Effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia on the growth and apoptosis of leukemia cells

  • Authors:
    • Yuxiang Han
    • Ying Wang
    • Zheng Xu
    • Jie Li
    • Jingci Yang
    • Yan Li
    • Yintao Shang
    • Jianmin Luo
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: June 4, 2013     https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2518
  • Pages: 1007-1013
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Abstract

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has a typical progressive course with transition from a chronic phase to a terminal blast crisis phase. However, the mechanisms that lead to disease progression remain unclear. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) play important roles in maintaining the bone marrow microenvironment. In the present study, the biological characteristics of BMMSCs were determined including proliferation, apoptosis and secretion of cytokines during blastic phase CML (CML-Bp). The effect of BMMSCs in CML-Bp on K562 human CML cells and the CML-Bp original generation leukemia cells were also explored. Our results showed that CML-Bp BMMSCs protect tumor cells and increase their anti-apoptotic ability through regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and activating the Wnt pathway.

Introduction

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignancy arising from hematopoietic stem cells. CML has a typical progressive course with transition from a chronic phase to a terminal blast crisis phase (1,2). The therapeutic effects following treatment of blastic phase CML (CML-Bp) are currently disappointing. Prolonging the chronic phase and preventing the blastic phase constitute the main goals of CML treatment. However, the mechanisms that lead to disease progression remain unclear.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) constitute a subset of non-hematopoietic adult stem cells originating from the mesoderm (3,4). BMMSCs possess a self-renewal ability and are characterized by multilineage differentiation into not only mesoderm-lineage, such as chondrocytes, osteocytes, adipocytes, myocytes and astrocytes, but also ectodermic and endodermic cells (510). The bone marrow microenvironment supports and regulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. BMMSCs are rare residents of the bone marrow microenvironment, but play important roles in maintaining the bone marrow microenvironment. Abnormal hematopoiesis in CML is related, at least in part, to abnormalities in the hematopoietic cells themselves leading to abnormal interactions between CML progenitors and the marrow microenvironment. The role of the microenvironment itself in CML has not been well characterized. It was found that BMMSCs regulate the proliferation of leukemia cells through the secretion of cytokines (11). In addition, the interaction between leukemia cells and BMMSCs affects the hematopoietic microenvironment (12).

In the present study, the biological characteristics of BMMSCs were determined including proliferation, apoptosis and the secretion of cytokines during CML-Bp. The effects of BMMSCs in CML-Bp on human CML K562 cells and the CML-Bp original generation leukemia cells were also investigated.

Materials and methods

Patients and healthy donors

Thirty CML patients who were treated at the Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University (Shijiazhuang, China) were included in the present study. These patients included 20 (12 males, 9 females) chronic phase CML (CML-Cp) patients and 10 (6 males, 4 females) CML-Bp patients. Ten healthy donors were included in the study as the control group. All the individuals provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University.

Cell culture

For primary CML-Bp leukemia cells, after informed consent was obtained from all the subjects, blood mononuclear cells were collected by bone marrow aspiration (heparinized bone marrow). The heparinized bone marrow was diluted twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Nucleated cells were then isolated by density-gradient centrifugation and cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 U/ml streptomycin and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37°C with 5% CO2.

K562 cells, obtained from a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis, were constantly preserved in our laboratory. The culture conditions were identical to primary CML-Bp leukemia cells.

The blood mononuclear cells were isolated by density-gradient centrifugation, incubated and cultured in BMMSC culture medium supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 U/ml streptomycin and 10% FBS at 37°C with 5% CO2. The medium was replaced twice per week and non-adherent cells were discarded. When BMMSCs were 80–90% confluent, the cells were digested with trypsin and harvested in the medium. BMMSCs of the 4th or 5th passage were used in this study.

MTT assay

The cells were seeded at a density of 5×103/well in 96-well plates and cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator. The cells were treated uner the indicated conditions, such as with adriamycin (ADM; Zhejiang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China). For the indicated time periods, 20 μl of MTT solution (Amresco, Solon, OH, USA) was added to each well. After 4 h of incubation, the medium was discarded and 150 μl of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added into each well. The cells were shaken in the dark for 10 min. The absorbance reading for each well was performed at 490 nm using a microplate reader. Each assay was repeated at least 3 times.

Apoptosis assay by flow cytometry

The cells were treated with ADM or Dickkopf-1 (DKK1, recombinant human DKK1 protein; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Both suspension and adherent cells were collected, and washed twice with ice-cold PBS. The cells were then suspended in 200 μl of binding buffer and 10 μl of Annexin V-FITC for 15 min in the dark. Subsequently, 300 μl of binding buffer and 5 μl of propidium iodide (PI) were added to each sample. Finally, the cells were analyzed using BD FACSDiva flow cytometry (BD FACS Canto™ II) with CellQuest software.

RNA extraction and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis

RT-PCR was used to determine the expression of BCR/ABL, thombopoietin (TPO), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The primers used are listed in Table I. The conditions for PCR were as follows: denaturation at 94°C for 4 min, denaturation at 94°C for 50 sec, annealing at 52°C for 45 sec, and extension at 72°C for 45 sec, 35 cycles, and a final 10 min at 72°C. PCR products were visualized by gel electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose (w/v) gel, and then viewed using an ultraviolet photometry (UVP) bioimaging system.

Table I

List of primers used in RT-PCR.

Table I

List of primers used in RT-PCR.

GenePrimerSize (bp)
IL-6F: 5′-CACACAGACAGCCACTCACC-3′330
R: 5′-TCTTTGGAAGGTTCAGGTTGT-3′
IL-12F: 5′-TTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCG-3′356
R: 5′-CCATTCGCTCCAAGATGAG-3′
SCFF: 5′-GGAAAGAAGACAACGACACG-3′143
R: 5′-GGGTCAGGAATAAACCTCAAGT-3′
TPOF: 5′-GACCTCCGAGTCCTCAGTAAAC-3′125
R: 5′-GAATGTCCTGTGCCTTGGT-3′
G-CSFF: 5′-GACCCAAGAGCAGTTTCC-3′138
R: 5′-AGTCACAGCGGAGATAGTGC-3′
BCL/ABLF: 5′-GCTTCTCCCTGACATCCGTG-3′232
R: 5′-CGAGCGGCTTCACTCAGACC-3′
F: 5′-CTCCAGACTGTCCACAGCATTCCG-3′165
R: 5′-CAGACCCTGAGGCTCAAAGTCAGA-3′
GAPDHF: 5′-TGAACGGGAAGCTCACTGG-3′120
R: 5′-GCTTCACCACCTTCTTGATGTC-3′

[i] RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; IL, interleukin; SCF, stem cell factor; TPO, thombopoietin; G-CSF, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor.

Western blot analysis

Total protein was extracted and quantified according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Each equal amount of protein was loaded on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel at 100 V for 2 h, and then the protein was transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-membranes. The membranes were blocked in 5% fat-free milk at room temperature for 2 h, and the blots were stained with specific primary antibodies, including anti-bcl-2 (BioWorld, Atlanta, GA, USA), anti-bax (BioWorld), anti-active caspase-3 (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA), anti-β-catenin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and anti-GAPDH antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) overnight at 4°C. The membranes were then washed and incubated with goat anti-rabbit HRP-IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) for 1 h at room temperature, and observed with a chemiluminescent substrate. Bound immunoglobulins were removed from the membranes by washing twice with Restore™ Western Blot Stripping Buffer, and the signal was visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence and detected using the ChemiDoc XRS+ system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA); the signal was analyzed by the Image Lab (ECL). GAPDH was used as an internal control.

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 software. The statistical analysis of results was carried out using Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Growth, proliferation and passage of CML-Bp BMMSCs

As shown in Fig. 1A, the 90% fusion time of primary CML-Bp BMMSCs was significantly longer compared with Nc-BMMSCs and CML-Cp BMMSCs (27.75±2.29 vs. 13.18±1.31 and 14.46±1.56, P<0.05). CML-Bp BMMSCs at first passage grew slowly with a few colonies and adherent cells (Fig. 1B). At the third generations, the cell proliferative capacity of CML-Bp BMMSCs was enhanced, similarly to CML-Cp BMMSCs and Nc-BMMSCs (Fig. 1C).

Apoptotic rate of CML-Bp BMMSCs

As shown in Fig. 2, the apoptotic rate of Nc-BMMSCs, CML-Cp BMMSCs and CML-Bp BMMSCs was 6.09±0.22, 7.96±1.63 and 6.54±1.08%, respectively. No significant difference was observed among the three groups (P>0.05).

Expression of Bcr/abl fusion gene and cytokine secretion

As shown in Fig. 3A, the Bcr/abl fusion gene was expressed in human CML K562 cells and CML-Bp primary leukemia cells, while it was not expressed in CML-Bp BMMSCs, Nc-BMMSCs and CML-Cp BMMSCs. The expression of TPO, IL-6, IL-12 and SCF in the CML-Bp BMMSC group was significantly lower compared with the CML-Cp BMMSC group (P<0.05). However, G-CSF secretion was not significantly different between these two groups (P>0.05) (Fig. 3B and C).

Effects of BMMSCs on the proliferation of K562 and primary CML-Bp cells

As shown in Fig. 4, K562 cells and primary CML-Bp cells were co-cultured with Nc-BMMSCs (CCG-Nc group), CML-Bp BMMSCs (CCG-Bp group) and CML-Cp BMMSCs (CCG-Cp group) for 48 h, respectively. The ratio of BMMSCs to K562 or primary CML-Bp cells was 1:10. The growth of K562 cells was significantly decreased following co-culture with BMMSCs, with a slight decrease in the CML-Bp BMMSC group (P<0.05). However, the growth of primary CML-Bp cells was not significantly altered following co-culture with BMMSCs, with a slight decrease in the CML-Bp BMMSC group (P>0.05). These results to some extent indicate that CML-Bp BMMSCs only slightly inhibited K562 cell proliferation, while they did not inhibit the growth of primary CML-Bp leukemia cells.

Effects of BMMSCs on the proliferation of K562 and primary CML-Bp cells following ADM treatment

As shown in Fig. 5, K562 and primary CML-Bp cells were co-cultured with Nc-BMMSCs, CML-Bp BMMSCs and CML-Cp BMMSCs for 48 h, respectively. The cells were then treated with ADM for 48 h. The cell viability of the CML-Bp BMMSC group was significantly increased when compared with the ADM control group (83.78±5.17 vs. 73.13±2.42%, P<0.05). The cell viability of the Nc-BMMSC and CML-Cp BMMSC groups was 75.45±3.27 and 77.56±3.11%, respectively, which was not significantly different compared with the ADM control group (P>0.05). Thus, these data indicate that CML-Bp BMMSCs, but not CML-Cp BMMSCs or Nc BMMSC, protected K562 cells against apoptosis. In addition, CML-Bp BMMSCs were shown to protect the primary CML-Bp leukemia cells.

Effects of BMMSCs on ADM-induced apoptosis of K562 and primary CML-Bp cells

As shown in Fig. 6, K562 cells were co-cultured with Nc-BMMSCs, CML-Bp BMMSCs and CML-Cp BMMSCs for 48 h, respectively. The cells were then treated with ADM for 48 h. The apoptotic rate of the Nc-BMMSC, CML-Cp BMMSC and CML-Bp BMMSC groups was 19.9±0.82, 18.5±1.63 and 13.4±2.15%, respectively, which was significantly decreased compared with the apoptotic rate of the control group (23.1±2.45%, P<0.05). The most significantly decreased apoptotic rate was observed in the CML-Bp BMMSC group.

As shown in Fig. 7, primary CML-Bp leukemia cells were co-cultured with Nc-BMMSCs, CML-Bp BMMSCs and CML-Cp BMMSCs for 48 h, respectively. The cells were then treated with ADM for 48 h. The apoptotic rate of the Nc-BMMSC, CML-Cp BMMSC and CML-Bp BMMSC groups was 45.9±2.82, 40.1±5.63 and 30.5±2.33%, respectively, which was significantly decreased compared with the control group (60.9±2.52%, P<0.05). The most significantly decreased apoptotic rate was observed in the CML-Bp BMMSC group. These results indicate that CML-Bp BMMSCs reduced ADM-induced leukemia cell apoptosis.

Expression of bcl-2, bax and caspase-3

The expression of caspase-3 and bax of K562 cells at the protein level was significantly increased following ADM treatment, while the expression of bcl-2 was significantly decreased (Fig. 8), suggesting that K562 cells underwent apoptosis in response to ADM treatment. In the CML-Bp BMMSC group, the expression of caspase-3 and bax were significantly decreased, while bcl-2 expression was significantly increased compared with the ADM control group. There was no significant change in the CML-Cp BMMSC group compared with the ADM control group. These results suggest that CML-Bp BMMSCs inhibited ADM-induced K562 cell apoptosis.

DKK1 protein reverses the protective effect of CML-Bp BMMSCs on K562 cells

DKK1 is a secretory antagonist of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and has been shown to play a crucial role in carcinogenesis. Our results showed that the ADM-induced cell apoptosis of K562 cells in the CML-Bp BMMSC group recovered after DKK1 treatment (13.4±2.15 vs. 16.3±1.67%, P<0.05; Fig. 6). The results from western blot analysis showed that β-catenin expression of K562 cells was significantly decreased following ADM treatment. In the ADM-treated CML-Bp BMMSC group, the expression of β-catenin was downregulated following DKK1 treatment (Fig. 9). These results to some extent suggest that CML-Bp BMMSCs antagonize ADM-induced K562 cell apoptosis, potentially through the activation of the Wnt pathway.

Discussion

To elucidate the correlation between BMMSCs and CML-Bp, the determination of the biological characteristics of BMMSCs from CML-Bp and their effect on leukemia cells is required. In the present study, we found that the growth of primary CML-Bp BMMSCs was significantly slower when compared with the growth of CML-Cp BMMSCs. After three passages, the proliferation of CML-Bp BMMSCs was increased. The spontaneous apoptosis of CML-Bp BMMSCs was similar to that of the Nc-BMMSCs and CML-Cp BMMSCs. Our results showed that the expression levels of IL-6, IL-12, SCF and TPO in CML-Bp BMMSCs were significantly lower when compared with CML-Cp BMMSCs (P<0.05). SCF has a positive regulatory effect on hematopoiesis (13), and IL-6 affects the early proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (14). The downregulation of IL-12 has been suggested to result in defects of the immune surveillance system of tumor cells in leukemia patients, and the IL-12 expression levels to increase after treatment (15). These results suggested that the expression levels of certain cytokines were altered during the proliferation of CML-Bp BMMSCs. In addition, BCR/ABL expression was not observed in CML-Bp BMMSCs and CML-Cp BMMSCs. BCR/ABL expression is a marker of CML malignant clones, suggesting that CML malignant clones might not accumulate during CML-Bp.

It has been shown that BMMSCs regulate the proliferation of leukemia cells, displaying an inhibitory or promotive effect on the growth of tumor cells (1618). Contradictory results might have been obtained due to the heterogeneity of MSCs and the different response to various tumor cells under different experimental conditions. The present study demonstrated that CML-Cp BMMSCs significantly inhibited the growth of leukemia K562 cells in the absence of chemotherapeutic agents, while CML-Bp BMMSCs had a weak inhibitory effect on K562 cells and no inhibitory effect on primary CML-Bp leukemia cells. However, no promotive effect of CML-Bp BMMSCs on the proliferation of tumor cells was observed.

BMMSCs constitute an important part of the bone marrow microenvironment and play an important role in the development and drug-resistance of hematopoietic malignancies. It has been reported that imatinib resistance is associated with the protective effect of the bone marrow microenvironment on leukemia stem cells (19). Nefedova et al(20) and Konopleva et al(21) found that BMMSCs are involved in the chemotherapy resistence of leukemia cells, a fact that led to the investigation of the protective effect of BMMSCs on tumor cells. The results of the present study showed that BMMSCs decreased the ADM-induced K562 apoptosis, suggesting that BMMSCs protect K562 cells and antagonize ADM-induced apoptosis. CML-Bp BMMSCs were found to have the strongest protective effect on leukemia cells when compared with CML-Cp BMMSCs and Nc-BMMSCs.

Blockade of tumor cell apoptosis is an important process underlying chemotherapy resistance. Bcl-2, Bax, survivin, p53 and C-myc are involved in the regulation of the anti-apoptotic ability of leukemia cells, in addition to the P38MAPK, Wnt, PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways (2224). Our results showed that CML-Bp BMMSCs upregulated the expression of bcl-2, downregulated the expression of bax and active caspase-3 protein, suggesting that CML-Bp BMMSCs protected K562 cells against apoptosis by inhibiting the apoptotic pathway. The Bcl-2 family was found to be involved in this process.

However, in the present study, DKK1 increased the apoptosis of K562 cells, and downregulated the expression of β-catenin, suggesting that CML-Bp BMMSCs activate the Wnt pathway and reduce the apoptosis of K562 cells. As a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway, DKK1 inhibited the activation of the Wnt pathway in K562 cells, leading to increased apoptosis, further suggesting that the Wnt pathway is involved in this process. The essence of CML blastic change is the proliferation of original naive cells. CML blastic change has been suggested to be related to the activation of the Wnt pathway (25,26). Wnt/β-catenin, as an important self-renewal pathway (27), regulated the transcription of survivin, p53 and c-myc. Subsequent experiments showed that blocking the protective effect of BMMSCs, thereby restoring the sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs, could be used as a novel potential treatment strategy. However, DKK1 did not completely reverse the protective effect of BMMSCs on K562 cells, suggesting the involvement of additional protective mechanisms.

In conclusion, the levels of the cytokines secreted by CML-Bp BMMSCs were altered when compared with CML-Cp BMMSCs. CML-Bp BMMSCs protect tumor cells and increase the anti-apoptotic ability through regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and activating the Wnt pathway. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate whether there is a correlation between CML-Bp BMMSCs and CML.

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August 2013
Volume 30 Issue 2

Print ISSN: 1021-335X
Online ISSN:1791-2431

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Spandidos Publications style
Han Y, Wang Y, Xu Z, Li J, Yang J, Li Y, Shang Y and Luo J: Effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia on the growth and apoptosis of leukemia cells. Oncol Rep 30: 1007-1013, 2013.
APA
Han, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, Z., Li, J., Yang, J., Li, Y. ... Luo, J. (2013). Effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia on the growth and apoptosis of leukemia cells. Oncology Reports, 30, 1007-1013. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2518
MLA
Han, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, Z., Li, J., Yang, J., Li, Y., Shang, Y., Luo, J."Effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia on the growth and apoptosis of leukemia cells". Oncology Reports 30.2 (2013): 1007-1013.
Chicago
Han, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, Z., Li, J., Yang, J., Li, Y., Shang, Y., Luo, J."Effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia on the growth and apoptosis of leukemia cells". Oncology Reports 30, no. 2 (2013): 1007-1013. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2518