PI3K/AKT/mTOR and PD‑1/CTLA‑4/CD28 pathways as key targets of cancer immunotherapy (Review)
- Authors:
- Published online on: September 26, 2024 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14700
- Article Number: 567
Metrics: Total
Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Abstract
T cells play an important role in cancer, and energy metabolism can determine both the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. The inhibition of immune checkpoint molecules programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‑1) and cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA‑4) are a promising cancer treatment. In recent years, research on CD28 has increased. Although numerous reports involve CD28 and its downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling mechanisms in T cell metabolism, they have not yet been elucidated. A literature search strategy was used for the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library to ensure broad coverage of medical and scientific literature, using a combination of keywords including, but not limited to, ‘lung cancer’ and ‘immunotherapy’. Therefore, the present study reviewed the interaction and clinical application of the PD‑1/CTLA‑4/CD28 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in T cells, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for immunotherapy in clinical cancer patients.
