretreatment assessment (18). The evaluation was performed using multiple sections of hematoxylin and eosin staining of paraffin-embedded sections (4 µm) of the resected specimen to avoid the influence of tumor heterogeneity. Based on this histological assessment, Grade 1b, 2 and 3 (viable tumor cells remaining in <2/3 of the tumorous area) cases were defined as histological responders, and all others were considered to be histological non-responders. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from the start of initial administration of chemotherapy to the date of cancer-associated mortality. If cancer-associated mortality had not occurred, the OS was censored on the last date the patient was known to be alive. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time of initial administration of chemotherapy to tumor progression or cancer-associated mortality. Patients with no confirmation of progression or cancer-associated mortality were censored at the date of the last objective tumor assessment. The Ethical Review Board of the Fujita Health University School of Medicine (Toyoake, Japan) approved the protocol, and written informed consent was obtained from all participating subjects.

Statistical analysis

Categorical variables among the two groups were assessed using the two-tailed Fisher's exact test. A κ coefficient value was calculated to assess the consistency of different response evaluations to chemotherapy. OS and PFS among the two groups were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Log rank test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Multivariate survival analysis using Cox's regression model was also performed for calculating hazard ratios (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a C index with adjustment for clinicopathological factors.

Results

Clinicopathological characteristics of subjects and information about the treatment are listed in Table I and II, respectively. The majority of the cases underwent tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil based preoperative chemotherapy as the first line treatment (n=76; 96%). OS and PFS were assessed among all cases. The median OS and median PFS in all cases were 34.0 and 20.3 months, respectively. Although all patients were considered to be operable following two courses of chemotherapy, distant metastatic lesions were identified in 13 cases during surgery (Table I).

Table I. Clinicopathological features of patients with gastric cancer.

Table I.

Clinicopathological features of patients with gastric cancer.

Clinicopathological feature	Value
Number of patients	78
Median age (range)	68 (39–83)
Gender
Female n (%)	21 (26.9)
Male n (%)	57 (73.1)
Location
Upper n (%)	18 (23.1)
Middle n (%)	35 (44.9)
Lower n (%)	25 (32.1)
Histology
Intestinal n (%)	35 (44.9)
Diffuse n (%)	35 (44.9)
Mixed n (%)	8 (10.2)
Morphology
Type1 n (%)	4 (5.1)
Type2 n (%)	25 (32.1)
Type3 n (%)	44 (56.4)
Type4 n (%)	5 (6.4)
Staging
II n (%)	33 (42.3)
III n (%)	34 (43.6)
IV n (%)	11 (14.1)
Depth
T2 n (%)	17 (21.8)
T3 n (%)	16 (20.5)
T4 n (%)	45 (57.7)
Lymph node metastasis
N0 n (%)	23 (29.5)
N1 n (%)	17 (21.8)
N2 n (%)	20 (25.6)
N3 n (%)	18 (23.1)
Distant metastasis
Peritoneal dissemination n (%)	8 (10.3)
Liver metastasis n (%)	3 (3.8)
Other metastasis n (%)	2 (2.6)

Table II. Information concerning the treatment of gastric cancer.

Table II.

Information concerning the treatment of gastric cancer.

Variable	n (%)
Agent
S-1+CDDP	71 (91.0)
S-1	4 (5.1)
Others	3 (3.8)
Response to chemotherapy (CT)a
Responder	25 (32.5)
Non-responder	52 (67.5)
Response to chemotherapy (upper GI X-ray or endoscopy)
Responder	53 (67.9)
Non-responder	25 (32.1)
Response to chemotherapy (histological grade)
0	2 (2.6)
1a	47 (60.3)
1b	16 (20.5)
2 n	11 (14.1)
3 n	2 (2.6)

a Information was not available for 1 patient. S-1, tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil; CDDP, cisplatin; CT, computed tomography; GI, gastrointestinal.

Response rates using three different criteria are listed in Table II. A total of 25 (32%) and 53 (68%) cases were considered to be CT and upper GI X-ray or endoscopy based responders, respectively. Concerning histological grade, 2 (2.6%), 47 (60.3%), 16 (20.5%), 11 (14.1%), and 2 (2.6%) cases were considered to be Grade 0, 1a, 1b, 2 and 3, respectively. A total of 29 cases (37%) were considered to be histological responders (Table II). The κ coefficient values were initially calculated to assess the consistency of histological evaluations and the other two criteria. It was demonstrated that there were low consistencies among the histological evaluation and CT (κ=0.13; Table III) or the histological evaluation and upper GI X-ray or endoscopy (κ=0.17; Table III). CT-based evaluation was not significantly associated with OS (P=0.22) or PFS (P=0.35) by the log-rank test. On the other hand, histological evaluation was significantly associated with OS and PFS (P=0.0028 and P=0.0003, respectively) by the log-rank test (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. OS and PFS for CT and histological- based response evaluations. The differences between the groups were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Log rank test. OS, overall survival; PFS, progression free survival; CT, computed tomography.

Table III. κ coefficient value assessing the concordance among histological grade, CT and upper GI X-ray or endoscopy.

Table III.

κ coefficient value assessing the concordance among histological grade, CT and upper GI X-ray or endoscopy.

Variable	κ coefficient value
Histological grade vs. CT	0.13
Histological grade vs. upper
GI X-ray or endoscopy	0.17

[i] CT, computed tomography; GI, gastrointestinal.

To evaluate the independent prognostic factors associated with OS, multivariate survival analysis using Cox's regression model was performed. For this analysis, all clinicopathological factors including sex, age, anatomical location, macroscopic and histologic types, depth, information about metastasis, staging and response to treatment were included. This analysis demonstrated that histological non-response (HR=3.97, 95% CI=1.31–11.99, C index=0.65; Table IV) and upper GI X-ray or endoscopy based non-response (HR=10.1, 95% CI=3.68–27.73, C index=0.73; Table IV) were independent prognostic factors for predicting worse OS, while intestinal histology was associated with improved OS (HR=0.30, 95% CI=0.09–0.997, C index=0.59; Table IV). No other factors were demonstrated to be associated with OS by this analysis (data not shown).

Table IV. Multivariate survival analysis using Cox's regression model for adjustment of clinicopathological factors.

Table IV.

Multivariate survival analysis using Cox's regression model for adjustment of clinicopathological factors.

Variable	HR (95%CI)	P-value	C index
Histological grade (non-responder)	3.97 (1.31–11.99)	0.015	0.65
Upper GI X-ray or endoscopy (non-responder)	10.10 (3.68–27.73)	<0.0001	0.73
Histology (intestinal type)	0.30 (0.09–0.997)	0.049	0.59

[i] GI, gastrointestinal; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence intervals.

Discussion

The present study has demonstrated that the results of histological based evaluation are a good prognostic predictor for advanced GC receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. RECIST is the most widely accepted criteria for evaluating the response to chemotherapy, but it requires the presence of a measurable lesion. In RECIST, primary gastric tumors are regarded as non-target lesions (23). Since resectable GC usually does not have a measurable lesion, it may be difficult to apply RECIST, in particular for cases receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In the present study, for the cases in which RECIST were not applicable, clear reduction of primary or metastatic lesions in the images of CT were considered to be responders. The results demonstrated that histological based evaluation was superior to CT-based response evaluation for the prediction of prognosis, by univariate and multivariate analysis. These results suggested that CT-based evaluation may not effectively assess the response of locally advanced GC to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and that histological based evaluation of primary tumor may be more suitable for a precise response assessment of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The prognostic influence of histological response has been demonstrated in locally advanced GC undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (19). Heger et al (21) demonstrated a correlation between histological, CT and endoscopy based response evaluations. In the results of the present study, however, there were low consistencies among these evaluations. The differences observed in these results may be due to patient constitution and the different time points selected for response evaluation. The response assessment of CT and endoscopy were earlier in the study of Heger et al (21) than the present study.

Multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that histological-based non-response was an independent prognostic factor for predicting worse OS. However, the association of upper GI X-ray or endoscopy based non-responders was stronger, which was different to the results of a previous study. Kurokawa et al (19) compared JCGC histological-based evaluation with RECIST as well as GI X-ray or endoscopy based evaluation. The results demonstrated the superiority of histological evaluation compared with the other two evaluations. However, two different cohorts were investigated by Kurokawa et al (19), thus it was not possible to assess the direct correlation of the three evaluations.

The low consistency among GI X-ray or endoscopy and histology indicated that objective changes judged in these evaluations may be different. For example, changes observed during GI X-ray or endoscopy may be early morphological changes, as indicated by a decrease in metabolic activity (16,24) or transient tissue reactions, which were less compared with the resected specimens. However, it is also expected that histological response evaluation provides important information since it directly evaluates the influence of chemotherapy on cancer cells.

As histological evaluation is less invasive and more objective compared with GI X-ray or endoscopy, it may be recommended for all cases. Precise assessment of responses to chemotherapy would be of great interest for tailoring chemotherapy based on the individual response. As histological response was associated with long-term outcomes of patients with GC, it would be useful for identification of responding or non-responding patients to avoid toxic and ineffective chemotherapy (15–17).

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

References