Inhibition of miR-96 expression reduces cell proliferation and clonogenicity of HepG2 hepatoma cells
- Authors:
- Published online on: November 14, 2012 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.2138
- Pages: 653-661
Abstract
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the major type of liver cancer, is the fifth most frequent neoplasm and the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, particularly in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (1). Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the key risk factors for HCC (2), especially in eastern Asia. In western countries where hepatitis B infections are rare, however, risk factors for HCC include cirrhosis due to alcohol consumption or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (3,4).
microRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily-conserved, small, non-coding RNA molecules, approximately 22 nucleotides in length, which are cleaved from a 70- to 80-nt partially duplexed precursor (pre-miRNA). miRNAs typically regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by interacting with sequences within the 3′-untranslational region (3′-UTR) of the target mRNA and play important roles in a variety of biological processes, including cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis (5,6). Accumulating evidence indicates that miRNAs are extensively involved in the pathogenesis of several types of human cancer (7). Approximately 50% of the genes that encode miRNAs reside in cancer-associated genomic regions or fragile sites and this fact highlights the importance of miRNAs in tumorigenesis (8).
miR-96 has been recognized as an oncogenic miRNA that is upregulated in various types of cancer (9–11). In HCC, the role of miR-96 remains largely unknown. Recent studies identified the deregulation of miR-96 as being significantly associated with different risk factors for HCC, including HBV infection and alcohol consumption. Moreover, miR-96 was upregulated in several HCC cell lines (12).
The FOXO subfamily of Forkhead transcription factors are key tumor suppressors in mammalian cells (13). To date, suppression of FOXOs in cancer cells was thought to be mainly due to activation of multiple onco-kinases by a phosphorylation-ubiquitylation-mediated cascade. Evidence suggests that members of the FOXO family are regulated by miRNAs. The level of miR-96 was significantly upregulated in endometrial cancer compared with normal endometrium and overexpression of miR-96 effectively downregulated forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) expression in endometrial cancer cells (14). The expression of miR-96 was also markedly upregulated in breast cancer cells and tissues, compared with normal breast epithelial cells and normal breast tissues (11). Further study demonstrated that miR-96 downregulated forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) expression in breast cancer cells by directly targeting the FOXO3a 3′-UTR (9).
Based on these findings, we selected miR-96 for further investigation and hypothesized that miR-96 could influence the biological behaviors of HCC cells and affect the expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a in HCC cells. Our results indicated that downregulation of miR-96 effectively upregulated FOXO1 and FOXO3a expression, and also inhibited cell proliferation and clonogenicity. We concluded that miR-96 may play an important role as an oncogenic miRNA in the development and progression of HCC by regulating the expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a.
Materials and methods
Cell culture and transfection
HepG2 cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were maintained in Dulbecco’s minimal essential medium (DMEM) (Invitrogen Inc., USA), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin at 37°C under an atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide. Normal primary human hepatocytes (PHHCs) were isolated using a modified four-step retrograde perfusion technique according to the ethical and institutional guidelines and following the informed consent of the tissue donors as previously described (15). The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
The miR-96 inhibitor, anti-miR-96 (a chemically-modified single-stranded nucleic acid targeting miR-96) and the corresponding negative control, anti-miR-NC (a chemically-modified single-stranded nucleic acid of random sequence) were obtained from Ambion, Inc. (Austin, TX, USA). Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting FOXO1 and FOXO3a and their negative controls (siR-NC) were purchased from RiboBio Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). The sequences of the FOXO1-specific siRNA (siR-FOXO1) (16) and FOXO3a-specific siRNA (siR-FOXO3a) (17) are listed in Table I. Cells were transfected with siRNA or miRNA inhibitor using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instruction.
Cell proliferation assay
Cell proliferation was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h after transfection using the CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) as previously described (15).
Flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis
To analyze the effects of siRNA or miRNA inhibitors on the cell cycle, cells were seeded in 6-well plates. Seventy-two hours after transfection, cells were collected and fixed in 70% ethanol at 4°C overnight. After washing and resuspending the fixed cells in 100 μl phosphate-buffered saline, they were treated with 50 μl RNase (50 mg/ml) at 37°C for 30 min and stained with 200 μl propidium iodide (KeyGen Biotech. Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China) at 4°C for 30 min. Cell cycle analysis was performed using a FACSAria cell sorting system (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). For analysis of apoptosis, cells seeded in 24-well plates were harvested 72 h after transfection and processed with the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection kit (KeyGen Biotech Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Cell migration assay
The migration assay was performed by using Transwell insert chambers (6.5 mm in diameter, 8 μm pore size; Corning, USA). For the migration assay, 2×105 HepG2 cells, that had been transfected with siRNA or miRNA inhibitor, were placed into the upper chamber in serum-free medium in triplicate 12 h after transfection. The lower chamber was filled with 600 μl DMEM with 10% FBS as the chemoattractant. After incubation for 24 h at 37°C in a humidified incubator with an atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide, non-migrating cells in the upper chambers were removed by using a cotton swab, and cells that had migrated to the lower surface of the membrane were fixed with methanol and stained with 0.1% crystal violet. The cells that had migrated were scored by counting at least six fields per membrane under a light microscope.
Analysis of clonogenicity in vitro
A colony formation assay was used to assess the clonogenicity of HepG2 cells transfected with different miRNAs or siRNAs. To analyze the ability of transfected cells to form colonies, 100 viable HepG2 transfectants were placed in 24-well plates 24 h after transfection and were maintained in complete medium for 2 weeks. Colonies were fixed with methanol and stained with 0.1% crystal violet in 20% methanol. The anchorage-independent growth assay was performed in 24-well plates. Eight hundred cells were trypsinized and suspended in 1 ml complete medium containing 0.3% low-melting-point agarose (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). The agar-cell mixture was plated on top of a bottom layer with 0.5% complete medium agar mixture. Two weeks later, colonies were visualized by staining with 0.05% crystal violet and viable colonies that contained >50 cells or were >0.1 mm were counted with an ocular micrometer. Each transfectant was seeded into wells in triplicate and the experiment was repeated twice.
Real-time quantitative PCR
Detection of miR-96 expression
Total RNA was extracted from cells with the mirVana miRNA isolation kit (Ambion). Synthesis of cDNA from 10 ng total RNA was carried out using the TaqMan miRNA Reverse Transcription kit (Ambion) and cDNA was then subjected to TaqMan Quantitative Real-Time PCR using an miR-96-specific TaqMan microRNA assay on an ABI PRISM StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Expression levels of the miRNAs were normalized to that of snRNA U6, which served as the internal control.
Detection of mRNA expression
Total RNA was prepared using the mirVana PARIS kit (Ambion) and the reverse transcription reactions were performed using the First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Fermentas, Burlington, ON, Canada). Synthesized cDNA was used as a template for PCR and the quantitative reactions were monitored in real-time using the SYBR Green dye detections with the SYBR Green Premix Reagent (Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan). The primers used for FOXO1, FOXO3a and β-actin are listed in Table II and were synthesized by Sangong Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). β-actin was used as an internal standard for the quantification of the PCR. The relative expression was calculated using the comparative threshold cycle (Ct) method.
Western blotting
Total proteins were harvested with the mirVana PARIS kit (Ambion) and quantified by a BCA protein assay kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Cell lysates were separated by electrophoresis, blotted onto membranes (0.45 μm; Millipore) and treated with the following primary antibodies: rabbit anti-FOXO1 (1:1,000; Epitomics, Burlingame, CA, USA), rabbit anti-FOXO3a antibody (1:1,000; Epitomics), rabbit anti-β-actin antibody (1:1,000; Abmart, Shanghai, China). The blots were then incubated with an anti-rabbit secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and visualized by using ECL reagents (Pierce).
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as the means ± SD. Differences between two groups were evaluated using the Student’s t-test. A value of P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistically significant differences.
Results
miR-96 is upregulated in HepG2 cells and is efficiently inhibited by anti-miR-96
To determine whether miR-96 is upregulated in human HCC, we detected the expression of miR-96 in HepG2 and PHHC cells by real-time PCR analysis. We found that miR-96 was expressed in significantly higher levels in HepG2 cells, compared to the levels in PHHCs (Fig. 1A). This observation is consistent with previous miRNA microarray data that suggested a link between the upregulation of miR-96 and progression to cirrhosis and HCC (12). To investigate the pathophysiological role of miR-96 in HCC, we performed loss-of-function analysis using anti-miR-96 to inhibit endogenous miR-96. miR-96 was inhibited in HepG2 cells by anti-miR-96 (Fig. 1B). These results show that miR-96 expression is indeed increased in HCCs and that anti-miR-96 can effectively block the expression of miR-96.
miR-96 modulates cell proliferation, migration and colony formation of HepG2 cells
Sustained cell growth is a hallmark of cancer. In the HepG2 cell line, transfection with anti-miR-96 markedly decreased cell proliferation (Fig. 1C). This result indicates that the inhibition of miR-96 reduces the growth of HCC cells and suggests that miR-96 is necessary for maintaining the proliferation of HCC cells.
We assessed the role of miR-96 in cell migration, a key determinant of malignant progression and metastasis. Transwell insert chambers were introduced to investigate the impact of miR-96 on cell motility. HepG2 cells were transfected with either the miR-96 inhibitor or a negative control, and vertical migration was assessed. Transfection with anti-miR-96 caused a significant decrease in cell migration, compared with anti-miR-NC transfection (Fig. 1D). This result supports a functional role for miR-96 in mediating cell migration in malignant hepatocytes.
To assess the function of miR-96 in tumor formation, colony formation and anchorage-independent growth were measured in HepG2 cells. Analysis of colony formation showed that cells transfected with anti-miR-96 displayed much fewer and smaller colonies than the control transfectants (Fig. 1E). Inhibition of miR-96 also reduced the anchorage-independent growth of HepG2 cells significantly, as shown by the decrease in the colony number and size (Fig. 1E).
miR-96 affects the cell cycle but does not induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells
To delineate a possible role of miR-96 in cell division, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis FACS analysis, followed by flow cytometry, was carried out. Compared to the negative control, anti-miR-96 transfection caused significant cell cycle arrest (Fig. 2A), but did not induce significant apoptosis (Fig. 2B) in HepG2 cells.
miR-96 inhibits the expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a
Real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that FOXO1 and FOXO3a mRNA levels were upregulated in anti-miR-96-transfected HepG2 cells compared with cells transfected with the negative control and that the protein levels of FOXO1 and FOXO3a were substantially increased when miR-96 was inhibited (Fig. 2C and D). These results indicate that FOXO1 and FOXO3a might be the targets of miR-96 in HepG2 cells.
FOXO1 and FOXO3a are efficiently inhibited by siRNAs
To assess whether siRNAs could alter the expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a in HCC cells, we investigated the expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a in HepG2 cells transfected with FOXO1- and FOXO3a-specific siRNAs, or a negative control. Real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that FOXO1 and FOXO3a mRNA levels were downregulated in HepG2 cells transfected with the specific siRNAs, but not with the corresponding negative controls (Fig. 3A) and that the protein level of FOXO1 and FOXO3a were substantially decreased as well (Fig. 3B and C). These results indicate that the expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a are efficiently decreased by siRNAs in HepG2 cells.
FOXO1 and FOXO3a modulate HepG2 cell proliferation, migration and colony formation
Transfection of HepG2 cells with siRNAs targeting FOXO1 and FOXO3a markedly promoted cell proliferation (Fig. 3D) and caused a significant increase in cell migration, compared with the corresponding negative controls (Fig. 4A). This result supports a functional role for FOXO1 and FOXO3a in mediating cell proliferation and migration in malignant hepatocytes.
We evaluated the effects of FOXO1 and FOXO3a on the clonogenicity of HepG2 cells by using a colony formation assay. Analysis of colony formation showed that downregulation of the expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a using siRNAs resulted in the formation of much fewer and smaller colonies than in control transfectants (Fig. 4B). Inhibition of FOXO1 and FOXO3a expression also promoted the anchorage-independent growth of HepG2 cells significantly, as shown by the increase in colony number and size (Fig. 4B).
FOXO1 and FOXO3a affect cell cycle and apoptosis of HepG2 cells
The downregulation of FOXO3a or FOXO1 expression by transfection with siRNAs altered cell cycle regulation in HepG2 cells, in that the ratio of G0/G1 phase cells decreased and the fraction of S-phase cells significantly increased, compared with the cells treated with siR-NC at 72 h (Fig. 5A). Compared to the negative control, inhibition of FOXO1 and FOXO3a induced less apoptosis (Fig. 5B) in HepG2 cells.
Discussion
miRNAs are involved in critical biological processes, including development, differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation, through imperfect pairing with target messenger RNAs of protein-coding genes and transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation of their expression. Numerous studies have reported that miRNAs are involved in the development and progression of various types of human cancer and proposed a role for miRNAs as potential novel targets for anti-cancer therapies (18–20). The genesis and growth of HCC is intricately and multifactorially regulated, and miRNAs may be involved in this process. Several studies have reported miRNA expression profiling in human HCC cells and tissues and in experimental models of HCC (21–23). Consistently, these studies have all shown that specific miRNAs are abnormally expressed in malignant HCC cells or tissues compared to non-malignant hepatocytes or tissue. miR-96 is among the miRNAs that are abnormally increased in HCC compared to non-tumoral tissue (12).
Our present study shows that miR-96 expression was markedly upregulated in liver cancer cells, compared with that in normal liver cells, consistent with results described in a previous report (12). miR-96 may be associated with HCC and resides on chromosome 7q32.2 in the intergenic region between two protein-coding genes. Previously, miR-96 was identified as an HBV infection-related miRNA (24). miR-96 was also found to be upregulated in colorectal cancer (25). Furthermore, a previous report demonstrated that the level of miR-96 was elevated in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) patients compared to the levels in healthy donor samples, indicating a higher possibility of the involvement of miR-96 in CML pathogenesis (26). In bladder urothelial carcinoma, miR-96 was the most significantly upregulated miRNA (27). Using DNA microarrays, it was demonstrated that miR-96 was significantly and consistently upregulated in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (28).
The malignant potential of tumor cells is reflected by their increased proliferation, migration and colony formation abilities. We found that miR-96 promotes the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. Moreover, our results revealed that colonies formed in soft agar were markedly fewer and smaller when cells were treated with an inhibitor of miR-96, compared to those formed by cells treated with a negative control. A similar result was observed in the colony formation assay. These data indicate that the malignant potential of HepG2 cells is strengthened by miR-96.
miRNAs play important regulatory roles in animals and plants by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. To explore the mechanism by which miR-96 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and clonogenicity of HCC cells, we used a bioinformatics analysis to search for genes regulated by miR-96, using TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/) (29) and found that miR-96 might target FOXO1 and FOXO3a, which are members of the FOXO subfamily. In our study, we demonstrated that with the inhibition of miR-96, the expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a is upregulated. The FOXO subfamily of Forkhead transcription factors, including FOXO1 (FKHR), FOXO3a (FKHRL1), FOXO4 (AFX) and FOXO6, contains evolutionarily conserved transcriptional activators that are characterized by a highly conserved Forkhead domain with a DNA-binding motif (13). FOXO proteins play pivotal roles in biological processes, such as apoptosis, cell cycle control, differentiation, stress response, DNA damage repair, and glucose metabolism (30). FOXO transcription factors are considered key tumor suppressors.
The TargetScan program predicted that FOXO1 has the highest context score (an index for the strength of the bond between mature miRNA and target sites) to miR-96. FOXO1 could be the most important HCC-related target gene of miR-96. We demonstrated that inhibition of miR-96 in liver cancer cells led to the upregulation of FOXO1, indicating that miR-96 can inhibit the expression of FOXO1. However, whether miR-96 can directly target the 3′-UTR of FOXO1 mRNA remains to be confirmed in future studies.
FOXO3a is also known to control cellular differentiation, DNA repair, longevity, as well as oxidative stress. FOXO3a exerts its apoptotic effect by transactivating apoptotic factors, such as bim (a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family) and Fas ligand (FasL) (31). In breast cancer cells, miR-96 was shown to likely promote breast cancer proliferation by directly targeting the 3′-UTR of the FOXO3a mRNA, consequently reducing the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, and upregulating the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1 (11). In HCC cells, we demonstrated that with the reduction of miR-96, FOXO3a was upregulated. These data suggest that in HCC cells miR-96 might directly target the 3′-UTR of FOXO3a mRNA and lead to the downregulation of FOXO3a.
Downregulation of FOXO1 in chicken embryo fibroblasts or inhibition of the transcriptional activity of FOXO3a protein in human breast cancer cells promotes cell transformation and tumor progression (10,32). In human breast cancer cells, inhibition of miR-96 results in downregulation of FOXO1 and FOXO3a, and thus induces cell proliferation (9,11). Our study showed that the inhibition of FOXO1 and FOXO3a caused increased cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation of HepG2 cells. The inhibition of FOXO1 and FOXO3a also caused retention of more cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle and reduction of apoptosis. Thus, miR-96 might modulate the proliferation and colony formation of HCC cells through FOXO1 and FOXO3a.
Although miR-96 can downregulate the expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a, inhibition of miR-96 caused significant cell cycle arrest, but did not induce significant apoptosis. The mechanism underlying this process remains unknown and requires further exploration.
In conclusion, miR-96 suppresses the expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a and promotes the proliferation, migration, and clonogenicity of liver cancer cells. Further research is needed to explore the precise molecular mechanism underlying this process. However, our findings suggest that upregulation of miR-96 may play an important role in promoting carcinogenesis and progression of liver cancer.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, no. 81101824 (X.H.) and 81000874 (C.X.).
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